2. AIM OF THE TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
EXTENT OF MAS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
PREPARATION OF PATIENTS FOR MAS
VARIOUS PROCEDURES
COMPLICATIONS
3. INTRODUCTION
Defined as the application of modern technology to minimize
the trauma of surgical access without compromising the
exposure to surgical site, or the safety of patients.
4. SYNONYMS
Key hole surgery
Button hole surgery
Minimally invasive surgery
Minimally access surgery
5. HISTORY
1901 :- Von Ott – First inspection of abdominal cavity
1983 :- Semm (German Gynaecologist) – First Lap. Appendicectomy.
1985 :- Erich Muhe (German surgeon) – First Lap. Cholecystectomy.
1987 :- Ger. – First laparoscopy hernia repair
1989 :- Reich et al. – First Lap. Hysterectomy
1990 :- Wickman & Fitzpatrick – MIS
1992 :- Cuschieri - MAS
6. Cont…
1993 :- Dan Stoianovici – First Robotic Laparoscopic surgery
1994 :- Gies – First Colorectal surgery
2001 :- NOTES (Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopy Surgery)
2005 :- POEM (Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy)
7. EXTENT OF MAS
Laparoscopy
Endoscopy
- Endoluminal
- Peri visceral
Catheter based surgery
Minimally invasive Robotic surgery
8. MOST COMMONLY DONE MAS
Lap. Appendicectomy
Lap. Cholecystectomy
Diagnostic Laparoscopy
Repair of all types of hernia
Per oral endoscopic Myotomy
Repair of D1 perforation
Splenectomy
9. ADVANTAGES OF MAS
Decrease in wound size
Decrease in post operative pain
Decrease wound infection
Decreased risk of hernia & adhesive bowel disease
Decrease recovery period
Improved mobility
10. LIMITATIONS OF MAS
Reliance on remote vision and operating
Loss of tactile feedback
Dependence on hand eye co-ordination
Difficulty with haemostasis
Reliance on new techniques.
Extraction of large specimen
11. PREPARATION OF PATIENTS FOR MAS
Routine investigation
ICTC, HbSAg, HCV
Coagulation profile
Other blood & serum according to disease
CXR, USG, CT Scan, MRI
Cardiology fitness.
Informed consent
12. LAPAROSCOPIC SURGEY
It involves the placement of small telescope into the body cavity.
Scope provide illumination of target tissue & convey a bright,
magnified, high definition image through attached camera system.
These images can be attached to medical record and stored with
Radiological Picture Archiving & Communication System.
So, images are available to :-
- Radiologist
- Pathologist
- Consultant
13.
14. Cont….
Closer the scope to target better is the
- illumination
- magnification
- image details
LIMITATION:-
It is a monocular and provides two dimensional view of the body
displayed on a video monitor
Limited field of vision.
15. Cont….
Laparoscopic images gives the surgeon a view of surface of tissue.
So, surgeon must adopt other methods to evaluate the tissue beneath
the surface.
This can be done by accessing patients with cross sectional studies:-
- USG
- CT Scan
- MRI
16. PROCEDURE :-
Abdomen is insuffled with 5 to 6 litre of CO2 to :-
- create working space
- allow lens to focus on target tissue
Instrument is inserted through an incision in abdominal wall through
an air tight trocar.
This port have gasket that seal around the instrument maintaining the
positive pressure and working space.
Surgeons rely on texture and compressibility to evaluate tissue
character and pathology.
21. Optimization in laparoscopy :-
Miniaturization of diameter of surgical instrument & telescope.
Initially 10mm telescope was used.
At present 5mm telescope is used
Provide same image quality and sufficient light to perform surgery
In Mini-laparoscope : 2mm scope is used.
Have limited curvature.
22. SINGLE INCISION LAPAROSCOPIC
SURGERY
In SILS the entire surgical procedure is accomplished through
one incision instead of the multiple incision required in traditional
laparoscopic surgery.
There are two broad approaches to SILS
Single-incision multi-port approach
Use of a single access device.
23. SINGLE INCISION MULTIPORT
APPROACH
One skin incision (commonly trans umbilical) 1.5cm-2.5cm in length
is utilized.
After development of skin flaps the fascia is cleared over a wide area
all around.
Either three 5mm or one 10mm and two 5mm trocars are introduced
through the incision which allow the laparoscope and operating
instruments to be introduced for carrying out the procedure.
24. Three 5mm port inserted through a trans
umbilical incision
25.
26. ENDOSCOPE
Flexible endoscope is the instrument which passed through :
Mouth – upper GIT
Nose – respiratory tract
Rectum ( COLONOSCOPE )
Scope is advanced by deflecting the tip of endoscope using wheels
at the handle, guided by image on monitor.
Channel in scope provide access for instruments and lens can be
irrigated and field suctioned through the scope.
