1. GRAMMAR
How grammar has been defined and derived
from? What are different grammatical
functions?
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Grammar and its
Orgin
Sentence
Structure
Active/Passive
Voice
1st, 2nd, 3rd Person
Pronoun
01
02
04
05
Subject-Verb
Agreement 06
Parts of Speech
03
3. GRAMMAR
The process of describing the
structure of phrases and
sentences in such a way that we
account for all the grammatical
sequences in a language and rule
out all the ungrammatical
sequences
4. ORIGIN OF
GRAMMAR
GREEK and LATIN
Languages of scholarship, religion,
philosophy and knowledge.
Grammar of these languages was
model for other grammars
5. SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Subject + Verb + Object
S V O
Ma’am Huma appreciated my presentation
Object + Verb + Subject .
O V S .
My presentation was appreciated by ma’am Huma.
ACTIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
02
01
6. PARTS OF SPEECH
Noun Adjective
Pronoun
Adverb Preposition
Conjuction
Verb
Article
7. PARTS OF SPEECH
Any word that names person,
place, concept, or object.
E.g., Huma, University.
NOUN
Words used in place of noun.
Refer to things already known.
E.g., she, it, they.
PRONOUN
Words used to refer to various
kinds of actions and states.
E.g., teach, laugh, be, has.
VERB
Words that describes a verb,
adjective, or another adverb.
E.g., enter quietly, really large
ADVERB
01 02
03 04
8. PARTS OF SPEECH
Words that describe noun
e.g., happy people, large
objects
ADJECTIVE
Words that link other words,
phrases, or clauses together.
E.g., and, because, when
CONJUNCTION
Words used with nouns to form
noun phrases classifying those
“things” or identifying them as
already known
e.g., the tower, an apple.
ARTICLES
Words used before a noun,
pronoun, or noun phrase to show,
time, location and other
connections.
E.g., at, with, by, to
PREPOSITION
05 06
07 08
10. ACTIVE/PASSIVE VOICE
04
02
03
Passive sentences
always start with
object, and end with
subject
01
‘By’ precedes
subject in passive
voice
3rd form of verb is
used in all passive
voice sentences
No passive voice of
future continuous and
past, present or future
perfect continuous.
Key
points
11. ACTIVE/PASSIVE VOICE
TENSE VERB EXAMPLE
SIMPLE
PRESENT
Active 1st form / do / does I give presentation
Passive Is/am/are + 3rd form Presentation is given by me
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
Active Is/am/are + 4th form I am giving presentation
Passive Is/am/are + being +
3rd form
Presentation is being given by me
PRESENT
PERFECT
Active Has/have + 3rd form I have given presentation
Passive Has/have + been +
3rd form
Presentation has been given by me
SIMPLE
PAST
Active Did / 2nd form I gave presentation
Passive Was/were + 3rd form Presentation was given by me
12. ACTIVE/PASSIVE VOICE
TENSE VERB EXAMPLE
PAST
CONTINUOUS
Active Was/were + 4th form I was giving presentation
Passive Was/were + being +
3rd form
Presentation was being given by me
PAST
PERFECT
Active Had + 3rd form I had given presentation
Passive Had + been + 3rd
form
Presentation had been given by me
SIMPLE
FUTURE
Active Shall/will + 1st form I shall give presentation
Passive Shall/will + be + 3rd
form
Presentation shall be given by me
FUTURE
PERFECT
Active Shall/will + have/has
+ 3rd form
I shall have given presentation
Passive Shall/will + has/have
+ been + 3rd form
Presentation shall have been given by
me
14. 1st, 2nd, 3rd PERSON PRONOUN
1st, 2nd, 3rd
PERSON
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE REFLECTIVE
SIGULAR
1st I Me My Mine Myself
2nd You You Your Yours Yourself
3rd
Male He Him His His Himself
Female She Her Her Hers Herself
Neuter It It Its Its Itself
Generic One One One’s --- Oneself
PLURAL
1st We Us Our Ours Ourselves
2nd You You Your Yours Yourself
3rd They Them Their Theirs Themselves
16. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
e.g.,
- She writes her journal everyday
- The student, as well as the
committee members, is excited
e.g.,
- They are going to watch
the movie.
e.g.,
- The doctoral student and
the committee members
write every day
Subject
- singular
Verb
(singular)
Subject
- plural
Verb
(plural)
Subject
- more than 1
- connected by ‘and’
Verb
(plural)
17. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
e.g.,
- The chairperson or the
CEO approves the proposal
before proceeding
e.g.,
- The student or the
committee members write
every day.
e.g.,
- Education is the key to success.
- Diabetes affects many people
- The information was good.
- That family is lovely.
Subject
- more than 1
- singular
- joined by or/nor
Verb
(singular)
Subject
- more than 1
- both singular/plural
- joined by or/nor
Verb
(according to the
nearest subject)
Subject
- uncountable noun
- Collective noun
Verb
(singular)
18. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
e.g.,
- Neither alternative hypothesis was
accepted.
- Everybody who participates, gets a gift.
Subject
Verb
(singular)
Each Someone Anybody
Either Everyone Somebody
Neither No one Everybody
Anyone Nobody
