GMP

1. TATA KELOLA
PENAMBANGAN YANG
BAIK DAN BENAR
Faisal Basri
2 Juni 2021

2. Posisi strategis sumber daya alam
• Sumber daya alam/energi/mineral semakin langka (scarcity of
supply) sedangkan permintaannya sebagai raw materials terus
meningkat
• Negara produsen relatif sedikit
• Persaingan untuk memperoleh akses SDA
• Non-renewable resources must be managed sustainably, a balance
among encouraging development, protecting the environment, and
ensuring benefit to the people, central government and local
government.

3. Perubahan paradigma pengelolaan
SDA/energi
 Dari SDA/energi sebagai
• Komoditas
• Sumber penerimaan negara
• Sasaran pemburuan rente
• Sumber penerimaan devisa
 Menjadi
• Penggerak pembangunan dan akselerasi industrialisasi
• Keadilan antar-generasi
• Pembangunan ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan
• Energy security
 Maximum wealth creation in the country and social welfare.

4. Pembangunan tidak boleh memiskinkan
• Stok kekayaan negara/daerah tidak boleh berkurang.
• Harus terjadi transformasi dari perekonomian berbasis SDA tak
terbarukan menjadi yang terbarukan (diversifikasi yang
menjamin pembangunan berkelanjutan).
• Konsep bagi hasil: setidaknya royalti 100 persen untuk daerah.
Yang dibagihasilkan PPh badan dan PPN.

5. Konsep nilai tambah
 Produk tambang (X0) diolah menjadi Xm sehingga menghasilkan
nilai tambah (value added)
 Nilai tambah = output – input antara.
 Nilai tambah berupa:
• Upah  pekerja  PPh perseorangan  pemerintah pusat
• Laba  pengusaha  PPh badan  pemerintah pusat
• Sewa tanah  PBB  pemerintah daerah
• Bunga  bank  PPh badan  pemerintah pusat
• Royalti dan pajak yang masuk sebagai penerimaan negara.

6. Nikel: negara
dapat apa?
Hilirisasi
versus
industrialisasi
 Hilirisasi bertujuan untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah
nasional (baru sekitar 25%)
 Siapa yang menikmati?
• Perusahaan tambang (lokal) bayar royalti, smelter tidak,
• Pengusaha smelter (asing) dapat laba, tidak bayar pajak badan
karena dapat tax holiday (sampai 25 tahun), Seluruh labanya
dibawa pulang,
• Perusahaan tambang bayar pajak ekspor, perusahaan smelter
tidak, Seluruh produksi perusahaan smelter diekspor,
• Harga produk tambang yang dibeli perusahaan smelter sangat
murah, Laba lebih besar ketimbang smelter di negara asalnya,
Karena itu perusahaan asing berbondong-bondong masuk,
• Perusahaan tambang bayar PPN, perusahaan smelter tidak,
• Semua barang yang diimpor oleh perusahaan smelter bebas
bea masuk,
• Perusahaan smelter bebas membawa pekerja asing walaupun
sedang pandemik COVID-19 tidak dengan visa pekerja
sehingga tak bayar pajak dan pungutan,
 Hilirisasi setengah hati, Jadi produsen baterai terbesar di
dunia?
 Jadi negara dapat apa? Akankah kita biarkan pembodohan
berlangsung terus?

