4. Figure 11: A lateral view of the tongue, notice how it is divided by
2/3 and 1/3, which will become important when talking about nerve
innervations. From: Drake RL et al. Gray’s Anatomy for Student.
6. VENTRAL SURFACE OF TONGUE AND OPENING OF SALIVARY
GLANDS:
6
Neil S. Norton. Netter’s Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry.Second Edition. Pg
No: 384.
7. Anterior 2/3
Figure : A much more updated and modern view of the dorsal of
the tongue. From: Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy.
12. COMPARISON
S
FILIFORM FUNGIFORM FOLIATE CIRCUMVALLATE
Clinical
appearance
Most common
on body;
fine-pointed
cones giving
the tongue
velvety texture
Lesser numbers
on body;
mushroom-
shaped, small,
red dots
About 4 to 11
vertical
ridges on lateral
surface
of posterior
tongue
About 7 to 15 large,
raised, mushroom-
shaped structures
anterior to
sulcus terminalis
Histologic
features
Pointed
structure with
thick layer of
keratinized
epithelium,
overlying
core of lamina
propria; no
taste buds
Mushroom-
shaped structure
with thin layer of
keratinized
epithelium
overlying core of
lamina propria
with taste buds in
most superficial
part
Leaf-shaped
structure of
keratinized
epithelium
overlying core of
lamina propria
with taste buds in
superficial lateral
part
Mushroom-shaped
structure with
similar histology to
fungiform ,taste buds
in papilla base, and
surrounded
by a trough with von
Ebner
minor salivary glands
in submucosa
Function Possibly
mechanical
Taste Taste Taste
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13. Figure : A close-up view of the different papillae. From:
Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy.
14. Circumvallate papilla.
Figure : Circumvallate papilla in vertical section, showing the
arrangement of the taste-buds and nerves. From: Henry Gray.
Anatomy of the Human Body.
15. CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLA WITH VON EBNER
GLANDS:
16-07-2023 15
Netter’s Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry . Pg No: 388.
16. FUNGIFORM PAPlLLA
• Figure 5: Section of a fungiform papilla. This is the reason why they
get their name ‘mushroom-like’. From: Henry Gray. Anatomy of the
Human Body.
17. Figure 6: A filiform papilla, remember they do not
contain taste buds. From: Henry Gray. Anatomy of
the Human Body.
18. Posterior 1/3
Figure : A much more updated and modern view of the dorsal of the
tongue. From: Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy.
30. BD Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy for Dental Students. Second edition. Pg No: 247
16-07-2023 30
31. •NERVE SUPPLY:
MOTOR NERVES: All intrinsic and extrinsic nerves
except palatoglossus supplied by hypoglossal nerve.
Palatoglossus -supplied by the cranial root of accessory
nerve through pharyngeal plexus.
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BD Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy for Dental Students. Second edition. Pg No: 247
38. TONGUE LESIONS AND DISORDERS:
• WORKING CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON TONGUE LESIONS:
INJURY:
Physical
Thermal
Chemical
INFECTIONS:
Bacterial: Tuberculosis,scarlet fever and syphillis
Viral: HIV and Hairy leukoplakia
Fungal: Candidiasis
16-07-2023 38
Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common Superficial Tongue
Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;23(9):534-42.
41. PHYSICAL INJURIES THERMAL INJURIES
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CHEMICAL INJURIES
Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common Superficial Tongue
Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;23(9):534-42.
43. BACTERIAL
16-07-2023 43
Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common Superficial Tongue
Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;23(9):534-42.
49. SCARLET FEVER
16-07-2023 49
Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common Superficial Tongue
Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;23(9):534-42.
58. KOTLOW’S ASSSESSMENT OF TONGUE TIE:
Based on the length of free tongue:
• CLASS I: Mild ankyloglossia:12-16 mm
• CLASS II: Moderate ankyloglossia: 8-11 mm
• CLASS III: Severe ankyloglossia: 3-7 mm
• CLASS IV: Complete ankyloglossia: less than 3 mm.
16-07-2023 58
Chaubal T V, Dixit M B. Ankyloglossia and its management. J Indian Soc
Periodontol. 2011;45(3):270-2.
59. A normal range of motion in tongue:
16-07-2023 59
Chaubal T V, Dixit M B. Ankyloglossia and its management. J Indian Soc
Periodontol. 2011;45(3):270-2.
65. • Chronic iron deficiency is
associated with Plummer
Vinson syndrome where
tongue is very painful with
burning sensation.
• The tongue is inflamed
and beefy red, smooth or
bald due to atrophy of
papilla, hence called as
Hunter’s glossitis.
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
associated with pernicious
anemia results in
inflammation of the
tongue with beefy red,
atrophy of papilla and
soreness resulting in
smooth tongue.
