dfg

1. Direct filling gold
PRESENTED BY:DR.AJAY BABU GUTTI
IIYEAR PG
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND
ENDODONTICS
1

2. CONTENTS:
Introduction
History of Direct filling gold
Properties of pure gold
Various forms of gold
Gold foil
Electrolytic precipitate
Granular gold
Removal of surface impurities:
Degassing
Compaction of direct filling gold
Advantages, disadvantages, indication, contraindication
2

3. 3
Objectives of condensation
Modes of condensation
Gold condensers
Principles of condensation
Compaction technique
General principles of cavity preparations
Finishing and polishing of DFG
Microleakage in DFG
Class I, II Cavity design
Class III cavity design
Class IV cavity design
Class V cavity design
Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION
• Direct golds are gold restorative materials that are manufactured
for compaction directly into the prepared cavities.(Sturdevant)
• Gold is one of the oldest dental material, having been used for
restoration of teeth. Earlier Phoenicians used gold wire to splint
the teeth, and afterwards, Romans initiated making fixed bridges
from gold strip.
• The use of gold in restorations remains considerable today,
however, with an increasingly wide range of alternative materials
available in dentistry, there is choice for a replacement of older
and discolored fillings.
4

5. History of Direct Filling Gold:
• First evidence GREEK and ROMAN culture about 3000 B.C
• Sumerian, babylonian, assyrian tombs between 2000 and 3000
B.C
• Giovanni d’Arcoli – first evidence of use in dentistry as GOLD
LEAF FILLINGS in 1483
5

6. • Philip Pfaff (1715-1767), Dentist to FREDRICK the great of
Prussia, used gold foil to cap the pulp.
• 1795-Robert woffendale- restoration purpose in AMERICA
• 1803-Edword Hudson used it as root canal filling.
• 1838-Dr. E.Meritt of pittsburg introduced hand mallet for
compaction.
• In 1855 Robert . A . Arthur – cohesive or adhesive gold
6

7. PROPERTIES OF PURE GOLD:
• Soft, malleable ,ductile with percentage elongation of 12.8 %.
• Malleating produces sheets as thin as 0.13mm
• The best gold for restorations is about 999 parts in 1000 pure gold.
• Melting point 10630 , boiling point 22000
• True density 19.3 gm/cm3. Apparent density range 14-15 gm/cm3.
• Brinnels hardness number 25. C.T.E is 14.4 x 10 -6/0c
• High thermal conductivity of 0.710 cal/sec/cm2(/0C/cm)
7

8. Advantages Of Direct Filling Gold
• Gold foil restorations can last for a long-time if correctly done.
• The resilience of dentin and the adaptability of gold allow an
almost perfect seal between the tooth structure and gold.
• Malleability of gold makes it possible to add gold in very small
amounts that are building up the filling. Malleability also provides
permanent self sealing margins.
• Coefficient of thermal expansion is similar to dentin, so therefore
shows no shrinkage or expansion when placed in preparation.
8

9. Disadvantages Of Direct Filling Gold
• These restorations are technique sensitive, and to achieve excellence,
great skill, patience and time is required.
• Improper placement of gold foil can damage the pulp or periodontal
tissues.
• The welding technique, with or without a mallet, can do pulpal trauma.
• Because of the high thermal conductivity of gold, larger restoration
can increase sensitivity.
• A larger restoration is very difficult to finish and polish.
• Galvonic shock
9

10. Indications For The Use Of Direct
Filling Gold
• For Restoration of Tooth Preparations
• Direct filling gold restorations are indicated for incipient or
early lesions, small in size present in non stress bearing areas.
These may include:
Small Class I preparations of all teeth
Class II preparations with minimal proximal caries of premolars
and on mesial surface of molars
Class III preparations of all teeth specially when aesthetics is
not important.
 Class V preparations of all teeth
 Class VI preparations of teeth where high occlusal stress is not
present
10

11. CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR THE USE OF
DIRECT FILLING GOLD
• Direct gold fillings are contraindicated in the following conditions:
• Young Patients, Limited Accessibility
• Size of the Lesion
• Poor Periodontal Condition
• Temperament of Patient
• Handicapped Patient, Aesthetics
• Heavy Occlusal Stresses
• Prognosis of the Tooth
11

