8. Histopathology
• Epithelium is hyperplastic (5 -
30 cell layers in thickness)
• may be of squamous,
transitional or respiratory type
• Transmigrating neutrophils and
neutrophilic microabscesses
may be seen
• Stroma may have edema or
chronic inflammation
• Seromucinous gland in the
lamina propria is commonly
decreased or absent
9. Staging (Krouse staging)
T1: confined to nose without sinus extension
T2: Involves OMC/ medial maxillary sinus/ ethmoids
T3: Involving other areas of maxillary sinus/ sphenoid and/or frontal
sinus
T4: Extranasal/Extrasinus extension
12. Nasal Endoscopy
• Pale, polypoid lesion with a
papillary appearance
• Lesion protrudes from the
middle meatus
13. • Small red bumps (granular
mulberry appearance)
• Has undulations
• Firmer than polyp
• More vascular than polyp
• Not smooth like – polyp
14. Imaging Target
• AIM: extent and three-dimensional configuration of the lesion and to
disclose its relationship with surrounding structures
• Methods:
MRI with gadolinium enhancement
CT
19. Viral Infection : HPV
• 1st reported in 1980
• Correlation ranges from 0% - 100%
• Subtypes associated with IP: 6, 11, 16, 18
• Pathogenesis: HPV induces promoting agent in pathogenesis of
papilloma, which leads to gene alteration (p53) resulting in
development of IP
20. Chronic Inflammation
• IP is end stage of chronic inflammatory condition NOT A TRUE
NEOPLASM
• HPE shows more inflammatory cells in IP compared to other sino-
nasal papillomas
21. Environmental exposure
• Dietmer et al. 1996, case – control study
47 cases and 47 controls, found higher degree of occupational
exposure to smoke, dust, aerosol
• Sham et a. 2010, case – control study
50 cases and 150 controls found outdoor and industrial exposure
were associated with IP
22. Recurrence – Factors
1. Location of attachment
2. Completeness of resection in primary surgical resection
3. Increased chance of recurrence in revision cases: 18.1% vs 4.1%
complicated by scar tissue, absence of bony landmarks, residual
disease
24. Rate of recurrence on basis of Surgical
Technique
• Meta-analysis comparing contemporary endoscopic (1992–2004)
versus external approaches (1970–1995) demonstrated an improved
recurrence rate in the endoscopic group (12% vs. 20%, respectively).
25.
26. Other Risk Factors for Recurrence
• Tobacco usage
• Histological parameters
hyperkeratosis
hyperplasia
mitotic index
IHC markers
27. Treatment Goals
• Resection of tumor including tumor base
• Removal of bone/ burring the base
• NO NON-SURGICAL TREATMENT MODALITY
• Radiotherapy:
Incase of malignant transformation
Incompletely resectable tumors
Multiple recurrent tumors
28. Surgical Approaches
• Transnasal approach (without endoscopes)
• Open approach (Radical Surgery) – Try to get around the tumor
Medial Maxillectomy + Lateral Rhinotomy
+ Sublabial degloving
• Endoscopic
29. Open approaches Advantages
• Possibility of en-bloc resection
• Access areas with difficult endoscopic instrumentation
Anterior maxillary sinus
Region of Nasolacrimal duct
superior and lateral frontal sinus
32. Drawbacks of Open Approaches
• Cosmetic
• CSF Leak
• Orbital Injury
enophthalmos, ectropion, diplopia, orbital hemorrhage, rarely
blindness
• Lacrimal Injuries
epiphora, dacryocystitis,
• Mucocele
• Bleeding
33. Endoscopic approach advantages
• Improved precision for resection of involved areas
• Realization that site of attachment may be small and other structures
can be spared
• Greatly improved visualization to determine site of attachment before
resection is complete
• Improved follow up in office to detect and resect recurrences early
34. Contraindications for endoscopic approach
• massive involvement of the mucosa of the frontal sinus and/ or of a
supraorbital cell
• transorbital extension
• concomitant presence of a malignancy that involves critical areas
• presence of significant scarring and anatomic distortion from previous
surgery
35. Types of Endoscopic Approach
• Type 1: IP involving middle meatus, ethmoid, superior meatus,
sphenoid sinus, or a combination of these structures; even lesions
that protrude into the maxillary sinus without direct involvement of
the mucosa are amenable to this approach
36. • Type 2: which corresponds to an endoscopic medial maxillectomy, is
indicated for tumors that originate within the naso-ethmoid complex
and secondarily extend into the maxillary sinus or for primary
maxillary lesions that do not involve the anterior and lateral walls of
the sinus. The nasolacrimal duct can be included in the specimen to
increase the exposure of the anterior part of the maxillary sinus.
