Plug ruler to any rule based system and let it find duplicate/redundant rules. After reducing duplication, the rule-based system needs to evaluate less conditions and can, therefore, run faster.
2. Rule-based Systems
2
Main Idea: to capture the knowledge of a human expert in a specialized domain and embody it within a
software system.
Knowledge is stored as rules of the form IF condition THEN action: If income < 1000 THEN deny-
mortgage
• The UK’s NHS Direct adviser https://www.nhs.uk/symptom-checker/
• Ikea online assistant – an RBS with a chatbox interface
http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/customer_service/contact_us/contact.html
• American Express Authorizer’s Assistant – developed in 1988, but still in use today - processes credit
requests, deciding whether to authorise or deny - very large: around 35,000 rules
• The iptables rules in all the machines and VMs in your data centre
• The technical analysis rules used by your pension schema manager
• At HPE: ArcSight, NFV Director, Helion … rely on rules
4. Problem
4
Corruptissima re publica plurimae leges. Tacitus
• Experts introduce 8% overlapped rules in firewall configs (beginners up to 27%) [1]
• Situation worsened by the presence of many (siloed) automatic management (configuration churn)
• Detecting conflicting/overlapped rules is
o Slow
o Error prone
o Tedious
o Not scalable
• Heavily relying on expert knowledge
• Hard to debug
• Severely impacts performance
[1] Al-Shaer and Hamed. Modeling and management of firewall rules.
5. Challenges
1. Define generic rule similarity metrics
– Combinatorial explosion at a semantic level
– Curse of dimensionality
2. Visual representation of rules
3. Rule execution optimisation
6. Challenges
1. Define generic rule similarity metrics
– Combinatorial explosion at a semantic level
– Curse of dimensionality
2. Visual representation of rules
3. Rule execution optimisation
7. Example: X<-12 AND Y in [-5,0] AND Z in {cat, dog, 3.4} OR X in (-8, 5.01] AND Y in [-7,2)
z
x
-inf. …
y
-7
2
5.01
{cat, dog, 3.4}
{all z elements}
-8-12
Limited by
Dimension
-5
Rule Similarity
2 patents filed on this idea
9. Rule Similarity
Number of rules in the system
Timetoaddanewrule[sec]
New rule mapped
to
4 hyperrectangles
New rule mapped
to
2 hyperrectangles
New rule maped to
1 hyperrectangle
10. Challenges
1. Define generic rule similarity metrics
– Combinatorial explosion at a semantic level
– Curse of dimensionality
2. Visual representation of rules
3. Rule execution optimisation
This is a sample Multi-level Organization Chart (without pictures), ideal for complex and larger groups.
This chart is supplemental to the simplified organization charts included in this template.
This organization chart is built with PowerPoint shapes. When customizing, please keep in mind the following:
Use the primary and neutral color palettes for organization charts, and do not use any effects or accent colors.
Unused chart elements may be removed, such as additional levels or photo placeholders.
Follow the chart key to accurately label and identify each member and report level.
To add additional levels or information, manually copy and paste the template shapes to maintain formatting.
The shape and text may need to be resized to accommodate additional levels of reports or labels.
This is a sample Multi-level Organization Chart (without pictures), ideal for complex and larger groups.
This chart is supplemental to the simplified organization charts included in this template.
This organization chart is built with PowerPoint shapes. When customizing, please keep in mind the following:
Use the primary and neutral color palettes for organization charts, and do not use any effects or accent colors.
Unused chart elements may be removed, such as additional levels or photo placeholders.
Follow the chart key to accurately label and identify each member and report level.
To add additional levels or information, manually copy and paste the template shapes to maintain formatting.
The shape and text may need to be resized to accommodate additional levels of reports or labels.
This is a sample Multi-level Organization Chart (without pictures), ideal for complex and larger groups.
This chart is supplemental to the simplified organization charts included in this template.
This organization chart is built with PowerPoint shapes. When customizing, please keep in mind the following:
Use the primary and neutral color palettes for organization charts, and do not use any effects or accent colors.
Unused chart elements may be removed, such as additional levels or photo placeholders.
Follow the chart key to accurately label and identify each member and report level.
To add additional levels or information, manually copy and paste the template shapes to maintain formatting.
The shape and text may need to be resized to accommodate additional levels of reports or labels.
This is a sample Multi-level Organization Chart (without pictures), ideal for complex and larger groups.
This chart is supplemental to the simplified organization charts included in this template.
This organization chart is built with PowerPoint shapes. When customizing, please keep in mind the following:
Use the primary and neutral color palettes for organization charts, and do not use any effects or accent colors.
Unused chart elements may be removed, such as additional levels or photo placeholders.
Follow the chart key to accurately label and identify each member and report level.
To add additional levels or information, manually copy and paste the template shapes to maintain formatting.
The shape and text may need to be resized to accommodate additional levels of reports or labels.
This is a sample Multi-level Organization Chart (without pictures), ideal for complex and larger groups.
This chart is supplemental to the simplified organization charts included in this template.
This organization chart is built with PowerPoint shapes. When customizing, please keep in mind the following:
Use the primary and neutral color palettes for organization charts, and do not use any effects or accent colors.
Unused chart elements may be removed, such as additional levels or photo placeholders.
Follow the chart key to accurately label and identify each member and report level.
To add additional levels or information, manually copy and paste the template shapes to maintain formatting.
The shape and text may need to be resized to accommodate additional levels of reports or labels.
This is a sample Multi-level Organization Chart (without pictures), ideal for complex and larger groups.
This chart is supplemental to the simplified organization charts included in this template.
This organization chart is built with PowerPoint shapes. When customizing, please keep in mind the following:
Use the primary and neutral color palettes for organization charts, and do not use any effects or accent colors.
Unused chart elements may be removed, such as additional levels or photo placeholders.
Follow the chart key to accurately label and identify each member and report level.
To add additional levels or information, manually copy and paste the template shapes to maintain formatting.
The shape and text may need to be resized to accommodate additional levels of reports or labels.