12. Types of Direct Filling Gold
Types of gold
1. Gold foil
Sheets
Gold foil cylinder
Gold pellets
Platinized gold foil
Corrugated foil
Laminated foil
2. Crystalline gold or electrolytic precipitated
Mat gold
Mat foil
Electralloy
3. Powdered gold
4. E-Z Gold 5.Stopfgold 12

13. Gold Foil
1. Also called fibrous gold .
2. Available as sheets , pellets , cylinders , ropes and pre-condensed
laminates of varying thickness.
3. Gold leaf used in ornamentation, is about 0.1 μm thick. Dental foil
(the usual No 4) is six times thicker, in other words 0.6 μm. It is
available in several types:
• Sheets
• Gold foil cylinder
• Gold pellets
• Platinized gold foil
• Corrugated gold foil
• Laminated gold foil
13

14. Sheets:
• The gold foil is made by beating pure gold into thin sheets of
size 10 × 10 cm (4 × 4 inch). The thickness of gold foil is 1.5
micron. The foils are supplied in books which are separated by
thin paper pages.
• Each book has approximately twelve gold foils.
• The book of gold, either 1/8 or 1/10 of an ounce is ruled off and
sizes are cut with the help of scissors
14

15. • The book is divided into such sizes that
represent 1/2, 1/4,1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64 and
1/128 of a sheet of gold that weighs 4 grains
• No. 3 gold foil weighs 3 gm, No. 2 gold foil
weighs 2 gm, No. 4 gold foil weighs 4 gm,
and so on.
• Since size of 4 × 4 inch foil is too large for its
use in preparation. Before insertion into the
tooth preparation, it is cut, rolled into ropes,
cylinders or pellet.
15

16. .
16
•Gold foil cylinder:
•To make cylinder, one end of the
ribbon is held with an instrument and
rolled again and again until the other
end is reached.
•Gold cylinders commonly used are of
1/4 and 1/8 of a sheet of gold.
•Cylinders of non-cohesive gold are
used in the non-cohesive state and
never annealed for cohesive use.

17. Gold pellets:
• They can be mechanical or handmade.
• To make gold pellets, a piece of foil is placed in the palm of the
hand and each end is folded towards the center, this incompletely
formed pellet is now transferred between the thumb and index
finger and pellet is formed. Pellets are usually made cohesive
before use.
• The rolled pellets can be stored in a gold foil box along with a
cotton dipped in 18 percent ammonia
17

18. Platinized gold foil:
• This type of foil is made up by sandwiching a sheet of
platinum between two sheets of gold foil and then hammered
until a final platinized gold is formed.
• The platinum content in foil is 15%. Purpose of adding
platinum to gold is to increase the hardness of the restoration.
• This makes its use in areas of high occlusal stress like cusp
tips and incisal edge of anterior teeth.
18

19. Corrugated gold foil:
• Corrugated gold foil is made by putting thin sheets of paper in
between gold foil sheets, and igniting them.
• Paper in between the gold foil gets burnt and charred leading to
corrugated appearance of gold foil.
• Gold foil remains unharmed except it becomes corrugated because
of the shriveling of the paper.
19

20. • LAMINATED GOLD FOIL
When gold foil is beaten from an ingot, its crystals are elongated in
a specific direction, which allows forces to be better resisted in
that direction.
When two or more gold foils with crystals running in different
direction are combined together, the resultant product is laminated
gold foils which has more resistance to applied forces.
20

21. Electolytic precipitated gold
• This consist of the crystalline gold powder formed by electrolytic
precipitation.
• The powder is formed into different shapes by heating at a
temperature well below the melting point of gold.
• Diffussion of the particles occur at the point of contact so that the
particles coalesce and grow.
21

