48. Log of DOX-2-2 trench. The fault has
formed a trench with net vertical
displacement of 1.1 m, which reaches an
extreme of 1.9 m (right part of the log).
EXPLANATION
S 75 E
N 75 W
S
N
Filling deposits
1
2
3
1m
5
4
6
7
8
Green colored marl
Brown colored silty clay
7
White colored caliche
8
1
White colored caliche
6
N 35 W
Yellow-brown colored silty clay
5
S 35 E
Red colored silt
4
N 85 W
2
3
S 85 E
Brown colored paleosoil
Green colored marl
Ceramic and sample location
1m
Fault and crack
DOX-2-2 trench
48
58. ‘So severe…were the shocks that
in many parts of Greece the sea
actually swept away and destroyed
some cities lying on the coast,
while in Lochris the strip of land
forming a peninsula was torn through
and the island of Atalante was formed.’
Diodorus Siculus, 1st century AD
‘In the neighbourhood of the island of
Atalante, which lies off the coast of
Opuntian Locris, there was a similar
inundation, which carried away part
of the Athenian fort there and wrecked
two ships that had been drawn up on
the shore.’
Thucydides, contemporary account
58
71. Ο θάκαλδξνο πεγάδεη
από ην όξνο Ίδε
(Kazdaği) ζην λόηην
κέξνο ηεο ρεξζνλήζνπ
ηεο Biga θαη εθβάιιεη
ζηα Γαξδαλέιιηα ΒΓ
ηεο Σξνίαο. Ζ πεδηάδα
ηνπ θάκαλδξνπ έρεη
κέζν πιάηνο 3-4 km
θαη κήθνο 17 km.
Ο ηκόεο ξέεη πξνο ηα
δπηηθά θαη είλαη έλαο
από ηνπο θύξηνπο
παξαπόηακνπο ηνπ
θάκαλδξνπ.
ήκεξα ε Σξνία απέρεη
4 km από ηελ αθηή.
ΣΙΓΕΙΟΝ
ΤΑΦΡΟς του
Keşiktepe
ΑΧΙΛΛΕΙΟ
ΤΡΟΙΑ
Σιμόης
(Dümrek)
Σκάμανδρος
(Karamendereş)
Στρατόπεδο των Αχαιών
Εναλλακτική θέση
της Τροίας
72. Εκβολέσ
Η πεδιϊδα τησ Σρούασ ορύζεται ςτα
Δ από τη λοφοςειρϊ του
Yenikoy, ςτα Β από τη λοφοςειρϊ
Yenikumkale και ςτα Α από τη
λοφοςειρϊ τησ Σρούασ που ξεκινϊ
από υψόμετρο 20 m και βαθμιαύα
Σιμόης
ανϋρχεται ςτα 120 m.
Πεδιάδα τησ Σροίασ
Σκάμανδρος
Βάλτοι-Έλη
82.
Οι μοναδικϋσ
επιφανειακϋσ
εμφανύςεισ του
ρόγματοσ τησ Σρούασ
βρύςκονται ςτο ΒΑ
τμόμα του, όπου, όπωσ
αναμϋνεται ςε αυτό τη
διεύθυνςη ςύμφωνα με
τα μοντϋλα δημιουργύασ
των ρηγμϊτων
οριζόντιασ μετατόπιςησ,
εκφρϊζεται ωσ μύα
ςειρϊ ανϊςτροφων
ρηγμϊτων.
100.
Χρηςιμοποιόθηκαν οι
ακόλουθοι μορφοτεκτονικού
δεύκτεσ για να εκτιμηθεύ ο
βαθμόσ δραςτηριότητασ
του ρόγματοσ τησ Σρούασ:
Δαντϋλωςη ςτο πρανϋσ του
ρόγματοσ (sinuosity).
2. Λόγοσ πλϊτουσ κοιλϊδασ
προσ ύψοσ ςτην ϋξοδο τησ
κοιλϊδασ ςτο πρανϋσ.
3. Διϊγραμμα ύψουσ πρανούσ
κατϊ μόκοσ του ύχνουσ του
ρόγματοσ.
1.
S
l
L
l: η ευθεύα απόςταςη μεταξύ δύο ςημεύων ςτη
βϊςη του πρανούσ
L: το μόκοσ τησ ιςοώψούσ που ενώνει τα δύο
ςημεύα.
Όςο πιο κοντά είναι το S ςτη μονάδα, τόςο πιο
πρόςφατα ενεργοποιήθηκε το ρήγμα.
V
(h1
2
h3 ) ( h2
h3 )
Π: πλϊτοσ κοιλϊδασ ςτουσ εκατϋρωθεν
υδροκρύτεσ.
h1, h2: τα υψόμετρα του αριςτερού και δεξιού
υδροκρύτη.
h3: το υψόμετρο τησ μιςγϊγγειασ ςτην κοιλϊδα.
Όςο μικρότερη είναι η τιμή, τόςο πιο πρόςφατη
είναι η δράςη του ρήγματοσ.
