This document discusses lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It defines lymphoma as malignant neoplasms originating in bone marrow and lymphatic structures, causing abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma, originating from specific white blood cells, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a diverse group of lymphomas excluding Hodgkin's. The document outlines diagnostic tests, management including chemotherapy, radiation, biological and stem cell therapies, and the nurse's role in education and support.

1. LYMPHOMA
RATHEESH R.L

2. DEFINITION
• Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms
originating in the bone marrow &
lymphatic structures resulting in the
proliferation of lymphocytes.

3. Classification
• Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

4. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• It is a type of lymphoma in which cancer
originates from a specific type of white
blood cells called lymphocytes.

5. Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• It is a different group of blood cancer
that include any kind of lymphomas
except Hodgkin’s lymphoma

6. Comparison of HL &NHL
HL NHL
Cellular
origin
B lymphocytes B lymphocytes
(90%), T
lymphocytes
(10%)
Extent of
disease
Localized to
regional, but may
be more
widesrpread
Disseminated
B symptoms common 40%
Extranodal
involvement
rare common

7. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Staging system for HL & NHL
• Stage I : involvement of single lymph
node
• Stage II : involvement of two or more
lymph nodes on one side of diaphragm

8. • Stage III : lymph node involvement
above & below the diaphragm
• Stage IV : involvement outside of
diaphragm.

9. ETIOLOGY
• Infection with Epstein Barr virus, HIV
• Genetic predisposition
• Occupational toxins such as pesticides
or benzene

10. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• fever
• Cervical axillary, inguinal lymph node
enlargement
• Fever night sweats
• weight loss
• Fatigue
• Severe itching

11. • Weakness
• Chills
• Tachycardia
• Alcohol induced pain
• Aanemia
• hepatosplenomegaly

12. • Weight loss
• Bone or flank pain
• Coughing
• Shortness of breath
• Red patches over the skin
• suffocation

13. Diagnostic studies
• History collection and physical examination
• Blood and urine study (CBC, ESR - elevated)
• Lymph node biopsy ( presence of Red blood
cells)
• Lumbar puncture: to find out whether the
lymphoma is affected to brain and spinal cord

14. • Bone marrow examination
• Peripheral blood analysis (microcytic
hypochromic anemia, neutrophilic
leukocytocytosis)

15. • CT-scan and MRI-scan
provides three dimensional view and much
greater details of the enlarged lymph nodes over the
body.
• PET
A tiny amount of radio active glucose is
injected to the blood stream. Tissues that uses glucose
more than normal can be detected by scanning machine.

16. MANAGEMENT
1.CHEMOTHERAPY
chemotherapy is the main treatment for
lymphoma.
• ABVD regimen (Adriamycin or doxorubicin,
Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine)
• BEACOPP (Bleomycin, Etoposide, Adriamycin,
Cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, Procarbazine,
Prednisone

17. 2. RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation therapy uses X-Ray or
high energy beam to kill the cancerous
cells or to shrink the tumor

18. 3.BIOLOGICAL THERAPY
it is used to help the immune
system to recognize and attack leukemia
cells.
Eg: Rituximab, Gemtuzumab ozogamicin

19. 4.STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
it is a procedure to replace diseased
bone marrow with healthy bone marrow.

20. 5. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
If the lymphomas are severely affected
the lymph nodes means the doctor may go for
lymphadenectomy.
if the metastasis occurs to any other
organs such as thyroid or stomach, the surgical
removal of the affected organ is indicated.

21. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Parents and adolescent must be educated and
prepared for diagnostic and therapeutic
procedures.
• Emotional reassurance in terms of verbal
communication.
• Nursing care also includes preventing any
complications or side effects of the treatment.

22. • Adequate explanation regarding the side
effects must be given about the
treatment and its complication.