22. • In 1937,Rule first referred to crystal gold in his analysis of gold
foil.
• This is electrolytic precipitated gold obtained by a process
which is similar to electroplating but an accelerated rate
• The deposited material has a spongy structure with loosely
arranged or fern like crystals.
• During subsequent heating process , branch ends of the crystals
are rounded and tend to weld themselves together.
• These are available in the form of strips of medium widths
(2.0mm)and wide widths(3.0mm)which can be cut to the size
that fits the cavity.
22
MAT GOLD /CRYSTAL GOLD

23. • MAT FOIL
• This is sandwich of mat gold placed in sheets of no.3/no.4
gold foil.
• The sandwich is sintered by heating to just below the melting
point of gold and cut into strips of different widths.
• The ideas to use mat foil was to eliminate the need to veneer
the restoration with a layer of gold foil .
• The gold foil cover holds the crystalline gold together while it
is being condensed.
23

24. ELECTRALLOY/GOLD CALCIUM ALLOY
• This is an alloy of electrolytic gold and calcium.
• The calcium content is usually 0.1-0.5% by weight.
• Its purpose is to produce stronger restorations by dispersion
hardening.
• For convenience , the product is sandwiched between two layers
of gold foil.
24

25. POWDERED GOLD
• Powdered gold is in the form of minute particles .
• It can be obtained by atomization from a molten state or by
chemical precipitation .
• In the latter process, gold is dissolved in aquaregia and precipitated
by oxalic acid ,sulphur dioxide or sodium nitrate .
• The average particle size is 15µ.
• As a powder the material is impractical to manipulate ,so is
gathered into a conglomerate mass having a diameter of 1-3mms.
25

26. • Introduced in 1962 by Baum & Lund.
• Commercially available as pellets of powdered gold wrapped in a gold
foil know as” Goldent”.
• Powdered particles are mixed with a soft wax and held in no.3 gold
foil.
• Gold foil acts as container for powdered particles & facilitate their
condensation.
• Each pellet is approximately 10 times more gold than a pellet of gold
of comparable size.
• The ratio is 95% powder and 5% foil
• Hand compaction better than mechanical compaction for powdered
gold
Powdered gold and gold foil combination

27. • It is similar to Goldent but with improved
working properties marketed by Williams Gold
Refining Company, New York, introduced in the
late 1980s
• It is a mixture of pure gold powder and wax (less
than 0.01% organic wax), wrapped in gold foil
• Its manipulative characteristics are similar to
stiff amalgam yet more cohesive than gold foil
hence the name e-z gold
27
E-Z gold
EZ-Gold The New Goldent By
Alperstein , Yearwood Jod 1996,21,
36-41

28. • metallurgically similar to gold foil and powdered gold (Goldent) in
that, when properly and thoroughly compacted, it has comparable
properties: inertness (biocompatibility) and permanence.
• It is recommended for use in small class-I and class- V LESIONS
• It is less time consuming and more predictable
• Greater expected longevity and more favourable tissue response
28

29. Stopfgold:
• a new direct filling gold
• A new direct gold material that is considerably different from
other direct golds has been available since 1989.
• The advantages are that the final restoration exhibits greater
density than other forms of granular gold and has a 50%
increase in shear strength when compared to gold foil.
• Clinical experience with the use of this new restorative
material has been encouraging.
29

30. • Degassing or Decontamination-
• Removal of contaminants so as to create more proximity between
gold pieces.
• So we can say that degassing is a better term instead of
annealing because in annealing, along with the removal of surface
contamination, recrystallization also occurs but in degassing
procedure only surface contamination is to be removed.
• It is specially done for non-cohesive gold, in which an ammonia
layer is placed as a protective coating over the foil by the
manufacturer, to prevent other gases and their oxides from
contaminating the gold and to prevent clumping of pellets.
30
DEGASSING

31. Degassing [annealing]
31

32. a. In bulk method, en masse gold is placed on the mica tray and then
heated over open gas or alcohol flame. The tray is heated until the
gold pellets achieve the temperature of 650-700ºC.
The advantages of bulk method are:
• Takes less time
• Convenient
The disadvantages of bulk method are:
• Sticking of gold pieces
• Unused gold may be left and it can be wasted due to contamination.
• Risk of overheating.
32

