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Часть 4. Биоинформатика длинных прочтений
● Определение последовательности из сигнала (basecalling) и
первичный контроль качества
● Выравнивание длинных прочтений
● Гибридная и прямая сборка длинных прочтений
● Полировка геномных сборок
● Анализ данных метагеномного секвенирования
● Биоинформатика длинных прочтений и РНК-сек
● Заключение
4.1. Определение последовательности из сигнала (basecalling)
Сигнал → последовательность
● первая стадия - сегментация сигнала (определение границ нуклеотидов)
● вторая стадия - собственно определение нуклеотида
Albacore
● официальный бейсколлер от Oxford Nanopore
● постоянно впитывает удачные находки открытых разработок
● работает под основными операционными системами
● требует немалых мощностей (более дня на 4 CPU для 5-10 Гб данных)
EPI2ME
● облачный сервис, доступен покупателям сервисного обслуживания
● помогает пользователям без доступа к биоинформатической экспертизе
Сравнение эффективности бейколлеров
● проводится с некоторой регулярностью (Ryan Wick)
● улучшения постоянны - всегда храните ваши fast5-файлы!
Улучшение консенсуса
● Chiron версии 0.3 производит заметно улучшает консенсус (99.77%)
Первичный контроль качества: MinIONQC
● количество прочтений fail/pass
● распределение длин прочтений
● количество оснований (выход секвенирования)
4.2. Выравнивание длинных прочтений
minimap2
● быстрое и
простое
выравнивание
длинных
прочтений
● поддерживает
выравнивание со
сплайсингом
(кДНК, РНК)
NGMLR
● повышенная
точность при
определении
сложных
структурных
вариантов,
● спарен с
программой
Sniffles
4.3. Гибридная и прямая сборка длинных прочтений
PacBio против Nanopore
Сборка из длинных прочтений
● miniasm2 - очень быстро (минуты), неплохая точность
● canu - золотой стандарт, очень медленно (сотни ЦПУ-часов)
● много других опций (HGAP3 - PacBio, FALCON, etc)
Гибридная сборка
● использует длинные и
короткие прочтения
● MaSuRCA (Алексей
Зимин) для эукариот
● Flye (Михаил
Колмогоров)
● Unicycler (Ryan Wick) -
для бактерий
Бактериальная референсная сборка
● Unicycler производит тихую революцию в сборке бактерий
● минимальное количество ошибок (misassembles)
● отлично “закрывает” плазмиды
12 геномов за ~ $2500!
● Иллюмина -
длинные
прочтениями
(2х250), от 40х
● 20-30х длинных
прочтений
● отличный
конечный
результат!
4.4. Полировка геномных сборок
Полировка 1: Racon
● улучшение консенсусной
последовательности
● необходимо после грубых
сборок (miniasm2)
● опция полировки при
помощи Illumina
Полировка 2: Nanopolish
● Только для нанопоры, использует fast5
● используя модель метилирования, сильно улучшает бактериальные сборки
● также определяет варианты и модификации нуклеотидов
Полировка 3: Pilon
● Pilon использует данные
Illumina для коррекции
небольших ошибок
● можно использовать много
раз подряд
● используется при
гибридной сборке
Unicycler
4.5. Анализ данных метагеномного секвенирования
Классификация: Kraken, Centrifuge
● те же программы, которые полезны для работы с Illumina:
○ Kraken - быстрый таксономический классификатор на к-мерах
○ Centrifuge - менее быстрый и менее ресурсоемкий классификатор (FM-index)
● предоставляет классификацию прочтений вплоть до вида
Визуализация: Pavian
● современная динамическая
платформа для сравнения
метагеномов
● статистика образцов и групп
4.6. Биоинформатика длинных прочтений и РНК-сек
Tombo: модификации РНК и ДНК
● разрабатывается
самими Oxford
Nanopore
● хорошо
предсказывает
модификации
4mC, 5mC, и 6mA
LoReAn: улучшенная
аннотация генома
● использует длинные
прочтения транскриптома
для улучшения аннотации
геномов
● дает результат,
превосходящий все
известные методы

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