1. International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online)
Vol 4, 2012
FDI and Terrorism: Co-integration & Granger Causality
Hafsa Rasheed* Muhammad Tahir
Institute of Managemnet sciences,Bahaudin Zakaria university, Multan, Pakistan.
*Email: hafsa_hafsa92@hotmail.com
Abstract
Terrorist activities not only effects that particular region or country’s infrastructure, but it also effects the
financial well being of that country. Because such terrorist activities create instability and uncertainty in the
country. This results loss of foreign investors’ confidence in that economy, thus decreasing the level of
foreign investments. Similarly Pakistan is also facing this bitter reality of decreased foreign direct
investment due to an increase in terrorist activities.
Variables: FDI , Terrorism
1. Introduction
Terrorism means illegal use of any resources in an economy, like smuggling, or it also includes any attacks
that cause damage to the country. Terrorist activities not only destroy the financial well being of any
economy but also destroys the physical infrastructure and individuals’ confidence in that particular
economy. With the increasing trend of globalization countries are trying to attract more and more foreign
direct investment to flourish their economies. But its only possible when foreign investors are willing to
invest in that particular country. And foreign investors always like to invest in those countries in which they
feel their transactions as secure one. So any country like Pakistan, facing bitter realities of having war on
terror, is the victim of this fact. So increasing level of terrorism cause hurdles for the economy to flourish.
All this is due to the emerging concept of doing business globally. Because it’s the fact that, if at one hand it
has created opportunities for countries to expand their markets, but on the other hand it has also created
ease for having illegal activities to be done more soundly. Because the increasing size of markets have
also increased the security issues in about all economies of the world. And Pakistan is also among one of
these economies.
2. Literature review:
If we look back to last two to three decades, we can easily conclude that economic integration has rapidly
been increased during this time period. The only reason for this is the advancement in the information and
communication technologies. Because these advancements has rapidly decreased the cost of doing business
in global markets, as well as increasing opportunities for doing business.(Agrawal, 2011)
Due to increase in these business activities, GDP of about all countries involving in these business activities
has shown a positive sign. Also FDI and financial inflows from international markets has also been
exploded during this era. But all these activities are not only a positive sign for any country but also
showing a negative impact on each of these economies. Because as the cross boarder trade has been
increased dramatically, it has given opportunities to the terrorist to have illegal activities to be done more
easily. Also international monitoring and inspection has become too much difficult.(Mirza & Verdier, 2007)
We can also see in an opposite perspective that terrorist activities have an impact on the economic activities
of any country. Because any country having great ratio of terrorist activities would have negative impact on
its economic activities, whether its financial growth, foreign investment or its trade inflows and outflows.
Since this relation has been developed, many authors and researchers has put great attention on this topic.
Literature concludes that most of the countries give much importance to FDI and takes it as an important
tool for economic growth of the country. Because FDI provides not only capital but also expertise,
technology, income and market access to these countries.(Alomar, M. E. S, & M.I.T, 2011)
This is observed that FDI is effected by many other factors prevailing in the economy, like technological
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2. International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online)
Vol 4, 2012
advancements, political instability, changes in laws and regulations, any change in tax policies, interest
rates and innovation policies etc.(Muckley, 2007)
The only reason for adverse impact of terrorism on FDI is the lost confidence of investors. Due to increased
uncertainness and instability in the economy investors feel insecure about their investment and their
returns.(Gaibulloev & Sandler, 2008)
Global media has played a significant role in developing perception of the world about increasing
uncertainties in the economic markets as a result of terrorism. So due to increased awareness about these
issues, investors are now well informed about the economic or regulatory situations in the particular
countries. So investors do critical analysis of all these situations before investing in international markets.
(Glozer, 2006)
Increased terrorism has both political and economic consequences. If we look at the economic
consequences, we can easily observe that terrorism has adverse impacts like, decreased inflows of foreign
direct investments, damage in infrastructure, cost incurred in security, loss in trade, disturbed balance of
payments, increased insurance premiums, and also delays in the travels, creating problems for local as well
as foreign passengers. Beside all these issues we are just focusing on the relation between terrorism and
foreign direct investment.(Bandyopadhyay, Sandler, & Younas, 2011)
Terrorism directly creates risk and anxiety in the prevailing economy that makes individuals more
conscious about their expected returns linked with any transaction. Investors think it as a harmful
investment. So this increased ambiguity decreases the demand patterns and shifts the investments in some
other markets. Also if governments take steps against these terrorist activities or taking measures to prevent
these activities it increases the cost for government. So this increased terrorism puts a challenge for
emerging concept of globalization.(Mirza & Verdier, 2007)
Now if we look in the context of Pakistan, Pakistan being a state of having “war on terror” has increasing
adverse consequences on its economy. And these consequences are not only for any single sector whether it
effects almost every sector of Pakistani economy like agriculture, business, industrial, services, tourism etc.
all of these sectors are having adverse impact of terrorism, the only difference is the change in the intensity.
Because some sectors are more effected and the others are less.(Tayyeba Gul, A. Hussain, Shafiquallah
Bangash, & Khattak, 2010)
All these terrorist activities has a negative impact on the inflow of foreign direct investment in Pakistan. We
have concluded this by literature. Now we are going to study this fact by collecting data on these two
important variables.