33. • b. In piece method, the gold foil is held with an instrument
and heated over clean blue flame of absolute or 90 percent
ethyl alcohol.
• Temperature of the flame is about 1300°F. The heating is done
until the gold becomes a dull red.
• Advantages of piece method:
• Less wastage
• Desired size of piece can be selected.
• Disadvantage of piece method:
• Time consuming 33

34. 2. Electric annealer:
• In electric annealer, the gold is heated for 10 minutes at 850°F
and then it is cooled for placing in the prepared tooth.
• One must take care to prevent overheating or the underheating as
both of these can hamper qualities of gold.
34

35. 1. Heating over an open alcohol flame:
2. Heating in a mica tray over the alcohol flame:
3. Heating in an electric annealer :
35
The gold is heated to 8500F for ten
minutes and then allowed to cool before it
is placed in the cavity.

36. Consequences during
degassing. 36

37. CONDENSATION
Objectives of condensation
1-wedge initial pieces between dentinal walls, esp at starting point.
2-weld the gold pieces together by complete cohesion of the space
lattice.
3-to minimize voids
4-strain hardening of gold materials which is due to cold working
during condensation.
5-adapt material to cavity walls and floor
6-elastically deform the dentin of the cavity walls and floors
37

38. Modes of condensation:
 Hand instrument condensation- Initial confinement of the
material within the cavity preparation.
 Condensation energy produce by this method is not
sufficient to fulfill objective of condensation.
 Can be used as first step in two step condensation process
38

39. • Pneumatic condensation-
• Vibrating condensers energized by compressed air.
• Pneumatic malletes consist of vibrating condenser and detachable tips
run by compressed air.
• The air is carried through a thin rubber tubing attached to the
handpiece.
• Controlling the air pressure by rheostat allows adjusting the
frequency and amplitude of condensation strokes.
• Pneumatic malletes available with both straight and angled handpiece
39

40.  Electronic condensation-
 Most efficient and controlled way of condensing materials the
vibrating condenser heads have
Intensity - 2 oz. to 15 lbs
Frequency - 360 to 3600 cycles/minute.
40

41. Hand condenser and mallet-
• It requires a trained assistant
• Condensation by hand malleating is a team work in which
operator directs the condenser and moves it over the surface
while the assistant provides rhythmic blows from the mallets.
• Long handled condenser and leather faced mallets(50gm in wt
) are used
41

42. Gold condensers
• One common feature – faces are serrated with pyramidal shaped
configurations
• Different types –:
• 1 – round condensers –used to start the restotaion or tie formation
• 2 – parallelogram condensor– to create bulk of the restoration.
• 3 – foot condensor – for cavosurface condensation and surface hardening of
the restoration.
method of condensation induces elastic compression of underlying dentin
,which adapts the material strongly after completion of compaction. 42

43. • Instruments for preparing and compacting or condensing the gold.
• Instruments for proper finishing of the restoration.
Preparation design for gold has following requisites:
• Controlled outline form to meet the patient’s needs in
terms of aesthetics
• Mechanical retention
• Accessibility for proper instrumentation
• Pulp protection
Operating Field: The operative field can be best isolated
by rubberdam.
43

44. PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATIONS
FOR DIRECT FILLING GOLD RESTORATIONS
There are a few fundamental pre-requisites to be considered to
produce a lifetime gold restoration:
• Proper tooth preparation.
• Dry operative field.
• Proper manipulation of the material.
• Protection of supporting and surrounding tissues.
44

45. CAVITIES THAT ARE RESTORED USING DIRECT
GOLD FILLING MATERIAL
•The class I
•Class II
•Loma Linda class III
•Woodbury class III
•Mandibular class III
•Class V
45

46. 46
33 ½ bur Wedelsteadt chisel Morse scaler
Rubber cups
No. 330 bur
Instruments used