7. Jumlah wisman di beberapa bandara utama
dan wisman dari China Jan’20 – Mar’21
Wisman lewat udara di beberapa bandara utama Wisman dari China (ribu)
Sumber: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Sam
Ratulangi
Soekarno-
Hatta Ngurah Rai
Kuala-
namu Juanda Total udara
Jan'20 12,516 173,453 526,823 19,327 17,047 796,934
Feb'20 929 131,032 358,254 14,364 11,700 558,913
Mar. 559 52,631 155,851 7,375 5,774 243,751
Apr. 0 417 273 10 21 755
May 0 395 34 1 12 489
Jun'20 267 909 10 95 97 1,460
Jul. 693 3,119 16 68 76 4,040
Aug. 912 4,469 12 28 24 5,645
Sep. 2,174 7,468 8 36 20 9,970
Oct. 1,930 10,492 10 53 52 12,758
Nov. 1,577 14,309 2 44 69 16,080
Dec. 1,469 21,812 127 54 85 23,599
Jan'21 433 1,238 2 11 20 1,731
Feb 1,027 5,958 12 17 69 7,110
Mar 2,513 10,188 3 45 52 12,852
Apr. 2,685 15,528 9 32 108 18,404
Jan'20 - Apr'21 29,684 453,418 1,041,446 41,560 35,226 1,714,491
Jun'20 - Apr'21 15,680 79,962 95,885 451 564 95,245
Sep'20 - Apr'21 13,808 71,465 173 260 367 84,100
Udara Lainnya Total
Jan'20 155.0 26.3 181.3
Feb'20 9.4 1.7 11.1
Mar 2.9 1.4 4.3
Apr 0.1 1.5 1.6
May 0.0 1.9 1.9
Jun 0.5 1.5 2.0
Jul 1.7 1.0 2.7
Aug 2.7 1.2 3.6
Sep 5.9 1.1 7.0
Oct 5.5 1.1 6.6
Nov 5.3 1.2 6.5
Dec 5.8 1.3 7.1
Jan'21 0.5 1.1 1.6
Feb 2.0 0.9 2.9
Mar 7.3 1.2 8.5
Apr 8.8 1.1 9.9
Jan'20 - Mar'21 204.6 44.4 248.7
Jun’20 - Mar'21 37.2 11.6 48.5
Sep’20 - Mar'21 32.3 7.9 40.2
Jan’21 - Mar'21 9.8 3.2 13.0

8. Pengunjung asing yang mendarat di bandara Sam
Ratulangi dan Ngurah Rai, Jun’20 – Mar’21
Sumber: Badan Pusat Statistik.
267
693
912
2,174
1,930
1,577
1,469
433
1,027
2,513
2,685
10 16 12 8 10 2
127
2 12 3 9
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Jun'20 Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan'21 Feb Mar Apr.
Chart Title
Sam Ratulangi Ngurah Rai

9. PT VDNI Indonesia
https://mp,weixin,qq,com/s?__biz=MzIwMjQyNDczM
w==&mid=2247491501&idx=1&sn=f4f4505d5d8a16
da52b61ff0505332a3&chksm=96dfb75fa1a83e49ce
d5e06589412490e2e8696ec8b631215e2cdc148a17
e78532cfc2f89f91&mpshare=1&srcid=0917tBfHJEv
a6LNaIikPPBIb&sharer_sharetime=1600389843657
&sharer_shareid=aef743485d8c9e74f69f910244bf4f
20&scene=1&subscene=10000&clicktime=1601364
514&enterid=1601364514&ascene=1&devicetype=a
ndroid-
29&version=27001339&nettype=WIFI&abtest_cooki
e=AAACAA%3D%3D&lang=zh_CN&exportkey=AdB
nx1YiSnZmRPw541wQOyU%3D&pass_ticket=cJks
8PXJuDkL77zQnD6pWWq1JvH167jg%2BcNbuURg
05XWglsXeC%2BMQovYfzOEdg9X&wx_header=1

10. Rekrutmen
PT VDNI
Indonesia
• Di website, pada September 2020, PT VDNI
membutuhkan sebanyak 607 pekerja,
Diperkirakan berdatangan bulan Oktober
ini,
• Syarat pendidikan minimum yang terbanyak
adalah tamatan SMP, SMA, dan Sekolah
Menengah Teknik,
• Usia di bawah 45 tahun
• Gaji di kisaran ¥7,000 sampai ¥24,000
(sekitar Rp15,7 juta – Rp53,7 juta)
• Jabatan petugas keamanan, pekerja
bongkar-muat, koki, pengemudi (excavator,
truk derek, forklift, dll) , Manajer Gudang,
ahli statistik, montir, operator), dll,

11. Workers’ coefficient
Country of
origin
Share of
investment value
(average 2015-20)
Share of the
number of
workers (2020)
Workers
coefficient
Singapore 27.8 2.0 0.1
Japan 14.2 13.0 0.9
China 10.6 36.2 3.4
Hongkong 7.8 n.a. n.a.
Netherlands 5.3 n.a. n.a.
Korea 5.0 9.2 1.8
United States 3.9 2.6 0.7
Top-7 74.6 n.a. n.a.
Others 25.4 37.0 1.5
Total 100.0 100.0 1.0
Sumber: Badan Pusat Statistik and Kontan.

