This is an academic document for the nursing student

2. UNIT-8
WATER
Prepared By - Ajara Bhattarai
Roll No-21
BNS2nd Year
T/L Practicum
Maharajgunj Nursing Campus

3. General Objective
• At the end of this session BSc Nursing 1st year
students will be able to explain about sources
of water.

4. Specific Objectives
At the end of this session BSc 1st year students
will be able to:
• introduce pond and lakes and its impurities.
• introduce ground water and its sources.
• explain about shallow well.
• explain about deep well.
• identify dug well.
• explain about sanitary well.
• explain about tube wells.

5. Sources of surface water
• Impounding reservoir
• River
• Tanks
• Lakes
• Ponds

6. Lakes
• They are very important for water supply in
communities, cities, agriculture and industry.
• Lakes are deeper and have large surface area.
• The water in lakes are in non-photic zone.
Lakes exist as two types of surface water
sources: as natural lakes, and as artificial lakes

7. Ponds
• Ponds are small, generally, temporary and
shallow water bodies.
• Water from these sources are more uniform
then other sources like river, stream.
• Pond is smaller in size than the lakes
• All the water in ponds are photic zone.

9. Impurities
• They are prone to contamination by human
and animals.
• Human habitation and practices can
contaminate with fecal material etc.
• Surface water drains to ponds and lakes so the
impurities and contaminations are inevitable.
• Presence of aquatic vegetation.

10. Characteristics of ground water
• The turbidity of water indicative of clay or
other suspended particles in drinking water.
• Color of water might be present because of
humic and the presence of substances in water
like copper, iron, magnesium.
• Certain odor may be indicative of organic and
non-organic contaminants.

11. Sources of ground water
• Wells
• Spring

12. Wells

13. Introduction
• A well is a hole drilled into the ground to access
water contained in an aquifer.
• It is usually 2-13 meter in diameter.
• The well water is drawn up by a pump, raised
mechanically or by hand.
• Wells were first constructed eight thousand years
ago.
• Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create
stability.

14. Introduction cont’d
• Wells come in different shapes and sizes,
depending on the type of material the well is
drilled into and how much water is being
pumped out.
• Even today they are important source of water
supply in many communities.

15. Types
According to the depth:
• Shallow well
• Deep well
According to the method of construction:
• Dug wells
• Sanitary well

16. Shallow well

17. Introduction
• Taps subsoil water from the first pervious layer
in the ground.
• The well is less than 50ft deep.
• The source of shallow well is an aquafier.
• Shallow wells usually are only deep enough to
intercept the uppermost perched water table.

18. Characteristics
• Taps water from above the first impervious
layer.
• The water is moderately hard.
• The water might be grossly contaminated.
• They are less expensive.
• Usually goes dry in summer.

19. Impurities
• They yield limited quantities of water.
• Water is notoriously liable to pollution unless
taken care.
• Shallow wells are liable to pollution from
neighboring sources of contamination such as
latrines, urinals, drains, soakage pits and
collection of manure.

20. Deep well

21. Introduction
• A deep well taps water from the water bearing
stratum below the first pervious strata layer in
the ground.
• They are usually machine dug and may be
several hundred meters deep.
• It furnish the safest water and are often the
most satisfactory sources of water supply.
• It require a stronger pumps to pump the water.

22. Characteristics
• These wells tap water from the 2nd pervious
layer which is usually 50 feet or more deep.
• The water is more hard .
• Deep wells are not susceptible to droughts.
• The water requires less testing for
contamination.
• The budget costs more while constructing.

23. Impurities
• A deep well can become hazard if it is open,
poorly constructed and not protected.
• Arsenic, hydrogen sulfide and radon reach the
water surface easily.
• The water here is more hard which often
requires more treatment.

26. Artesian Well

27. Introduction
• It is a kind of deep well.
• Artesian Well, a well in which water rises
under its own pressure, without pumping.
• If the pressure is great enough, the water will
rise all the way to the surface and flow freely
from the well.
• The pressure for the steady upflow is
maintained by the continuing penetration of
water into the aquifer at the intake area.

29. Dug well
• Previously, all artificial well were pumpless
hand-dug wells of varying degrees of
sophistication.
• They remain a very important source
of potable water in some rural developing
areas.
• Dug wells are inexpensive and low tech.
• They use mostly manual labour to access
groundwater.

30. Types of Dug well
There are basically 3 types of dug wells they are:
• Katcha well
• Pucca well
• Step well

31. Katcha well
• It is a huge hole dug into the water bearing
stratum. It easily contaminated and dry.

32. Pucca well
• It is an open well built of bricks or stone. It
dries early but does not get contaminated
easily.

33. Step well
• It is a kind of pucca well where steps are
constructed to enable people to descend into
the well to go for and bring back water or
satisfy their first.

36. Impurities
• Surface washings.
• Cracks and fissures in the well.
• Washings from drains, cesspools or latrines if
they are close to the wells.
• Through bird droppings and leaves.
• Vessels and ropes used for drawing water.
• Rise of subsoil water during rains and floods.

37. Sanitary well
A sanitary well is one that is
• properly located,
• well constructed, and
• well protected from possible locations of
contamination so as to ensure supply of safe
water.

38. Criteria for a sanitary well
1. Location
• 15meter or 50 feet from the possible source of
contamination.
• 100-150 feet away from animal shed.
• Located at higher elevations.
• 100 meter within the house.

39. 2. Lining

40. 3.Parapet

41. 4. Platform

42. 5.Drain

43. 6. Cover

44. 7. Hand Pump

45. 8. Public Consumer Responsibility

46. 9. Quality

47. Tube well
• Tube well is the long pipe sunk in the ground
intercepting one or more water bearing strata.
• As compared to open well their diameter is
less about 80-600mm.
• They have high discharge capacity than the
open wells.
• Water is usually extracted in the high flow
with the help of the pump.

49. Types of tube well
• Shallow tube well
• Deep tube well

50. Shallow tube well
• They are suitable when the distance of the
water from the source of ground is not more
than 30 meters deep.
• They discharge the water at 20m3 per hour.
• It can be bored in gravel, Coarse or chalks but
clay soil or fine sand is not suitable.
• They however do not assure constant supply of
water.

51. Deep tube well
• Deep tube wells are sunk by drilling through
successive substra or gravel rock until a
suitable supply of ground water is located.
• They may be 600 meters deep and require a
complicated mechanical drilling equipment
and skilled engineering equipment.
• They discharge the water at 800m3 per hour.
• They are costly to construct but provides ideal
supply.

54. Post - Test

55. Summary

56. References
• Basavanthapa, BT.( 2016). “Community Health Nursing”, 3rd
edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers(P) ltd.
• Dahal, K. Rai, A.(2012). “A text book of Community Health
Nursing I”, 4th edition, Makalu Publication.
• Park, K.(2021). “Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social
Medicine”, 26th Edition, M/s Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers
Pune.
• Manandhar, M.(2018). Community Health Nursing, 2nd
edition, Akshav Publication.
• Rao S, B.(2010). Principles of Community Medicine,5th
edition, Aitbs Publishers, page no: Stanhope M. and
Lancaster J.(1984) Community Health Medicine, 2nd edition,
Mosby publisher

57. • Prabhakara, G.N., (2005). “Textbook of
Community Health for Nurses”, 1st edition,
Peepee publishers and distributors Pvt. Ltd.s
• Retrieved from
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclop
edia/surface-water/ on 12/7/2021

58. Home-Assignment
• Study about the sources of water.

59. Plan for next class
• On our coming class we will study about
spring and hardness of water.