47. DIFFERENCE IN CAVITY PREPARATION OF
AMALGAM, INLAY AND GOLD RESTORATION:
SILVER AMALGAM
• Outline form is narrow as there is no surface
involvement and walls converge occlusally.
• Cavity width-1/4th of the intercuspal distance
• Cavity walls converge occlusally burs used-330
and 245
• Occlusal cavosurface angle is 90
• Gingival bevel-15 to 20
• Undercuts in preparation improve retention of
restoration.
• Proximal clearance minimally 0.5mm from
adjacent tooth.
• Gingival seat should be supragingival.
• Secondary retention provided by grooves, slots,
pins and amalgapins.
• Proximal walls only have a primary flare.
• Internal line angles are rounded.
• Reverse curve may be present in proximal outline.
• Beveling done only on the gingival cavosurface
margin to remove unsupported enamel.
CLASS II CAST GOLD INLAY
• Outline form is wide as suface involvement is
more cavity walls are divergent.
• Width of cavity-1/3rd of intercuspal distance.
• Cavity walls-slight occlusal divergence.Burs used
271, 169L, 8862.
• Occlusal cavosurface angle is 135-145.
• Gingival bevel is steeper-20-30 minimising cement
line.
• No undercuts should be present.
• Proximally, more clearance can be accepted.
• Subgingival extension of gingival seat is
acceptable if indicated.
• Secondary retention is provided by grooves, slots,
skirts, collars and reverse bevel.
• Proximal margins show a primary and secondary
flare.
• Internal line angles well defined.
• No reverse curve provided in the proximal outline.
• Bevels placed at occlusal and gingival cavosurface
margins to provide frictional retention.
47

48. CLASS I CAVITY PREPARATION FOR GOLD
RESTORATION
• Outline is kept small while providing convenience for
instrumentation and restoration.
• Extended slightly beyond the lesion and it may be a simple
circular design, oblong or triangular for a pit.
• Looks similar to that of amalgam restoration except that it
looks more angular due to angular corners.
• Prepared with a no.330 bur (pear shaped bur)
• Pulpal depth-0.5mm into dentin.
• Walls extended minimally.
• Retentive undercuts placed in dentin using no. 33 ½ bur at
slow speed or using angle former.
• Occlusal cavosurface margin slightly bevelled not more than
0.2mm width, using a small finishing bur or a flame shaped
bur white stone.
• 40-45 bevel for metal margin burnishing.
48

49. 1. Facial and lingual walls only extend into the contact area.
2. Breaking contact -not necessary.
3. Gingival margins should just clear the contact area and not
extend subgingivally.
4. Cavosurface margins beveled at 30-40 degree
 No. 330 bur(pear shaped). The outline includes entire defect
and should be in the form of straight lines and definite
curves.
 The proximal box same as that of amalgam cavity but
conservative.
 All walls extended minimally.
 The cavity width is kept narrow not exceeding 1/5th of the
intercuspal distance.
49
CLASS II CAVITY PREPARATION FOR GOLD RESTORATION

50. Gingival floor showing reverse bevel
50
 All line angles except axiopulpal line
angle are kept very sharp. Can be done
using angle formers or gingival
marginal trimmers.
 A reverse bevel is placed on the
gingival floor towards the axial wall.
 Triangular retentive grooves in facio
axial and linguo axial line angle with
base towards gingiva.

51. Class 3:Cavity preparations
Various designs :
 Ferrier design
 Loma Linda
 Ingraham
 Lund and Baum
 Woodbury
Minimal tooth separation (0.25mm – 0.50mm) is necessary
for good access.
This is done with a ferrier separator.
51

52. FERRIER DESIGN:
Indicated for small carious lesions on
proximal surfaces when thick labial, lingual
and incisal walls remains.
Facial approach recommended. Used in
distal surfaces of anterior teeth.
Triangular outline using no.1 round bur.
33 1/2 inverted cone bur extends outline.
From the proximal facial aspect, the facial
wall follows facial contour of the tooth and
meets gingival margin in a slight obtuse
angle
52

53. The gingival margin kept below free gingiva, and is straight facio-
lingually. Meets the facial wall in obtuse angle, and the lingual wall
in acute angle.
The lingual wall is straight at the gingival 2/3rd and curves abruptly
in the incisal 1/3rd to meet the incisal angle.
53