3. Data and methodology
We have collected data for number of terrorist attacks and FDI from 2003 till 5 June 2011.
• Data for terrorist attacks from 2003-june 2011 was obtained from (http://www.satp.org)
• Data for Foreign Investment inflows in Pakistan ($Million) was obtained from, Board of
investment: Prime minister’s secretariat Government of Pakistan.
The key variables of our study are No. of terrorist attacks in Pakistan and FDI. We have applied co
integration and Granger Causality on these. For this we have applied time series modelling and ADF test.
Co-integration
Ho: FDI and Terrorism are not co-integrated
Hi: FDI and Terrorism are co-integrated
Granger Casualty:
Ho: γ1= γ2= 0
H1: γ1= γ2 ≠0
Model:
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4. International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online)
Vol 4, 2012
1 -4.230* 0.30788 0.1435 5.604 0.0112 -3.577 0.6467
0 -0.4851 0.80423 0.4207 -1.470 0.0763
Y = "LFDI$ mil";
Z = Constant, "LT.A";
Estimate ("OLS-CS", 2003, 1, 2011, 1);
Granger Casualty:
EQ( 1) Modelling LFDI$ mil by OLS (using fdi.xls)
The estimation sample is: 2003 - 2011
Coefficient Std.Error t-value t-prob Part.R^2
Constant 7.71162 0.2364 32.6 0.000 0.9925
Sigma 0.709319 RSS 4.02506838
R^2 0
Log-likelihood -9.14937 DW 0.411
No. of observations 9 no. of parameters 1
Mean (LFDI$ mil) 7.71162 var(LFDI$ mil) 0.44723
EQ( 2) Modelling LFDI$ mil by OLS (using fdi.xls)
The estimation sample is: 2003 - 2011
Coefficient Std.Error t-value t-prob Part.R^2
Constant 4.63152 1.012 4.58 0.003 0.7496
LT.A 0.402426 0.1304 3.09 0.018 0.5763
Sigma 0.493612 RSS 1.70557064
R^2 0.576263 F(1,7) = 9.52 [0.018]*
Log-likelihood -5.28549 DW 0.784
No. of observations 9 no. of parameters 2
Mean (LFDI$ mil) 7.71162 var(LFDI$ mil) 0.44723
4. Interpretation
First of all we have found whether these variables are stationary or non-stationary, in order to find
co-integration among these variables.
So we applied unit root test on both of these variables but the results showed that both of these variables are
showing stationary. So these two variables are not co-integrated with each other. So we are accepting our
null hypothesis Ho that FDI and Terrorism are not co-integrated . Which means that the two variables
would move in an opposite direction?
So we can conclude that with the increasing level of terrorism FDI would decrease. While decreased level
of terrorism would cause FDI to flourish.
When we look for granger causality of both variables, we found that not only FDI is granger cause to
terrorism but also terrorism is granger cause to FDI.
We have concluded this by analysing the results obtained from Pc-Give. By analysing these results we can
find that when we add terrorism in the model the model moves towards good fitting. Because we can see
that RSS has decreased in the unrestricted model while value of R^2 has increased.
5. Conclusion:
Different authors have concluded in their literature that FDI and terrorism has a relation in a way that FDI
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5. International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online)
Vol 4, 2012
is affected by the level of terrorism in the country. As terrorism increases FDI decreases due to certain
reasons. The most obvious reason is the loss in investors’ confidence in that particular economy.
Communication and technological advancements has made it easy to have cross border transactions. But at
the same time it has increased difficulties and uncertainties in these transactions. Any economy like
Pakistan having war on terror losses the investor’s attraction towards its financial markets. Because
investors feel more risk about their transactions and their related returns in such economies. So we study
these facts through different models. After analysing the data and results we can conclude that terrorism has
an impact on foreign direct investment of any country. The level of foreign direct investment is impacted by
the level of terrorism. Our results also show that they move in opposite directions. Means that if terrorism
increases FDI would decrease and vice versa.
References:
Agrawal, S. (2011). The Impact of Terrorism on Foreign Direct Investment: Which Sectors are More
Vulnerable?
Alomar, M. E. S, & M.I.T (2011). The Impact of Terrorism on the FDI Inflows to Less Developed
Countries: A Panel Study. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences,
28.
Bandyopadhyay, S., Sandler, T., & Younas, J. (2011). Foreign direct investment, aid, and terrorism: an
analysis of developing countries. Unpublished manuscript, Center for Global Collective Action,
University of Texas at Dallas.
Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. (2008). The impact of terrorism and conflicts on growth in Asia,
1970–2004. Working Papers.
Glozer, E. (2006). FDI and Terrorism: An Analysis of the Impact of the ‘Intifada’on Foreign Direct
Investment in the State of Israel.
Mirza, D., & Verdier, T. (2007). International trade, security and transnational terrorism: Theory and
empirics. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP6174.
Muckley, C. (2007). Terrorism, Tourism and FDI: Estimating a lower bound on the Peace Dividend in
Northern Ireland.
Tayyeba Gul, A. Hussain, Shafiquallah Bangash, & Khattak, S. W. (2010). Impact of Terrorism on the
Financial Markets of Pakistan. European Journal of Social Sciences, 18.
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