medical vital issue

3.  cardiac muscle and its rules .
 Heart anatomy .
 Heart Circulation .
Systole and Diastole and
related pressure .

5.  Blood pressure is most often measured with a device
known as a sphygmomanometer

6. Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG): A test
that measures the electrical activity, rate, and
rhythm of your heartbeat via electrodes
attached to your arms, legs, and chest. The
results are recorded on graph paper.
Echocardiogram: This is a test that uses
ultrasound waves to provide pictures of the
heart's valves and chambers so the pumping
action of the heart can be studied and
measurement of the chambers and wall
thickness of the heart can be made.

7.  high blood pressure can be dangerous for both the
mother and the fetus. Women with pre-existing, or
chronic.
 High blood pressure can harm the mother's kidneys and
other organs, and it can cause low birth weight and early
delivery.
 gestational hypertension : some women develop high
blood pressure while they are pregnant (often called).
 Preeclampsia : Preeclampsia is a condition that typically starts
after the 20th week of pregnancy and is related to increased blood
pressure and protein in the mother's urine It can affect placenta , liver
and brain .

8. high blood pressure can damage your blood vessels,
as well as organs in your body.
Uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to :
Heart attack or stroke: hardening and thickening of the
arteries (atherosclerosis), which can lead to a heart
attack, stroke or other complications.
Aneurysm : blood vessels weakened and bulge,If an
aneurysm ruptures, it can be life-threatening.
Heart failure. To pump blood against the higher pressure in
your vessels, your heart muscle thickens. which can lead to
heart failure.

9. Weakened and narrowed blood vessels in your
kidneys :
This can prevent these organs from functioning normally.
Thickened, narrowed or torn blood vessels in the
eyes :
This can result in vision loss.
Metabolic syndrome :
This syndrome is a cluster of disorders of your body's
metabolism, including increased waist circumference; high
triglycerides; low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol,
the "good" cholesterol; high blood pressure; and high insulin
levels. These conditions make you more likely to develop
diabetes, heart disease and stroke.
Trouble with memory or understanding:
Uncontrolled high blood pressure may also affect your ability
to think, remember and learn.
Cont.

11. ACE inhibitors (ends with -Pril)
↓Angiotensen
II
↓aldosterone
↓Na / H2o
retension
Angiotensen II → Vasoconstirictor

12. Side effects of ACE inhibitor
Altered taste
Dry cough
Contraindicated with K supplements and K-sparing diuretics
fever

13. Examples of ACE inhibitor
Captopril , Enalapril , Lisinopril , Ramipril , Perindopril

14. Beta- blocker
Block B1 on the heart ↓↓cardiac output
↓ renin
↓ angiotensen
II
↓Aldosterone
↓Na / h2o
retension
↓Blood
volume

15. Side effects of beta blocker
Hypotension
fatige
insomnia
Bradycardia
Contraindicated in asthma and resp. problems

16. Examples of selective beta blocker
Atenolol , metoprolol , Bisoprolol

17. Examples Of Non Selective Beta Blocker
propranolol

18. Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)
MOA: Blocks influx of Ca++ in smooth muscle cells
– relaxation of SMCs – decrease BP
Verapamil and
diltiazem
↓ Cardiac output
and vascular
smooth muscle tone
Nifidipine ,
nicardipine and
amlodipine
More selective to
vascular than
heart

19. Examples Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB):

20. 1- Diuretics
Hypokalemia,Hyperurecemia
And Hyperglycemia .

21. Examples of diuretics

22. Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker
Candesartan , Eprosartan , Irbesartan , Losartan , Olmesartan ,
Valsartan, Telmisartan

23. Centrally acting
Act on central α2A receptors to decrease sympathetic
outflow – fall in BP
Clonidine, methyldopa

24. Vasodilators
Arteriolar – Hydralazine
Arterio-venular: Sodium Nitroprusside
This vasodilator make Na / H2o retension → so we use diuretic

26. (A) http://www.cardioconsult.com/Physiology.
(B)http:// 1 - www.britannica.com/science/hypertension
2- http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-
pressure/guide/whypertension-diagnosing-high-blood-
pressure
(C)http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/resources/heart
/hbp-pregnancy
(D ) http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-
blood-pressure/basics/complications/con-20019580
(F ) http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-
blood-pressure/art-20046974
(E ) EPSF presentation