54. The incisal margin extends just incisal to the contact area and
meets the facial and lingual walls in a smooth curve.
The axial wall -0.5mm into dentin.
RESISTANCE FORM: Flat axial wall, buccal, lingual
divergent wall
RETENTION FORM: Acute axio-gingival line angle(Small
angle formers) and an incisal undercut placed into dentin
directed facio incisally.(bibeveled hatchet)
CONVENIENCE FORM: Finally wedlestaedt chisel bevel
the cavo surface margins. This ,removes any unsupported
enamel and allows esthetic blending.
54

55. LOMA LINDA DESIGN:
• Lingual access
• Indicated in esthetic areas
• ½ round bur used with lingual approach
• Labial and gingival walls- base of 331/2 bur
• Lingual wall-side of same bur
• Outline- triangular with rounded corners
• No lingual wall, but lingual margin
• Gingival margin same as Ferriers
• Cavosurface bevels, flares not needed
• Three retentive grooves 1) Incisal point angle,
2) Linguo gingival DEJ,
3) Facio axio- gingival point angle
55

56. INGRAHAM DESIGN:
• Incipient proximal region with esthetic concern
• Oral hygiene, low caries/plaque index essential
• Outline form Parallelogram
• Labial, incisal margin not visible externally
• Gingival margin clears contact area with minimal extension
• Lingual margin extends beyond lingual marginal ridge
• Axial walls flat, right angle to labial wall
• Retention grooves –inciso axial and gingivo axial line angles,
with decreased depth towards labial surface
• Lesion entered with No: 1 round bur followed by No: 168
bur
• Retention grooves with inverted cone bur
• Bevels placed on all margins with GMT 56

57. Class 5 : Cavity preparation
 Proper isolation is necessary.
 The no. 212 clamp is modified before placement
 Most commonly used design FERRIER’S
 Outline - trapezoidal in shape.
 NO:33 ½ bur used to begin
 Same bur – Occlusal, gingival, mesial, distal, axial walls
57

58.  Occlusal wall is longer and straight.
 Gingival wall is shorter than the
occlusal due to narrowing of tooth
gingivally. This parallels the occlusal
wall.
 The mesial and distal walls parallel the
proximal line angle of the tooth and
diverge facially meeting the occlusal
and gingival margins in sharp angles.
 The axial wall is located in dentin and
is 1mm deep occlusally and 0.75mm
deep gingivally.
58

59.  Retention by acute axio gingival line angle, (hoe or a monangle
chisel) sharp line and point angle.
 A slight cavosurface bevel is placed on all enamel margins using
the wedelstaedt chisel.
 No bevel given on gingival wall if it extends to cementum.
59

60. VARIATIONS IN CLASS V CAVITY DESIGN
60
CURVED OCCLUSAL OUTLINE
DISPLAYING LESS GOLD
CURVED GINGIVAL OUTLINE WHEN
GINGIVAL TISSUE IS STRONG AND
ADHERENT

61. .
61
PARTIAL MOON SHAPED (CRESCENT
SHAPED) CAVITY PREPARATION

62. 62
CLASS V CAVITY
WITH PEN HANDLE
EXTENSION
 Force of condensation should be at
45
0
to the cavity walls and floors.
 The force of condensation must be at
90
0
to previously condensed gold.
62
PRINCIPLES OF CONDENSATION

63.  Whenever condensing a piece of gold always start at a point on
one side and proceed in a straight line to another point on the
opposite side, then back to the original side on a different
straight line.
 During these disciplined movements, the condenser should
overlap atleast 1/4th of the previously condensed areas.
 This ensures that each portion of the gold increment has been
cold worked and welded and there are no voids present.
 This process is called “stepping” .
63

64.  Use the minimal thickness of pellet possible, provided that the
condensers will not penetrate it.
 Energy of condensation :- It is more effective to utilize a lesser amount
of energy inside the cavity preparation and to increase energy of
condensation gradually as the step-by-step build –up proceeds to
surface.
 When inserting pieces of direct gold materials, condensation can be
either from one periphery of the increment to the other, or from the
center of the increment to the peripheries
 Condensation of precipitated types of direct gold materials should be
started by hand in a rocking again. When the material is unyielding to
the hand condenser, mechanical condensation can proceed
64

