1 P a g e Def ect w a st e p ro b le m i n t he co

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Def ect w a st e p ro b le m i n t he co nst ruct io n I nd ust ry
! ! !
Collapse of buildings
Source Aljazeera News, 2019
Student Number: W19042969
Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE18ST,
United
Kingdom
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onstruction defect can be defined as a fault in design, the
worship and material system which leads to project failure.
Collapse of buildings
Source: (Aljazeera News, 2019))
C
Generally, defects occur as a result of failure to follow required
guidelines resulting to
financial, property and personal damages as argued by Robson,
(2015). Construction defects
are usually hard to identify since only experts can analyze when
a procedure is not correctly
followed (Waziri, 2016).
Types of construction defects

Design defects
Errors in designing
Source:(Katume, 2017))
Design defects occurs when engineers and architects make
errors when
planning on how facilities are going to be constructed. The most
likely losses
errors that might occur includes the water penetration plan, poor
draining
system design and inadequate structural support leading to
occurrence of
(Cogurcu2015).
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Material defects
Material defects in projects

Source: (Hazem, 2017)
Workmanship
Source:(Levelset,2018)
Material defects occurs when inferiorproducts are
used during the construction. The material used in
construction projects is based on the requirement of
the end products. the higher the quality of the end
product, the higher the material quality that should
be used. The use of inferior products means that the
buildings and infrastructures cannot last for long
period ((Tayeh, et, al, 2017)
The interpretation of designs is important for the safety of the
occupants and users of buildings. Workmanship is a scenario
where construction is not undertaken as per the directions of the
designers. It results from misinterpretation of designs and pans
leasing to poor quality of buildings (Bagdiya&Wadalkar,2015)

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How defects lead to wastages in the construction industry
Effects of defects in construction
Source:(LMT,2018)
In construction works, defects must be corrected otherwise, they
might lead to greater losses in
future. The wastage in defects comes as a result of additional
work that needs to be performed to
correct defects that are noted.
Financial wastages
Financially, organizations are forced to use more funds to
undertake repairs as a result of additional
work to mend the effects of defects. Since projects are run
under strict budgets, there is need for
project managers to ensure that the actual expenses do not

exceed the budget. However, it is
difficult for project managers in construction project to ensure
that budget is actualized since more
resources will be allocated in order to amend the defects.
Human resource wastage
In terms of human resources, organizations are made to
committee more employees for repairs as
opposed to using the employees in undertaking other important
stages of the projects. In presence of
defects in construction projects hence means that employees
will be used to undertake repeat tasks
rather than undertaking progress tasks and advancing the
projects (Dey, et al., 2017).
Time wastage
Construction projects are undertaking in consideration with a
time plan. This means that project
managers are required to follow the project plans in order to
deliver each milestone at the right
time. However, the presence of defects in the projects is likely
to lead to delays in the process of
project management (Gulghane&Khandve, 2015). Since defects
have to be solved immediately,

they are realized, time is used when trying to redo the work.
This leads to time wastage and project
delay. Milestones cannot be reached at the required time since
employees have to concentrate in
amending the defects to reduce risks of losses and accidents
upon completion of the project (Tejale,
et al., 2015).
Material wastages
Before the commencement of projects, engineers and designers
guide the
project managers in terms the required material when
undertaking the
construction works. The control of material used is important as
it ensures
that cost is controlled (Arshad, et al., 2017). How ever, defects
call for
unplanned material to be used when redoing the construction
work in order
to fix errors that occurred. This hence might lead to demolition
of some
parts as the project managers try to fix problems associated with
defects.

This results to the excess use of material than the planned for
hence leading
to increase in project cost (Udawatta, et al., 2015)
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Causes of defects in construction industry
Fishbone image of causes of defects in the construction i ndustry
Source:(Ilie&Ciocoiu, 2010)
Generally, the causes of defects can be categorized in to six
components as shown in the

above fishbone diagram.
Material
Material challenges that might lead to defects includes poorly
stored material. Construction
material needs to be stored in a good manner that will minimize
chances of destruction. Such
material includes metal which needs to be stored in places with
less moisture to avoid
rusting. Other material such as cements, ballast and stones need
to be safely stored in order
to avoid breakages and destruction by water as argued by
(Jingmond&Ågren, 2015). The use
of expired material is also a challenge in the construction
management and is likely to lead to
defects in the final products. such material includes paints,
cements and other manufactured
commodities used in construction work. This is likely to affect
the quality of the buildings.
Composition of components used in the building process might
lead to defects in case
measurements are not done in the required way. A perfect
example is the mixture of ballast,
sand and cements. Failure to ensure that material is well
balanced is likely to lead to defects

in the buildings the use of expired material is also a challenge
in the construction
management and is likely to lead to defects in the final
products. such material includes
paints, cements and other manufactured commodities used in
construction work. This is
likely to affect the quality of the buildings.
Measurement
Measurement in the building process is determined by the lay
out designs. Workmanship is
very important when it comes to putting the layout design in to
actuality. There is need to
ensure that scaling and estimations are done well to reduce
chances of defects in size and
length (Choudhry, et al., 2017).
Machine
Machines are likely to lead to defects in case there is power
failure. Such incidence might
cause delay and destruction. Human error where employees are
required to feed the
machines might lead to the wrong results hence defects in the
projects. There is also a risk in

wrong feed rate since construction machines depends on the
instruction given by the
operators (Bagdiya&Wadalkar, 2015).
Employees
Generally, human aspects in the construction project is
important since projects
are realized through the human resource efforts. However,
defects might result
from inadequate training of the employees where they take a job
without full
knowledge of what is required of them. The risk of human error
is also likely to
lead to defects (Gamil& Rahman, 2017).
Environment
Environment in which buildings are established is likely to
affect the
construction work.
Subsurface Moisture Incursion might affect the strength of
buildings in terms of
its strength. This is likely to lead to defects following cracks as
a result of excess
moisture (Ye, et al., 2015). Weaknesses of soil is likely to lead

