Presentation ZnO

1. Fe Doped ZnO for Dilute Magnetic
Semiconductors
• Muhammad Ahsan : FA18-RPH-056
• Muhammad Subhan : FA17-RPH-035
• Basit Ali khan : FA18-RPH-029
Supervisor
Dr. Shumaila Karamat

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Motivation
• Synthesis Technique
• Experimental Procedure
• Characterization Techniques
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusion

3. Introduction
Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors (DMSs):
• The semiconductors in which the lattice is made up in part of substitution having
small doping concentration (a few %) of magnetic ions.
Applications
Spintronics: spin LEDs, Spin transistors, Spin valves, Magnetic recorders.
Challenge:
Synthesis of a material exhibiting both semiconducting as well as magnetic properties,
A prerequisite for spin-electronic devices.
The incompatibility between non-magnetic semiconductors and magnetic materials is a
big hindrance to combine them in the form of one material having both properties.

4. Motivation
To synthesize a material having improved electrical, optical
and structural properties and have a small % of magnetic
material properties so can be tuned to be used in many
applications.

5. Synthesis Technique
Several methods can be used to prepare nanoparticles.
Some are given below:
• Sol-Gel Process.
• Hydrothermal Process.
• Solid state reaction.
• Co-Precipitation Process.
Here we have used the Co-Precipitation Technique.

6. Experimental Procedure
• In this project we prepare the solutions of the combining
precursors. Then we add them together upon a constant stirring
and heating.
• Then we keep it in cold water and hence precipitates were
formed after it we wash it with distilled water several times.
• Then it is dried in a dry oven for certain time after it is calcined
and hence we obtain powder.
• Iron doped ZnO was blended by this technique in which zinc
nitrate is broken up in refined water and warmed upto 60°C. 1M
solution of NaOH was added drop by drop to it.

7. Another solution of Iron nitrate
was set up in refined water. At that
point combine these two solutions
and stir for two hours. Then we
keep it over a night. Precipitate was
formed and dry it at 80°C for 5 hrs.
Then it is calcined at 300°C and
hence we get iron doped zinc
oxide.
Pellets:
Pellets of Iron doped ZnO are
made under pressure of 1K Pascal
and for 5minutes and annealed at
500 °C and 700°C.

8. Characterization Techniques
• X-ray Diffraction
• Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

9. XRD result of ZnO:
• The peaks shows the
crystallinity, more intense the
peak more the particle is
crystalline.
• Corresponding to the peak
width, we say that more the
width, smaller the crystallite, if
there is a large crystallite then
the peak width decreases.
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Intensity
2θ(degrees)
Zno
(100)
(002)
(101)
(102)
(110) (103)
(112)
(201)
(200)
202
Results and Discussion
Figure: hkl planes of the respective peaks

10. Samples after doping:
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
(201)
(112)
(200)
(103)
(110)
(102)
(101)
(002)
Intensity
2θ(degress)
S 3
(100)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
500
1000
1500
2000
(201)
(112)
(103)
(110)
(102)
(101)
(002)
Intensity
2θ (degrees)
S 2
(100)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
(201)
(112)
(200)
(103)
(110)
(102)
(101)
(002)
Intensity
2θ(degrees)
S4
(100)
Samples Assigned names
Pure ZnO S1
1% Fe doped ZnO S2
ZnFeO pellets at 500°C S3
ZnFeO pellets at 700°C S4

11. Peak Shifts:
• In this figure we have zoomed
at an angle of 34˚ to 38˚.
• By placing an axis on the
major peaks of all samples we
notice that there is a shift
which qualitatively says that
the doping occurs.
34 35 36 37 38
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Intensity
2θ (degrees)
700 Pellet
500 Pellet
1% Powder
ZnO
Samples Assigned names
Pure ZnO S1
1% Fe doped ZnO S2
ZnFeO pellets at 500°C S3
ZnFeO pellets at 700°C S4

12. Calculation of crystallite size
For crystallite size we use:
𝐷 =
𝑘𝛌
𝛽cos 𝜃
Where D is the crystallite size, k
is the shape factor, 𝛌 is the
wavelength of incident X-ray, 𝛽
is full width half maxima
(FWHM), 𝜃 is the angle at which
diffraction occurs.
S1 S2 S3 S4
28
30
32
34
36
Crystallite
Size(nm)
Samples

13. Calculations for Lattice parameters
For the volume of
hexagonal structure we have
following relation:
𝑉 = 𝑎2𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛(60)
Dislocation density is given
by:
𝐷. 𝐷 =
1
(𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒)²
S1 S2 S3 S4
3.242
3.243
3.244
3.245
3.246
3.247
3.248
3.249
3.250
3.251
a
c
Samples
a
5.195
5.200
5.205
5.210
5.215
5.220
c

14. a (Ǻ) b (Ǻ) c (Ǻ) Volume
V=a2csin (60)
Cm3
Crystallite
Size (nm)
Dislocation
Density
(nm)-2
S1 ZnO 3.2501 3.2501 5.2071 47.6343 35.62 7.88 x 10-4
S2 ZnFeO
300˚C
3.2427 3.2427 5.1948 47.3056 28.40 12.39 x 10-4
S3 ZnFeO
Pellets
500˚C
3.2468 3.2468 5.2194 47.649 35.58 7.89 x 10-4
S4 ZnFeO
Pellets
700˚C
3.2499 3.2499 5.2066 47.623 35.62 7.88 x 10-4

15.  In this figure it is clear that the impurity peak comes in pellets ,and as the temperature was
increased the impurity peaks become more intense.
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
I.P
Intensity
2θ(degrees)
700 Pellet
500 Pellet
1% Powder
ZnO
I.P

16. Table for texture co-efficient:
Texture co-efficient tell us about the direction in which the growth of crystal is.
(100) (002) (101) (102) (110) (103) (200) (112) (201) (202)
S1 1.01 0.992 0.937 0.957 0.99 0.932 0.973 0.9322 0.9322 1.2183
S2 1.065 1.4428 1.0913 0.749 1.1503 0.9418 0.9767 0.9080 0.9130 0.760
S3 1.0193 0,8025 0.9417 0.8189 1.337 0.9807 1.0736 1.128 1.0430 0.8542
S4 1.04 0.716 1.05 0.8797 1.22 0.8154 1.33 1.0506 1.0168 0.8603

17. PL Spectrum
3.0 3.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Intensity
Energy(ev)
Doped 700o
C
Pure ZnO

18. CONCLUSION
From the analysis of Iron doped zinc oxide we have made a successful ZnFeO,
which is clearly seen from the peaks shift, from the change in crystallite size.
There are some impurity peaks which increases with annealing temperature, so
in future we will obtain the material with better crystallinity at suitable
temperature which is our requirement at first. The PL spectrum shows the two
emission peaks in range of near-UV and in visible range which is in agreement
with the literature.
Future plan: In future we will explore our samples more by doing some more
characterization techniques.

19. ThankYou
Any
Questions?
19