37. • Type 3: (endonasal denker / Sturman-Canfield operation)
entails removal of the medial portion of the anterior wall of the
maxillary sinus to enable access to all the antrum walls. It is therefore
recommended for inverted papillomas that extensively involve the
anterior compartment of the maxillary sinus
44. Drawbacks of EMM
1. Empty nose syndrome
2. Decreased efficiency of nasal heating and humidification in CT-
based computational fluid dynamic
3. Impaired stimulation of trigeminal cold receptors, involved in
perception of nasal patency (eg, the TRPM8 receptor) in the
mucosa by mucosal cooling
45. Complications
• Bleeding
Most common: Greater Palatine artery
Management/ Prevention:
Locate and bipolarize
Low threshold for SPA ligation
Bipolarize posterior end of anterior IT remanent
• Epiphora
Management/ Prevention:
Do divide cleanly ,
Do not leave bone fragments around lacrimal duct
• Parasthesia
Palatal/ Teeth/ Infraorbital skin
47. Prelacrimal Approach
(Endoscopic Modified Medial Maxillectomy)
• Access similar to that of EMM along with anterior maxillary sinus
visualization
• Preservation of nasal morphology
48.
49.
50. Surgical Queries
How to decide what resection to do? Physical examination
Imaging
What approach to use? Tumor base access
Surgeon preference
51. Challenges – Frontal Sinus IP
• Incidence: 1 – 16%
• Approach:
• Recurrence: 22.4% (Walgama et al 2012)
Approach Location of IP
Modified Lothrop Inferomedial
Osteoplastic Flap Lateral, superior wall
52.
53. Lothrop Procedure
• Traditional Procedure: first described in 1914, uses a combined
external and transnasal approach to resect the median frontal
sinus floor, superior nasal septum, and intersinus septum to
drain the frontal sinus.
• Modified Lothrop: Also known as draf III
Remove entire sinus floor, including AS septum
56. Challenges – Sphenoid Sinus IP
• Attachment over Optic Nerve, Carotid Artery - 4.76times greater risk
of recurrence
• Intracranial Extension
• Orbital involvement
57. Invasion
• Intracranial: 17 patients studied by Wright, with 49.2 years of mean
age, 60% had recurrent disease, with commonest side of invasion
from frontal sinus and cribriform plate
• Orbital: 10 patients studied by Elner, with mean age 62 years, 100%
with malignant transformation, 80% orbital exenteration, 30%
intracranial extension
58. Prognostic Markers
• Increased risk of recurrence if involvement of sphenoid sinus,
frontal sinus or maxillary sinus walls other than medial or
extrasinus extension
• Major cause of recurrence is incomplete resection
• Risk of malignant transformation is ~9% in inverted papilloma
(range: 5 - 15%)
59. • Endoscopic rate of recurrence ~ 12%
• Open procedure rate of recurrence ~18%
• Involvement of maxillary sinus floor and lateral recess required
additional sublabial approach
61. Indications for EMM
• Impaired Mucociliary function
CF/ Wegeners disease/ Prior Caldwell-Luc with impaired mucocilary
clearance
• Postoperative obstruction of normal ostium
Osseo neogenesis in normal ostium from surgery/ prior orbital
decompression of normal ostium
• Access in difficult airways
Odontogenic infection/ Foreign bodies/ AC polyp with attachment in
anterior or lateral wall
• Destroyed medial wall
extensive mucocele with destruction of medial wall/ allergic fungal
sinusitis
63. • Benign, slow growing, osteoblastic lesion
• Incidence: 1% of population undergoing radiographs,
3% of population undergoing CT for Sinus symptoms
• Age: 2nd to 5th decade of life
• Male preponderance
• Site: Frontal > Ethmoid > Maxillary sinus > Sphenoids
64. • Gross appearance:
hard, white, multilobulated mass,
• Types:
Ivory: lobulated, made of compact dense bone, and contains a
minimal amount of fibrous tissue without evidence of haversian ducts.