65. • COMPACTION TECHNIQUE
• Gold foil cut to the size and shape of the cavity is spread out in a
smooth concave form by hand
• Gold is adapted lightly to the cavity walls, line angles and point angles
by hand pressure
• Gold is held steady by a holding instrument, and a condenser of
desirable size is used to begin malleting in the centre of the mass
• Slowly, the condenser is moved to the periphery along straight lines
using the stepping process
65

66. General steps for direct gold
restorations
1)Build up of the restoration
1. Tie formation: This involves connecting two opposing
point angles or starting points filled with gold with a
transverse bar of gold. This tie forms the foundation for
any restoration in direct gold.
66

67. 2. Banking of the walls : Consist of converging each wall from its floor
or axial wall to cavosurface margin with a direct gold material. It
should be done simultaneously on the surrounding walls of the
preparations.
67
3. Shoulder formation : This consist of connecting two
opposing walls with the direct gold material to completely fill
the restorations.

68. MARGINATION
• Using sharp instruments(knives and files), moving from the gold
surface to the tooth surface, to eliminate excess in small
increments at a time.
• Should not cut or displace a large chunk of direct gold
marginally-may displace the whole restoration or cause
irreversible damage marginally.
• Margination process is done till it is possible to visualize the
original outline of the cavity preparation.
• Necessary to alternate between burnishing and margination, as
margination may expose soft gold or voids.
• Burnishing can correct these small discripencies.
68

69. 69
BURNISHING
• This process follows margination as a mean
of closing marginal discrepancies as well as
strain hardening the surface.
CONTOURING
• In this process, an effort is made to create a proper anatomy to
coincide with that of the tooth and to be compatable with that of
the opposing, contacting and occluding teeth.
• It is accomplished using knives, files, or finishing burs.
• If contouring involves margins, they should be reburnished
before final contouring.
• Further burnishing of non-marginal parts of the restoration may
also be needed during the contouring procedure.

70. ADDITIONAL BURNISHING
• Done for the purpose of fulfilling previously mentioned
objectives.
70
FINISHING AND POLISHING
• Minimal finishing and polishing will be required with a properly
surface hardened, marginated, and contoured restoration.
• However,some finishing may be done using precipitated chalk or
tin oxide powder on soft bristle brushes.
• Burnishing is the first step in finishing of gold restoration.
• For occlusal surface, a Spartley burnisher or ball burnisher is
moved from metal to tooth surface.
• A Spartley blade carver is used in embrasures for proximal
restorations.
• For optimum contour intruments used are Morse Scaler, Jones
Knife, or Cleiod discoid carver

71. • Any excess is removed using abrasive strips and disks , mostly
cuttlefish used n the disk in degrading grade
• Excess gold in gingival area is removed using the contrabevel
end of Wedelstedt chisel
• Polishing is done with tin oxide or extra fine silex is applied with
a rubber cup and should be confined to restoration surface with
air coolants
71

72. Microleakage around dfg
• They adapt to the cavity walls most efficiently.
• The decreased marginal leakage can be attributed to good adaptability
of gold to preparation walls because of –
• 1- high malleability and ductility
• 2- short bevel on the cavosurface margins facilitates burnishing,
contouring, and polishing thereby promoting close adaptation at the
cavity restoration interface.
72

73. 73

74. Conclusion
Though Gold is biocompatible, and produces a efficient sealing
and has good marginal integrity, its unaesthetic appearance,
longer chair time, proper isolation, technique sensitivity, high
force required to condense the gold foil, all results for its
limitations and hence the future of this Direct gold is definitely
fading and to be precise it has already faded with the advent of
the superior , esthetic composites and other restorative materials.
74

75. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Sturdevant, Art and science of operative dentistry
• Phillips science of dental materials
• Sikri
• Marzouk, Modern theory and practice
• Ramya Raghu
• Gilmore
75

76. THANK YOU ………….
76