12. What is sovereign wealth funds? (1)
• A sovereign wealth fund is a state-owned investment fund comprised of money
generated by the government, often derived from a country's surplus reserves.
SWFs provide a benefit for a country's economy and its citizens.
• The funding for a SWF can come from a variety of sources. Popular sources are
surplus reserves from state-owned natural resource revenues, trade surpluses,
bank reserves that may accumulate from budgeting excesses, foreign currency
operations, money from privatizations, and governmental transfer payments.
• In general, sovereign wealth funds usually have a targeted purpose. Some
countries have sovereign wealth funds that can be similar to venture capital for
the private sector.
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sovereign_wealth_fund.asp

13. What is sovereign wealth funds? (2)
• A sovereign wealth fund is an investment pool of foreign currency
reserves owned by a government. The largest investment pools are
owned by countries that have a trade surplus, such as China and oil-
exporting countries. They take in foreign currencies, primarily U.S
dollars, in exchange for their exports. The funds are then invested to
produce the highest return possible.
• Similar funds held by nations’ central banks are not sovereign wealth
funds because they have different goals. A central bank holds funds to
manage the value of its currency, to stimulate the economy, or to prevent
inflation. A sovereign wealth fund just wants to earn a high return.
Source: Kimberly Amadeo – the balance. https://www.thebalance.com/sovereign-wealth-funds-3305969

14. What is sovereign wealth funds? (3)
• Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are investment vehicles set up by
governments to invest their excess capital. Many of the countries with
sovereign wealth funds are rich in natural resources. These funds act as a
variant of the traditional private equity firm, investing funds on behalf of
their countries in the world capital markets.
Source: ScienceDirect - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/economics-econometrics-and-finance/sovereign-wealth-fund
• “Special-purpose investment funds or arrangements that are owned by
the general government. Created by the general government for
macroeconomic purposes, SWFs hold, manage, or administer assets to
achieve financial objectives, and employ a set of investment strategies
that include investing in foreign financial assets.”
Source: IFSWF.. https://www.ifswf.org/about-ifswf-membership

15. The Third Group: Strategic Investment
SWF that Invest domestically. Over the past decade,
governments have sought to use their sovereign wealth to benefit
their own economies. These sovereign wealth funds differ from
the traditional savings and stabilization funds in that they are
often not derived from fiscal surpluses. As we outline in the
annual review, their asset base is more likely to be an
aggregation of government stakes in state-owned enterprises – a
model popularized by Singapore’s Temasek Holdings – or funded
by annual budget distributions.

16. INA --
“SWF”
Indonesia
• Dalam senarai SWF Institute tercantum
Nusantara Investment Authority (Indonesia
Investment Authority/INA) atau Lembaga
Pengelola Investasi di urutan ke-69 dengan
aset sekitar US$1 miliar.
• Merurut keterangan Menteri Keuangan, SWF
Indonesia mirip dengan SWF India (National
Investment & Infrastructure Fund (NIIF).
Namun, NIIF tidak tercantum dalam senarai
Top 95 Largest Sovereign Wealth Fund
Ranking by Total Assets. Padahal aset NIIF
(>US$3.4) tiga kali lipat lebih ketimbang INA.

17. Rank Profile
Total Assets
(USD trillion) Type Region
1 Federal Reserve System 7.4 Central Bank North America
2 Bank of Japan 6.5 Central Bank Asia
3 People’s Bank of China 5.1 Central Bank Asia
4 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China 4.9 Bank Asia
5 China Construction Bank Corp. 3.9 Bank Asia
6 Agricultural Bank of China 3.7 Bank Asia
7 Bank of China 3.6 Bank Asia
8 Federal National Mortgage Association 3.5
State Owned
Enterprise North America
9 JPMorgan Chase & Co 3.2
Financial Holding
Comp. North America
10 Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corp. 3.1
Financial Holding
Comp. Asia
Top 10 largest fund ranking by total assets
US$ trillion
Source: SWF Institute. https://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings

18. 1,323
1,046
581
580
534
453
417
399
372
302
295
245
235
183
157
131
1. Norway - Government Pension Fund Global
2. China Investment Corporation
3. Hong Kong Monetary Authority Investment Portfolio
4. UAE - Abu Dhabi Investment Auhority
5. Kuwait Investment Authority
6. Singapore - GIC Private Limited
7. Singapore - Temasek Holdings
8. Saudi Arabia - Public Investment Fund
9. China - National Council for Social Security Fund
10. UAE - Investment Corporation of Dubai
11. Qatar Investment Authority
12. Turkey Welath Fund
13. UAE - Mubadala Investment Company
14. Russia - National Welfare Fund
15. Korea Investment Corporation
16. Australia - Future Fund Management Agency
Top 16 largest SWF by total assets
(US$ billion)
With assets of more than US$100 billion
Source: SWF Institute. https://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings

19. 91
67
66
64
57
17. Canada - Alberta Investment Management Corporation
18. USA - Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation
19. Brunei Investment Agency
20. Kazakhstan - Samruk-Kazyna
21. Kazakhstan National Fund
SWF with assets of between
US$50 billion to US$100 billion
Source: SWF Institute. https://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings

20. SWF with assets of less than US$50 billion
48
48
45
44
38
33
31
30
29
27
26
26
25
24
19
18
22. USA - Texas Permanent School Fund
23. USA - University of Texas Investment Management Company
24. UAE - Emirates Investment Authority
25. State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan
26. Libyan Investment Authority
27. Hong Kong - CNIC Corporation Limited
28. New Zealand Superannuation Fund
29. Malaysia - Khazanah Nasional
30. Hong Kong Future Fund
31. USA - New Mexico State Investment Council
32. Germany - Nuclear Waste Disposal Fund
33. Austria - Oesterreichische Beteiligungs AG
34. Fund for Reconstruction and Development of Uzbekistan
35. National Development Fund of Iran
36. Bahrain - Mumtalakat Holding
37. Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund
Source: SWF Institute. https://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings

21. 10.86
8.41
7.95
7.70
6.26
5.47
1.78
1.42
1.00
0.41
0.41
0.27
0.17
0.02
0.02
42. Chile - Economic and Social Stabilization Fund
45. Mexico Budgetary Income Stabilization Fund
47. USA - Permanent Wyoming Mineral Trust Fund
48. Australia - NSW Generation Fund
50. Trinidad and Tobago - Heritage and Stabilization Fund
51. Peru Fiscal Stabilization Fund
61. Nigeria Sovereign Investment Authority
65. USA - Louisiana Education Quality Trust Fund
69. Indonesia - Nusantara Investment Authority
78. Bolivia - Fund for Productive Industrial Revolution
79. USA - Native Hawaiian Trust Fund
81. Luxembourg Intergenerational Sovereign Fund
84. Equatorial Guinea Fund for Future Generations
93. Iran Oil Stabilization Fund
94. Canada - Ontario First Nations Sovereign Wealth
Other SWFs
US$ billion
Source: SWF Institute. https://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings

22. Norway’s oil
fund makes
first
investment in
renewable
energy
• Norway’s $1.3 trillion sovereign wealth fund – the
largest in the world –announced its first investment in
renewable energy infrastructure Wednesday (April 7,
2021) as part of a diversification away from bonds,
equities and real estate amid a global push to fight
climate change.
• When the transaction closes — in the second or third
quarter of 2021 — Ørsted will remain the wind
project’s co-owner and operator.
• NBIM said Borssele – the second-largest operating
wind farm in the world — has a capacity of 752
megawatts and can produce enough energy to supply
the annual electricity demand of about 1 million Dutch
households.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/palashghosh/2021/04/07/norways-sovereign-
wealth-fund-makes-first-investment-in-renewable-energy-
infrastructure/?sh=57d352d03f6d