27.
28.
29. Instrument that can be used with flexible endoscope are
Instrument for punch biopsy
Needles for injections
Knives for incision
Snares to remove polyp/ FB
Balloon to stretch stricture
Clips to occlude bleeding vessels/ seal perforation.
30. SURGICAL USE OF ENDOSCOPY
Resection of oesophageal, gastric, colonic mucosal tumours.
Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM)
Gastrostomy tube insertion
CBD Stone extraction
Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES)
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)
31. NOTES
Access to body cavity is achieved without an incision in body wall.
Truly scar less surgery
Access the target organ through a natural orifice
- Mouth
- Rectum
- Vagina
For this, very long instruments are required.
32.
33. Cont….
After placing a flexible or rigid endoscope through a natural orifice,
an organ (oesophagus, stomach, colon, vagina) are perforated
intentionally.
Endoscope is then advanced directly to target tissue.
After the procedure is completed, opening is closed.
COMPLICATION :-
Any failure in healing results in peritonitis.
34. POEM
Used for the treatment of Achalasia cardia.
It is a natural orifice technique.
Involves creation of long oesophageal Myotomy using a flexible
Endoscope.
STEPS:-
Oesophageal mucosa is incised
Tunnel is created in oesophageal wall
35.
36.
37. Cont..
Circular muscle is divided to a point distal to LES.
Oesophageal mucosal opening is closed with clips.
COMPLICATION :-
Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease.
38. EMR (Endoscopic Mucosal Resection) :
Elevating the tumour off the muscularis propria with submucosal
injection.
Creating one or more polyp by band application.
Removing the lesion similar to polypectomy.
39.
40. ESD (Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection)
Elevating the tumour off the muscularis propria with submucosal
injection.
Dissecting beneath the tumour in the submucosal plane.
Remove the tumour en-block.
41.
42. ADVANCEMENT IN ENDOSCOPY
Combination of Flexible Endoscopy & Ultrasound transducer at
distal end.
GIT :- Endoscopy Ultrasound (EUS).
Bronchial tree :- Endobronchial Ultrasound.
It describes the:
- complete thickness of wall (for staging of tumour)
- adjacent lymph nodes (for biopsy)
- adjacent structures
43. Cont….
Combined with Doppler imaging, nearby vessels can be evaluated.
Surgical procedure can be done using EUS Guidance such as pancreatic
pseudocyst drainage in stomach.
Permits precise targeting for delivering medication directly into the
pancreas, liver and other organs.
44. CATHETER BASED SURGERY
Endovascular procedure is used to treat occluded or aneurysmal
vessels.
Imaging is provided by Fluoroscopy.
Contrast is injected to outline the vascular anatomy.
Instrument can be threaded along the vessel.
Narrow vessels can be dilated with balloon and intraluminal stent can
be threaded into position guided by real time Fluoroscopy.
46. MINIMAL INVASSIVE ROBOTIC
SURGERY
Robotic surgery(robot assisted surgery) is the use of computer
technologies working in conjunction with robot systems to
perform surgical procedures.
Term robot comes from Czech word “ROBOTA “ which means
forced labour.
It was first introduced by the Czech play writer Karel Capek in
his fiction play “Rossum’s Universal Robots”.
47.
48. Degree of freedom of the
instrument are increased
making it easier to do fine
manoeuvres.
49. Robot does not work autonomously but act as an interface between
operating surgeon and patients.
Surgeons sits at a console in an ergonomic and comfortable position
and uses movement of hand and feet to control movement of
instrument and laparoscope in the patients.
Surgeon can work from within Operating Room or remotely, as there is
no direct contact between surgeon and instrument.
50. Surgical instruments are wristed near distal tip, so, the movement of
surgeon’s hand can be reproduced by the instrument without the usual
limitation of Fulcrum effect seen with traditional laparoscope
instrument.
Longer the distance, greater the latent delay.
Delay of > 250msec. Can have significant impact on the quality of the
surgery
51. Cont….
Theoretically, the surgeon can operate on patients at great distance; however,
trained personnel would still be required onsite to :
prepare the patient,
insert the ports,
dock the robot,
change instruments, and
intervene to treat complications or unexpected findings that
cannot be controlled robotically.
52. Very useful for support of :-
- injured soldier
- hostile environment (outer space. Deep sea)
Recently Robotic surgery is carried out in conjunction with Robotic
assisted anaesthesia.
It involves an automated platform where anaesthetic agents are controlled
using computer assisted device that calculate moment to moment
anaesthesia doses in a closed loop system.
53. DRAWBACK :-
- No tactile sense of tissue
- High cost
- Bulkiness & setup time
- Absence of data compelling
USES :-
- Urology (prostatectomy)
- Cardiac (heart surgery)
- Gynecology (hysterectomy)
- ENT
- Gen. surgery