Breast Cancer is one of the most common cancer diseases on women. Let's take a moment to learn more about it.

2. What is cancer?
Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrollable,
continuous replication of cells which will
inevitably lead to the formation of a tumor.
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3. Breast cancer is the most common
malignant condition of breast. Malignant means
cells that grow harmfully and uncontrollably. It is
found mostly in women, but men can get breast
cancer, too.
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What is breast cancer?

4. Breast cancer is a major health concern in the United
States. Current statistics indicate that over a lifetime (birth death)
a woman’s risk to developing cancer is about 12% or one in
eight. Female breast cancer incidence rates vary substantially
by race and ethnicity. Higher death rates in African-Americans
have been attributed to late stage at diagnosis and poorer stage-
specific survival.
In Asia, the Philippines has the highest reported incidence
of breast cancer. It is the most common cancer which is
prevalent in the 35-to 40 year old group of Filipino women.
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5. Although this is not completely understood, number
of factors are thought to relate to the cause of breast
cancer. The following contribute to the development of
breast cancer:
1. Heredity or genetics
2. Hormonal regulation of the breast:
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Etiology and Risk Factors

6. 3. Modifiable Risk Factors:
● weight gain during adulthood
●sedentary life style
●dietary fat intake
●obesity
●alcohol intake
●combined hormone replacement therapy (estrogen and
progesterone)
●oral contraceptive therapy
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7. 4. Environmental factors
5. Family history (first degree relative –mother,
daughter, sister
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8. According to recent local study, four risk factors for breast
cancer have been found to be prevalent in Filipino women:
1. Passive smoking
2. First degree family history,
3. Consumption of scalding hot food
4. Increased age at first pregnancy
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9. Breast cancers are malignant tumors that typically
begin on the ductal lobular epithelial cells of the breast and
spread via the lymphatic system to the axillary lymph nodes.
The tumor may the metastasize to distant regions of the
body, including the lungs, liver, bone and brain. The finding
of breast cancer in the axillary lymph nodes is an indicator of
the tumor’s ability for potential distant spread and it is not
merely contiguous growth into the adjacent region of the
breast. Most cancer of the breast are adenocarcinoma
located in the upper outer quadrant of the breast
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Pathophysiology

10. Classic symptoms that define breast cancer:
1. Firm, painless, nontender, nonmobile mass
2. Solitary, irregularly shaped mass
3. Adherence to muscle skin causing a dimpling effect
4. Involvement of upper outer quadrant or central nipple
portion of the breast
5. Asymmetry of the breast
6. Orange peel skin
7. Retraction of the nipple
8. Abnormal discharge from the nipple
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13. Noninvasive breast cancer
1. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) tends to be unilateral and
most likely to progress if not treated
Management: Excision, Mastectomy with breast
reconstruction, breast conserving treatment (Lumpectomy),
Radiation therapy and Tamoxifen (Novaldex)
2. Lobularcarcinoma in situ (lCIS)
Management: Tamoxifen (Novaldex)
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Types of Breast Cancer

14. Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Management:
Excision of mass or lump
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15. Stages of Breast Cancer
1. Stage 1. Tumor size is up to 2cm
2. Stage II. Tumor size is up to 5cm with axillary node
involvement
3. Stage III. Tumor size is more than 5cm with axillary and
neck lymph node involvement
4. Stage IV. Metastasis to distant organs (LLBB)
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17. Diagnostic tests and procedures for breast cancer
include:
 Breast exam
 Mammograms
 Breast ultrasound
 Breast MRI scan
 Biopsy
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Methods of Diagnosis

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1. Breast Self Examination (BSE) should start from age 20, done
monthly 7 to 10 days from the first day menstruation or 2-3 days from
the last day of menstruation.
For post menopausal or post hysterectomy women, BSE should be
done each month on the same date (example: first day of the month or
on her birth date)
Prevention and Screening of Breast Cancer

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2. Clinical Breast Examination – at least every three years for women
between ages 20-30 and every year for women beginning at age 40
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3. Mammogram involving the x-ray of the breast
Digital mammography – is a new technique n which x-ray images are
digitally coded into a computer.
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4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is recommended as a sensitive
screening tool for women at high risk for breast cancer, women whose
result of mammography or UTZ is suspicious for malignancy

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5. Biopsy thru the fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a definitive
diagnosis for a suspicious area. The specimen is subjected foe biopsy.

23. Thank for
listening
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