Mature : spongy, mature bone with bony trabeculae divided by a
conspicuous amount of fibrous tissue; the lesion contains fibroblasts in
different stages of maturation and a great number of collagen fibers, and the
connective tissue may often contain distended thin-walled vessels.
Mixed
65. • Theories for development
Embryogenic Theory: osteoma develops at the junction between
the embryonic cartilaginous ethmoid and the membranous frontal
bone
Traumatic Theory: development of osteoma with a previous
trauma
Infective Theory: local inflammation may alter adjacent bone
metabolism by activating osteogenesis
66. • Imaging: CT Scan: Shows features of cortical bone, tapering to ground
glass appearance in periphery
• Management:
1. Wait and watch in case asymptomatic
2. Excision: in case producing symptoms because of
Obstruction of sinus clearance
Compression on orbital structures/ optic nerve
encroaching anterior skull base causing CSF leak,
pneumocele, etc
71. • It is a genetical developmental anomaly of the bone-forming
mesenchyme with a defect in osteoblastic differentiation and
maturation, leading to replacement of normal bony tissue by fibrous
tissue of variable cellularity and immature woven bone.
• Fibrous dysplasia, lacks capsule and has presence of more immature
bone without osteoblastic activity.
• Psammomatoid ossifying fibroma, is a variant, with numerous small
ossicles in stroma, resembling psammoma bodies.
73. • CT Scan: associated with degree of mineralization of the tissue
Early – High density of fiberous tissue,
Lesion: Radiolucent to lytic appearance
Late – Ground glass to sclerotic appearance
• MRI: T1 – Hypointense
T2 – Variable
CE - non homogeneous enhancement
74. • Management: Resection to relieve symptoms
Resection: Partial vs Radical
• Medical Management: Bisphosphonates – inhibit osteoclastic activity
76. • Occurrence: 3rd and 4th decade of life
• Race: more common in black women
Psammomatoid variant affects young men more commonly with
aggressive local behavior
• Presents as SOL in nasal cavity on endoscopy
• CT: well defined, multiloculated lesion, bordered by peripheral
eggshell-like dense rim
• MRI: T2: Hyperintense
T1: central part : intermediately intense to hyperintense
outer shell : hypointense
77. • Management: Radical resection i/v/o high rate of relapse, with local
destruction and invasion of adjacent structures
79. • Neurogenic tumor arising from schwann cells of sheath of myelinated
nerves
• Age: 6 years to 78 years
• No sex predisposition
• Origin: V2 and V3,
Sympathetic fibers of carotid plexus
Parasympathetic fibers of pterygopalatine ganglion
80. • Well delineated, unencapsulated
globular, firm to rubbery, yellow
– tan mass
• polypoid mass filling the left
nasal cavity with network of
capillaries on the surface of the
lesion, suggesting a diagnosis of
hypervascularized tumor.
81. • HPE: cellular Antoni A areas with
Verocay bodies and hypocellular
myxoid Antoni B areas
• IHC: S 100 protein
82. • Imaging
CT: Non diagnostic
MRI: shows histologic features
of lesion
lesions with a prevalent Antoni
A component have an
intermediate signal on both T1-
and T2-weighted
predominant Antoni B pattern,
which is related to a loose
myxoid stroma, hyperintensity
is observed on T2-weighted
images
• Management:
Radical surgery
83. References
• Scott Brown Ed 6-8
• Jatin P Shah
• Cummings
• Mohan Bansal
• Hazarika
• AIIMS ENT
• Global ENT Outreach
• Sydney ENT Clinic: Prof Richard Harvey
• Seattle science foundation
• Pathology outlines
Editor's Notes
Increased interest cuz of refinement in imaging and application of endoscopic sx.
Classification by WHO: epithelial, soft tissue tumor, tumor of bone and cartikage
Symptom: usual nasal obstruction except osteoma, which has incidental CT finding
Imaging: MRI and CT, MR differentiates secretions from tumor
INVERSION OF NEOPLASTIC EPITHELIUM INTO UNDERLYING STROMA RATHER THAN OUTWARD PROLIFERATION
1st mc SN tumor: osteoma
Lateral nasal wall at fontanelle area
Epiphora/ Proptosis/ Diplopia/ Headache: advanced lesion involving, orbit/ skull base
Hyperplastic ribbons of basement membrane enclosed epithelium that grows endophytically into underlying stroma
INVERSION OF NEOPLASTIC EPITHELIUM INTO UNDERLYING STROMA RATHER THAN OUTWARD PROLIFERATION
endophytic growth of epithelial nests with smooth outer contour.