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Niacin
deficiency(Pellagra)-
black tongue
Riboflavin deficiency-
Magenta tongue
67. LEUKOPLAKIA: ORAL SUBMUCOUS
FIBROSIS:
16-07-2023 67
Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common Superficial Tongue
Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;23(9):534-42.
68. 16-07-2023 68
Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common Superficial Tongue
Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;23(9):534-42.
70. • Squamous cell carcinoma
16-07-2023 70
Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common Superficial Tongue
Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;23(9):534-42.
72. • Oral lichen planus Pemphigus
16-07-2023 72
Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common Superficial Tongue
Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;23(9):534-42.
73. • Recurrent aphthous stomatitis
16-07-2023 73
Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common Superficial Tongue
Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2013;23(9):534-42.
79. ROLE OF TONGUE IN BORDER MOLDING:
16-07-2023 79
Zarb-Bolender. Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients. Complete denture and
implant supported prosthesis. Twelfth edition. Pg No: 246-48.
80. ROLE OF TONGUE IN TOOTH POSITION
AND ARRANGEMENT:
16-07-2023 80
Zarb-Bolender. Prosthodontic Treatment for Edentulous Patients. Complete denture and
implant supported prosthesis. Twelfth edition. Pg No: 316-18.
83. 16-07-2023 83
Ansarin M, Bruschini R, Navach V, Giugliano G, Calabrese L, Chiesa F.et al. Classification
of Glossectomies: Proposal for tongue cancer resections. Head and Neck.2019;41:821-
27.
85. • The prosthodontic management of glossectomy patients depends on
the size of the defect.
• partial tongue resection -Palatal Augmentation Prosthesis to lower
the palatal vault.
• Total glossectomy - mandibular tongue prosthesis.
16-07-2023 85
Kumar P R, Hasti A, Jagadessh H G, Thoudam B. Rehabilitation of a partial
glossectomy patient : Palatal augmentation prosthesis. J Indian Prosthodont
Soc. 2019;19(2):190-6.
90. PROSTHODONTIC MANAGEMENT OF TOTAL
GLOSSECTOMY:
16-07-2023 90
Bhirangi P, Somani P, Dholam K P, Bachher G. Technical considerations in
rehabilitation of an edentulous total glossectomy patient. Int J Dent.2012;1-4.
100. 16-07-2023 100
[Table/Fig-1]: Tongue prosthesis for swallowing.
[Table/Fig-2]: Tongue prosthesis for speech.
[Table/Fig-5]: Tip of the tongue pros- thesis (silicone).
[Table/Fig-6]: Mushroom type retention; [Table/Fig-7]: Tongue prosthesis.
103. CONCLUSION
• Tongue is an important organ that helps in mastication, deglutition
and speech. Examination of tongue plays a major role during oral
examination of soft tissues. The knowledge about anatomy,
development and diseases associated with tongue helps in
identifying the same leading to pathological changes of tongue at
earliest.
16-07-2023 103
104. REFERENCES:
• BD Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy for Dental Students. Second edition.
• Neil S. Norton. Netter’s Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry. Second
Edition.
• Fehrenbach, Popowics. Illustrated dental embryology,anatomy and
histology. Fourth edition.
• Sunil A, Kurien J, Mukund A, Basheer A B, Deepthi. Common
Superficial Tongue Lesions. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice.
2013;23(9):534-42.
• Shafer, Hine, Levy. Shafer’s Textbook of Oral Pathology. Eighth edition.
• Chaubal T V, Dixit M B. Ankyloglossia and its management. J Indian Soc
Periodontol. 2011;45(3):270-2.
16-07-2023 104
105. • Sheldon Winkler. Essentials of Complete Denture Prosthodontics.
Second edition.
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107. • Ansarin M, Bruschini R, Navach V, Giugliano G, Calabrese L, Chiesa F.et al.
Classification of Glossectomies: Proposal for tongue cancer resections. Head
and Neck.2019;41:821-27.
• Kumar P R, Hasti A, Jagadessh H G, Thoudam B. Rehabilitation of a partial
glossectomy patient : Palatal augmentation prosthesis. J Indian Prosthodont
Soc. 2019;19(2):190-6.
• Bhirangi P, Somani P, Dholam K P, Bachher G. Technical considerations in
rehabilitation of an edentulous total glossectomy patient. Int J Dent.2012;1-
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• Chen YF, Yang YH, Lee JH, Chen JH, Lee HE, Chou TM. Tongue support
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109. • Balaji SM. Reduction glossectomy for large tongues. Annals of
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• Balasubramaniam MK, Chidambaranathan AS, Shanmugam G, Tah R.
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