106.
Πότε ϋγινε η τελευταύα δραςτηριοπούηςη του ρόγματοσ τησ
Σρούασ;
Οι διαπιςτωμϋνεσ καταςτροφϋσ από ςειςμό που
παρατηρούνται ςτην Σρούα (Σρούα III, VI και VIII) ςυνδϋονται
με αυτό το ρόγμα, ό με κϊποιο απομακρυςμϋνο;
Πώσ επηρϋαςε το ρόγμα τησ Σρούασ και τα ϊλλα ρόγματα
τησ ευρύτερησ περιοχόσ (Ίδησ, Αδραμυτύου, κλπ) τη
γεωμορφολογικό εξϋλιξη τησ λεκϊνησ του κϊμανδρου και
του ιμόεντα;
Η παρατηρούμενη ανύψωςη τησ περιοχόσ
(γεωμορφολογικϊ και ςε γεωτρόςεισ) εύναι ϋνα περιοχικό
φαινόμενο, ό τοπικό που οφεύλεται ςτη δρϊςη τοπικών
ενεργών ρηγμϊτων (των Δαρδανελλύων; υποθαλϊςςια ςτο
Αιγαύο;)
116. Effects of earthquakes
on archaeological sites
in Italy
30 June 2009
(a) Corner expulsion detected on a
typical Roman wall (cement and
covering of cubilia), Amphitheatre of
Marruvium, San Benedetto dei
Marsi, central Italy; (b) rotation around
the vertical axis affecting a pillar
(cement and covering of bricks), Roman
Ostia, central Italy; (c) reworking of
collapsed material for subsequent use
suggested by the exclusive presence of
tiles in horizontal
attitude, Avezzano, central Italy; (d)
thick layer of abandonment and
deterioration made of mixed small-sized
(sandy) materials of various origin (also
burnt wooden fragments) underlying
chaotically
disposed coarser fragments of
walls, theatre of Suessa, Sessa
Aurunca, southern Italy; (e) wall still
maintaining its internal original
organization toppled over a few-tencentimeter-thick layer of
abandonment, theatre of Cales, Calvi
Risorta, southern Italy; (f) columns
collapsed in the same
Galadini et al., 2006
Galadini and Galli, 2004
116
117. The Dead Sea Fault in
Syria
30 June 2009
Structural map of the Dead Sea
Fault between Jordan and
Turkey.
Meghraoui et al., 2003
117
118. Historical earthquakes
30 June 2009
Map showing the reactivation
of the DSF during known
historical earthquakes.
Meghraoui et al., 2003
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118
119. 30 June 2009
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119
120. Displaced aqueduct
30 June 2009
Detailed map of the aqueduct,
trench site, and surrounding
area based on precise mapping
with a total station (red
crosses are points levelled on
the aqueduct, small crosses are
the background levelling points
for the alluvial terrace). A 13.6
m total left-lateral
displacement is measured
between straight sections of
the aqueduct. The 4.3 m are
interpreted as resulting from
the first coseismic slip after
building the aqueduct and after
projecting the eastern wall on
the fault.
Meghraoui et al., 2003
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120
121. 30 June 2009
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121
122. Log of the
palaeoseismological
trench
30 June 2009
Dating of events:
1. 13 December 115
2. Between 690 and 1030
3. 29 June 1170
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122
123. Marco, 2008
30 June 2009
Applied sciences in archaeology, Irbid, Jordan, 29 June - 2 July 2009
123
A. An offset wall of the Crusader fortress of Vadum Iacob (in recent time
F. Horizontal shift of large ashlars
of Qadesh.
called “Ateret”). Dashed line showsin the Hellenistic temple2.1-m-offset is
E. Blocks on the sides of arches on original slid down in the earthquake
the left geometry. The
Site 2. G. Aligned fallen columns enclosed symmetrically by a wall.
