Basic and best slides ever... information about COPD..help to improve your knowledge

1. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
1. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
2. EMPHYSEMA
3. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
4. BRONCHIACTASIS

6. COPD
COPD is common preventable & treatable disease,
characterized by progressive airflow limitation
associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory
response to noxious particles or gases.
EXACERBATIONS- it is worsening means increase in
the severity of disease or its signs & symptoms.
Ex. Asthma occurs serious, due to effect of air
pollution, leading to shortness of breath.

10. EMPHYSEMA
It is characterized by enlargement of the air spaces
distal to the terminal bronchioles, either from
dilatation or destruction of their walls.
WHO defined pulmonary emphysema as the
condition of permanent dilatation of air spaces
distal to the terminal bronchioles & destruction of
walls of dilated air spaces.
It is defined morphologically while chronic
bronchitis is defined clinically.

15. CLASSIFICATION
1. TRUE EMPHYSEMA
• Centriacinar (centrilobular)
• Panacinar ( panlobular)
• Paraseptal (distal acinar )
• Irregular ( paracicatrical emphysema)
• Mixed (unclassified)
• 2. OVER INFLATION
• Compensatory overinflation(compensatory
emphysema)
• Senile hyperinflation (aging lung , senile emphysema)
• Obstructive emphysema
• Unilateral transducent lung
• Interstitial emphysema

16. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
• It is chronic cough with expectoration for 3
months for 3 consecutive years with other
known causes being ruled out.
• CAUSES:
• Excessive secretion of mucus causes cough.
• This condition is more common in middle
aged male more than females.
• Approximately 20% of adult male, 5% of
female.

18. • Most 2 common factors for chronic bronchitis
1. Cigarette smoking:
Heavy smokers 9-10 times a day
It causes:
• Impairs ciliary movement
• Inhibits function of alveolar macrophages
• Hypertrophy & hyperplasia of mucous secreting
glands obstruction in small air ways.
• It stimulates vagus & causes broncho
constriction.

19. 2. Atmospheric pollution
More common in industrialized urban areas.
Some pollutants like SO2, nitrogendioxide,
particulate dust & toxic fumes.
3. Occupation – cotton mills(biosinosis)
Plastic factories.
4. Infection- bacterial, viral

20. Clinical features
1. Persistent cough with copious expectorant of long
duration.
2. Heavy smoker with morning catararrh or throat
clearing which worsens in winter.
3. Recurrent respiratory infections.
4. Dyspnoea is more prominent at rest but is more on
exertion.
5. Patient are called ‘Blue Bloaters’ due to cyanosis &
oedema.
6. Feature of right heart failure.
7. Chest X-RAY shows enlarged heart with prominent
vessels.

21. REID’S INDEX
It is ratio between thickness of sub
mucosal mucus glands(i.e,
hypertrophy & hyperplasia) in
cartilage containing large airways to
that of the total bronchial wall.

22. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
It is disease of airways that PS is characterized by
increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial
tree to a variety of stimuli resulting in widespread
spasmodic narrowing of the air passages which
may relieve by spontaneous or therapy.
Bronchial asthma is common & prevalent
worldwide in US about 4% of population is
reported to suffer from this disease.
It occurs at all ages but nearly 50% of cases
develop in before the age of 10 years.

24. Based upon stimuli initiating:
. Extrinsic( allergic, atopic) - most common type
-usually begins in early childhood
-family history of urticaria , rhinitis, infantile eczema.
-increases response to IgE serum & positive skin test with
specific often inhaled antigen.
• Intrinsic( idiosyncratic, non atopic) –not known
-begins later in adult life with negative family or personal
history of allergy.
Most of patient develop
-URTI infection by viruses, with nasal polyp & chronic
bronchitis.
10% of patient are sensitive for drug like Aspirin (sensitive
asthma)
• Third may be mixed pattern.

25. Classification of bronchial
asthma
1)-Mild intermittent
2)-mild persistent
3)-moderate persistent
4)-severe persistent
CAUSES:
Allergens- pets, pests, dust mites, cockroach,
molds & spores, pollen.
Drugs –aspirin, NSAID’s, propanol.
DIVISION:
Irritants –smokes, dust, odour, perfumes.
Precipitant –viral infection.
Food – additives, dietary.

26. BRONCHIECTASIS
It is defined as abnormal & irreversible dilatation of
the bronchii & bronchioles (greater than 2mm
diameter, developing secondary to inflammatory
weakening of bronchial walls)
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
Persistent cough with expectoration of copious
amount of foul smelling, purulent sputum.
EDIOPATHOGENESIS:
Endotracheal obstruction:
It is due to foreign body, neoplastic growth or
enlarged lymph nodes causes resorption of air distal
to obstruction with consequent atelectans &retention
?

28. HEREDITARY & CONGENITAL
FACTORS:
Congenital bronchiectasis-
developmental defect in bronchial
system.
Cystic fibrosis- defect of exocrine
gland secretions, result obstruction,
infection & bronchiectasis.
Immotile cilia syndrome.

29. TREATMENT