Matter can exist in three states - solid, liquid, or gas. It has two key properties: mass, which is the amount of matter, and volume, which is the space it occupies. Density is calculated by dividing an object's mass by its volume. Raw materials are natural resources like wood, cotton, or minerals that are used to make other materials. Materials have different properties like elasticity, conductivity, and insulation that determine their uses. Mixtures contain multiple pure substances that can be separated using techniques like filtration or evaporation.