3. Distribution
World wide but is predominantly
encountered in India, south America ,Central
Asia, the middle east, and Africa
4. HABIT AND HABITAT
•The adult flies are nocturnal, spending the day
sheltering in dark humid places.
•Some sandflies are "exophagic", living entirely out of
doors, while others are "endophagic" and invade
houses.
5. Structure
small hairy insect ,dark brown in color, having
painful and irritating bite
Size:1.5 -2.5 mm in length
Flight range: hopping movement(not more than 3
feet) , it can fly for shorter distance
6. The body of sand fly consists of three parts:
•Head: a pair of long and hairy antenna.
Palpi and proboscis and one pair of prominent black eyes
•Thorax: a pair of wings and three pair of legs. wings - upright
in shape and hairy. The 2nd longitudinal vein is branched twice.
The legs are long and slender and out of proportion to the size
7. of proportion to the size of the body.
Abdomen: Has ten segment covered with hairs.
In the female the tip of abdomen is rounded
while in male claspers are attached to last
abdominal segment. Each segment bears
numerous spines.
They prefer to bite at ankles ,dorsum of feet
inner elbows and wrists after biting itching and
swelling occurs,
8. The female sand fly carries
the Leishmania protozoa from infected
animals after feeding, thus transmitting the
disease, while the male feeds on plant nectar.
9. •Visceral leishmaniasis , known as kala-azar, is caused
by Leishmania donovani .
•These Leishmania species infect macrophages
throughout the viscera, and parasites are typically
found in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
10. Leishmania exists in two
forms promastigote and
amastigote
Amastigotes(Leishman
Donovan L D bodies) are
found in human
macrophages and
promastigote in sand fly
15. •Life cycle of sand fly
• complete metamorphosis, having 4
developmental stages.
•Egg: The female generally lays eggs in the damp
dark places in the cattle sheds & poultry. The
eggs vary from 40-60 in number, brownish in
color. The eggs measure about 0.4 mm in length.
Eggs hatch in 1-2 weeks.
•Larva: The larva is maggot like structure, having
large head, thorax and abdomen and two long
16. bristle on last abdominal segment. Larva feed on
decaying organic matter and become a pupa in
about 2 weeks.
Pupa: Pupa are found in cracks and cervices in the wall.
The pupa stage lasts for about 1 week.
Adult: The average life of a sand fly is about 2 weeks
17. •The adults are seen active throughout the year .
•.female lays eggs in dark and damp places
•after 7 days of inoculation larva emerge out and
get matured after 30 days ,feeding on decaying
matter .
• After maturation they undergo pupation and
from the pupa adults emerge out after 10 days.
• The life span of fly is about 8 to 10 days and two
months are required to complete the life cycle.
18. •Control measures
•Sand fly are easily controlled because they do not move long
distance from their breeding places.
•Insecticide: Lindane gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane .Spraying
should be done in the human dwellings, cattle sheds and
poultry.
•Sanitation: Removal of shrubs and vegetation, filling of cracks
and crevices in the wall & floor and distance of cattle sheds and
poultry from human habitations