23. * Unaudited
** APBN
*** Minerba, kehutanan, perikanan, panas bumi.
Sumber: Kementerian Keuangan.
Triliun rupiah
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020* 2021**
Migas 203.6 216.9 78.2 44.1 81.8 142.8 121.1 53.3 75.0
Nonmigas*** 22.8 24.0 22.8 20.8 29.3 37.8 33.8 28.2 29.1
Minerba 18.6 19.3 17.7 15.8 23.8 30.3 26.3 21.2 22.1
Total 226.4 240.8 101.0 64.9 111.1 180.6 154.9 81.5 104.1
PNBP sumber
daya alam
Pada tahun 2019
(sebelum pandemi
COVID-19), PNBP
sumber daya alam
mencapai sekitar
US$10,7 miliar.
Dalam dua tahun bisa
melampaui Timor-
Leste yang terkumpul
hanya dari minyak
sejak 2005.

24. Proyek
Strategis
Nasional
* Termasuk satu proyek Pembangunan Fly Over dari dan menuju Terminal Teiuk Lamong.
** Termasuk satu proyek Pembangunan Underground Simpang Lima.
Sumber: Perpres No.109/2020, 17 November 2020.
57
54
18
15
15
12
13
8
5
2
1
1
Bendung dan irigasi
Jalan tol*
Kawasan industri + KEK**
Kereta api
Energi
Air bersih dan sanitasi
Pelabuhan
Bandara
Teknologi
Perumahan
Tanggul pantai
Pendidikan

25. Proyek-proyek
sektor energi
berpotensi
tumpang-
tindih
• Kilang Minyak Bontang (181)
• Kilang Minyak Tuban (Ekspansi) (182)
• Upgrading Kilang Eksisting (RDMP) dan
Industri Petrokimia Balongan (187)
• Upgrading 4 Kilang Eksisting/Refinery
Development Master Plan (RDMP): Jawa
Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Riau, dan
Sumatera Selatan (185)
• Konstruksi Tangki Penyimpanan BBM (183)
• Konstruksi Tangki Penyimpanan LPG (184)

26. Energi “Baru”
juga masuk
proyek
strategis
nasional
(PSN)
• Gasifikasi Batu Bara di Tanjung Enim (193)
• Pembangunan Fasilitas Coal to Methanol di
Kutai Timur (194)
• Pembangunan Bahan Bakar Hijau (Green
Diesel Bio Refinery Revamping RU IV
Cilacap, RU III Plaju Green Refinery,
Hidrogenasi CPO PT. Pusri Palembang,
Katalis Merah Putih Pupuk Kujang (195)
• Pengembangan Teknologi Produksi IVO dan
Bensin Sawit dengan Katalis Merah Putih
yang Terintegrasi dengan Kebun Rakyat
(199)
• Pembangunan Jaringan Gas Kota (191)

27. 3.54
1.84
1.46
1.08
0.66
0.49
0.48
Jasa Keuangan & asuransi
Perdagangan
Industri manufaktur
Transportasi & pergudangan
Pertambangan
Lainnya
Konstruksi & real estate
Tax coefficient
Sektor
% peneri-
maan
pajak
%
PDB
Jasa Keuangan &
asuransi 16.2 4.6
Perdagangan 19.7 10.7
Industri manufaktur 29.0 19.9
Transportasi &
pergudangan 4.7 4.4
Pertambangan 4.3 6.6
Lainnya 19.6 40.3
Konstruksi & real estate 6.5 13.6
* First half.
Source: Ministry of Finance and BPS-Statistics Indonesia
Tax coefficient
diperoleh dari
persentase
penerimaan pajak
dibagi persentase
sumbangan dalam
produk domestik
bruto (PDB) untuk
masing-masing
sektor.
Pertambangan dan konstruksi
kurang terjaring, 2020*

28. 0.1
0.5
1.1
1.4 1.5
3.2
Agriculture Construction Trade Mining Industry Finance
3.54
1.84
1.46
1.08
0.66
0.49
0.48
Jasa Keuangan & asuransi
Perdagangan
Industri manufaktur
Transportasi & pergudangan
Pertambangan
Lainnya
Konstruksi & real estate
Tax coefficient, Semester I 2020
Tax coefficient, average 2012-16
Source: Ministry of Finance and BPS-Statistics Indonesia.

29. Terima kasih
• Email: faisal.basri@gmail.com
• Twitter: @FaisalBasri
• Blog: faisalbasri.com