Endoscopy of the nose usually shows a that
MRI better than CT for better differentiating tumor from inflammatory mucosal changes and disclosing the cerebriform-columnar pattern
Mass in right maxillary sinus extending into nasal cavity
Destruction of medial maxillary wall
Bony sclerotic spicule: s/o hyperostosis – mc site of attachment
CT Hyperostosis : corresponds to tumor base in 89% patients (nipple sign)
Nipple sign
On T1/T2 Images: convulated cerebriform pattern, - roughly parallel lines of high and low intensity
Alternation of highly-cellular metaplastic epithelium with underlying stroma
LIMITATION: lesions that completely fill the maxillary, sphenoid, or frontal sinus and in differentiating inverted papillomas that grow inside the sinus but arise from a small area of insertion from those that extensively involve the mucosa.
According to Dr Satish Jain, Recurrence is an incorrect terminology, it is rather regr
RoR on basis of site of location of tumor based on Cannady Classification
Busquets JM, Hwang PH. Endoscopic resection of sinonasal inverted papilloma: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134:476–482
Surgical Risk Factors for Recurrence of Inverted Papilloma, Healyhigher RoR after mucosal striping as IP is embedded in bone and can not be just removed by stripping confirmed by Chiu
(Radiographic and Histologic Analysis of the Bone Underlying Inverted Papillomas)
IP occupies the haversian system of the bone.
Resected 1-2 cm of bone wedges underlying IP and examined under light microscopy
Bony surface under IP was irregular, Arrow shows embedded mucosa in bone
Hyperkeratosis: increased thickness of stratum corneum
Mitotic index: Number of cells undergoing mitosis / total number of cells
IHC markers: ki67, PCNA, p53
DOI for hyperkeratosis: 10.1007/s12105-009-0136-z Histopathological parameters of recurrence and malignant transformation in sinonasal inverted papilloma
Recurrence: Transnasal : 40-80% Open approach : 20% Endoscopic: 12%
Anterior maxillary sinus: can be accessed by endoscopic denkers approach, remove part of piriform aperture
Mucocele: epithelium lined cystic space. Formed due to chronic sinus obstruction, resulting in accumulation of secretions, expanding and destroying sinus walls. Further due to cystic dilatation of mucus glands of sinus mucosa due to duct obstruction.
AIM: Go lateral to the tumor.
Maxillary antrostomy – enlarge maxillary antrum posteriorly till posterior wall of sinus is encountered
Remove inferior turbinate leaving behind a stump posteriorly which is cauterized
Raise the mucosal flap:
Cut 1 – along parallel to posterior maxillary wall
2 – cut behind hasners valve
Elevate the mucosal flap
Flap is elevated and bony medial maxillary wall is seen
Drill the medial maxillary wall
Using back biter remove the bone beneath hasners valve
Place the mucosal flap back to cover the exposed bone
Enter through prelacrimal recess
Drill anterior to
A, Mucosal incision of the lateral nasal wall.
B,C, The nasal mucosa is elevated from the lateral wall.
D-F, The conchal crest of the maxillary body is identified (black arrowhead), and the junction of the inferior turbinate bone is cut.
G, The nasolacrimal duct is exposed, and
H, the bone is removed.
I, The nasal mucosa and nasolacrimal duct can be displaced medially together.
J, The anterior wall of the maxillary sinus,
K, the prelacrimal recess can be accessed using a 70 endoscope.
Procedure for frontal sinus, ESS, Principle: to unobstruct and preserve outflow on frontal recess.
Simple drainage by ethmoidectomy
2A Remove sinus floor from lamina to MT
2B Remove sinus floor from lamina towards septum
3. B/l 2B with septum removal.
Disseminated aka McCune Albright Syndrome
visual impairment as a result of compression of the optic nerve, or to correct aesthetic deformities
Pathological D/D: neurofibroma, solitary fibrous tumor, leiomyoma, fibrous histiocytoma, and fibrosarcoma
Verocay body at center showing palisading of nuclei