D. A keystone slid down in an archof a Late Byzantine church in Sussita
theA water Kal'at Nimrod el Kanatir left-laterally offset the earthquakes of
of sum of 1.6 m in Um m displacement caused by about 1
C. 1759 in troughand 0.5(Qala'at al-Subeiba). Throughout them on the
(Qal'at el-Husn, originally (Kamai & Hatzor, inscription that
a
Photographedand Octobercalled Hippos). Anin press). Site 11 wall of the
in Mampsis 30, 1759
May arches landslide triggeredE–W are deformed of January bearsarches
site, 20, 1202
margin of a in walls that trend by therespectively. B. An offset 749
earthquake whereas similar
18,
date of Mosque one of the four excavated churches of Sussita it is
in
Ottoman591 AD walls have remained intact. Site 1 fortress of Vadum
in N–S trending 2004). Site 8on top of the Crusader
(Wechsler et al., that is built
concluded that the destruction of occurred on October 30, 1759
Iacob. The associated earthquake the site occurred in the 749
earthquake al., 1998). Site 4
(Ellenblum et(Segal, 2007). Site 7
124. Marco, 2008
30 June 2009
Applied sciences in archaeology, Irbid, Jordan, 29 June - 2 July 2009
124
Q. An archaeological site in the Gulf of Aqaba that includes a circular coral-like wall is
submerged 4–5 m below sea level. The Palaeolithic site of that separates southern shore
R. A sequence of lake sediments in the fringing coral reef Ohalo, on the it from the shore
is seen earthquakes in oneSimilar structures are surface (arrow),farmer's house artifacts
of the Seathe Galilee encloses a 20 ka old living abundantroom where delicate
S. Two in of back (dark). structure: Remains of a single on shore since the
domestication articulation someare seen2001). We maintain that6th centurywater occurred
were found in of animals line) 10 kyrs ago. Because a slow rise of rise seasynagogue in
(surrounded by a dashed (Nadel et al., on the floor of an early the the of level would
result inmost likely duringstones by wave the useShakedrise would result in scattering of
rapidly, scattering of the anlocation and action ofslow et from the synagoguethat the
Um el Kanatir. This peculiar earthquake, because stones al. (2004) conclude walls
site delicate materials by wavelevel below the wave action, most probably in an
the was that the farmer built a action. Site 9 the synagogue collapsed (see picture J). A
indicate subsided rapidly to the house after
earthquake. Site 12event is evident in the farmer's house, where tools and ceramics were
second destruction
found on the floor, buried by the collapsed walls. Site 8
O. Fractures cross a sector of a Roman (Herodian) theatre and overlaying Byzantine
walls together with the underlying bedrock in the Galei Kinneret site, Tiberias. The
damage occurred in the earthquake of 749. Site 6 P. Faulted sediments in the Galei
Kinneret site, Tiberias. The time of faulting is constrainedtilted stone floorthe walls. The
N. An episode of tilting is exhibited by an angle between by the ages of and an
pebbly-sandy sediments abut the wall on the right, which is from the that the tilting
overlying horizontal plaster floor in Megiddo. The stratigraphy shows late 7th–early 8th
century (Byzantine period). The layersupper floor, but the precise time of construction is
postdates the lower and predates the are faulted, and continuous unfaulted beds (above
theDrums ofwhite of the northern western wall of the The Kanatir synagogue, BC).
K. Collapsed arrangement of the watchtowersarrow).Um elof Omarit. of the wallwhich
J. Imbricatedawall line) that collapsed in (white built in the Iron Age IIin disarray Chippedfell
Kal'at Nimrod lay (9th century the
archaeologically indistinguishable. fault the Roman templefoundation Site 3 I. at on the
H. dashed column overlay the Both were
left, datedupper side in the photo). Two Arabic period),the 1.5deformed,wall in assumeKal'at
to the floor the The large ashlars fell in 1759.is lastm higher than749 AD that
late 8th 13th century Arabic fortresshit L. Asite millennia(now called
century (early earthquakes Qala'at al-Subeiba we
bottom of ashlars
westward (right in remained perfectly horizontal in the 3 in 551 and the
Since the
cornersof a steep slope.
foundations its precedent was earthquake of BC form where walls M. Leaning an into
Megiddo,whichthe ByzantineAge, 8th century1759. The original joints and fractures in the
(Wechslerpart of2006). This arrangement cannotwas probably associatedblack Iron Age II
the tilting et al, a Late Iron rapid and exceptional, excavated (dashed with line)
Nimrod), of of was hit by thewall foundations. It building . Site 10 collapse by slow
the century BC) columns 2006). 2003).
(9thpost-faultdifferent orientations. Site 1.
protracted deterioration. SiteMegiddo 10 Site 6 al., 2006). Site 10
earthquake (Marco (Marcoin 8 Site (Marco et
stones have beds et al., et al.,
136. Jerash
30 June 2009
Shaken wall.
Applied sciences in archaeology, Irbid, Jordan, 29 June - 2 July 2009
136
137. Jerash
30 June 2009
Rotated and displaced
comlumns.
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138. ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Extends back the earthquake
record.
It can be applied to a variety
of cases through a variety of
time.
In places with long history,
lots of information can be
extracted.
Can give physical info on the
earthquake, such as
directivity or surface effects.
30 June 2009
The earthquake record is
often discontinuous.
Not continuous timeline may
lead to ambiguous results.
In places with short history, it
is practically useless.
Effects on structures can be
scattered, or attributed to
other causes.
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139. Archaeoseismology (or earthquake archaeology) is
very useful for enhancing seismic hazard
assessment, especially for countries with long
historical record.
It can help acquiring quantitative results regarding
earthquake recurrence, surface displacement,
intensity, etc.
It has not been standardized yet, so there is a large
degree of uncertainty in its application.
30 June 2009
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140.
An initiative supported by UNESCO and the
International Union of Geological Sciences
(IUGS):
IGCP 567 Earthquake Archaeology.
Visit http://ees.kuleuven.be/igcp567.
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141. 30 June 2009
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141
