Water Purification.

1. Water Purification
For bio-pharmaceutical uses, the water used must meet a much higher standard than city water
Water in pharmaceutical Industries is Essential
Water is the most widely used raw material in pharmaceutical industry
Used in production, processing, formulation, cleaning, quality control
Impurities must be removed to prevent product instability
Microbes must be controlled to avoid contaminating products
city water purity is always variable
easonal variations may occur in water
Some regions have very poor quality water
Aluminum
added to water as a flocculating agent to remove nonfilterable suspended particles
It causes bone disease in renal insufficiency
Chloramine & Chlorine
added to water to prevent bacterial proliferation.
It causes hemolytic anemia
Copper & Zinc
They can leach from metal pipes.
It causes hemolytic anemia
Lead and Aluminum They can leach from metal pipes.
Calcium & Magnesium
(Hardness Ions)
removed by softening the water
Excess calcium causes Hypertension
Excess Magnesium causes Hypotension & flushing
Pyrogens and
endotoxins
Any compound injected into mammals which gives rise to fever is a “Pyrogen”.
Endotoxins are pyrogenic, come from
Gram negative bacterial cell wall fragments
They cause fever,chills and allergic reactions
They trigger chronic inflammatory response
Drinking Water
Potable water
service water
city water
Public water supply
National Primary Water
Sand filter
water filters through a layer of sand with gravel base.
Gravity is the driving force
Small pore space traps and removes mud and gross suspended particles.
The filter beds require periodic back washing to prevent clogging with removed matter.
stages of water
purification
Carbon Filter
(Activated charcoal)
absorbs low molecular weight organics,as
chlorine & chloramine and dissolved gases.
must be back washed to prevent clogging and to be sanitized frequently
Ion exchange resin
(water softening)
Ion exchangers are filled with special resins which are water
insoluble synthetic polymers as balls (particle size 0.3–1.5 mm)
organic scavenging or nitrate removal
Cation exchanger
soften water by base exchanger
anion exchanger
will release hydrogen ions (H+)or other positively charged ions
in exchange for impurity cations present in water.
will release hydroxyl (OH- )ions or other negatively charged
ions in exchange for impurity anions present in water.
These deionizers don't remove non-ionic contaminants,bacteria or endotoxins
Ionizers efficacy (Deionizer
Function) Measurement
by checking the conductivity of the outflow water
the fewer the ions remain in water,the lower the conductivity
When the resin in the deionizer tank have exchanged all
their available hydrogen and hydroxyl ions for cations
and anions from the water, its capacity to remove ions is
“exhausted”. The conductivity of outflow water increases
signaling that the tank need to be replaced.
gives DEIONIZED (DEMINERALIZED) WATER
Hi-pole filter.
both anionic and cationic resins.
ion-exchange equipment present as a single bed containing a mixture of both resin.
Reverse osmosis (RO)
by high pressure filtration of salty water through a
semipermeable membrane that hold back dissolving solutes.
removes more than 95% of ionic contaminants and non
ionic contaminants as small as glucose
provides an effective barrier against bacteria and endotoxins
gives PURIFIED WATER
low endotoxin water
Bacterial filter (1um)
Removes lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan content
gives HIGHLY PURIFIED WATER
Distillation.
heats water to its boiling point, creates
vapor which passes through a cooling system, and
re-condenses back to liquid water.
gives 100% STERILE DISTELLED WATER
Water for injection
UVR lamp
preferred in a well designed system
destroys bacteria whether in vegetative or sporulated state
increase the lipopoly saccharide and peptidoglycan
content of the treated water due to bacterial death
Up flow back washing
Down flow back washing
lower risk of clogging
higher risk of clogging
channeling
No channeling
better ion capture
used in polishing
used in pre treatment