to Foundation
Displacement which might also result to cracks and need to
rework. Insufficient
climate control such as the failure to protect building site from
excess water from
rain, non-regulated sunshine among other factors might also
lead to defects
(Aljassmi, et al., 2016).
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Methods
Poorly design methods are likely to mislead engineers in their
construction works. This hence makes it a risky affair as use of
such designs might lead to defects. On the other hand,
project plan that does not in to consideration all activities in to
place is likely to lead defects since some activities might be
skipped (Asgari&Rahimian, 2017).
The case study of Sampoong Department Store, South Korea
collapse.
ne other greatest disaster ever seen in the construction industry
is the collapse of Sampoong Department Store(Fay, 2019). The

main cause of the collapse as per the reports by
investigators was because of poor planning, poor material of
construction and poor design. This case led to the death of five
hundred pole most of them being workers(Fay,
2019).Human ignorance and greed were the major reasons for
the errors that occurred during the construction causing massive
losses. This shows how failure to consider important
aspects during construction could lead to, massive losses(Fay,
2019).
Sampoong Department Store, South Korea collapse
Source, Great Disasters
O
From the case study above, it is hence observable that
Financial wastages
Human resource wastage, Time wastage, Material wastages
are experienced since the building caused losses of lives,
time to evacuate the affected and the waste of human
resources who were engaged in building process(Fay, 2019)..

Solution
s to the defect wastage problem
Employee training
Through employee training, employees will be able to
understand their
roles in the construction. They will also be able to understand
the most
important activities and how to undertake them. As a result,
there will
be a decline in chances of making errors hence minimizing
defects in
construction industry (Hanaysha, 2016).

Employee training
Source: (Andriotis, 2018)
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Expert consultation
There is need to consult experts in every stage of constructio n.
The project managers should work together with the external
experts in order to ensure that all activities are undertaken in
accordance with the plan and quality needed. The experts will
help in checking gaps that might lead to defects in constructions
(Elziny, et al., 2016).

Proper Environmental analysis
Experts consultation Collapse of buildings
Source: (Reporting, 2019) Source:(Pentago,2018)
Proper project management strategies
Project management process
Source:(Kerzner,2018)
In order to reduce chances of defects caused
by environment, the construction engineers
should study environmental factors such as the

surface level of water, the probability of
having earthquakes among other factors before
settling on the site. This will help to reduce the
probability of occurrence of a defect as a result
of occurrence of an environmental risk (Tixier,
et al., 2016).
Project management process
Source: (Kerzner, 2017)
Proper planning of activities is important in ensuring that there
is a
good procedure followed. Through strategic project
management, the
project managers are going to ensure that there is no omission

of
important activities in construction hence reduce chances of
defects in
building (Kerzner, 2017).
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References
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complex mechanisms of defect generation in construction
projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,
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Aljazeera News. 2019. Four killed in Taiwan building collapse
after quake. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/hotel-collapses-
taiwan-major-earthquake-180206171245403.html (Accessed

on 8/4/2020).
Andriotis, N. 2018. 5 Popular Employee Training Methods for
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Arshad, H., Qasim, M., Thaheem, M.J. and Gabriel, H.F., 2017.
Quantification of material wastage in construction industry of
Pakistan: An analytical relationship between building types and
waste generation. Journal
of Construction in Developing Countries, 22(2), pp.19-34.
Asgari, Z. and Rahimian, F.P., 2017. Advanced virtual reality
applications and intelligent agents for construction process
optimisation and defect prevention. Procedia engineering, 196,
pp.1130-1137.
Bagdiya, N.V. and Wadalkar, S., 2015. Review paper on
construction defects. IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng, 12(2), pp.88-91.
Bagdiya, N.V. and Wadalkar, S., 2015. Review paper on
construction defects. IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng, 12(2), pp.88-91.

Choudhry, R.M., Gabriel, H.F., Khan, M.K. and Azhar, S.,
2017. Causes of discrepancies between design and construction
in the Pakistan construction industry. Journal of Construction in
Developing Countries, 22(2),
pp.1-18.
Cogurcu, M.T., 2015. Construction and design defects in the
residential buildings and observed earthquake damage types in
Turkey. Natural Hazards & Earth System Sciences, 15(4).
Dey, S., Manikanda Prabhu, S. and Siva Subramani, G., 2017.
Identification and mitigation of factors affecting human
resource productivity in construction. International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology,
8(1), pp.123-131.
Elziny, A.A., Mohamadien, M.A., Ibrahim, H.M. and Fattah,
M.A., 2016. An expert system to manage dispute resolutions in
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7(1), pp.57-71.
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effects of poor communication in construction industry: A theo
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Gulghane, A.A. and Khandve, P.V., 2015. Management for
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Hanaysha, J., 2016. Examining the effects of employee
empowerment, teamwork, and employee training on
organizational commitment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 229(298-306), pp.298-306.
Hazem, Z. 2017. Construction defect management – Risk
analysis of causes and effects. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.planradar.com/construction-defect-management-
risk-analysis-and-effects/(Accessed on
8/4/2020)
Ilie, G. and Ciocoiu, C.N., 2010. Application of fishbone
diagram to determine the risk of an event with multiple causes.
Management research and practice, 2(1), pp.1-20.

Jingmond, M. and Ågren, R., 2015. Unravelling causes of
defects in construction. Construction Innovation.
Katume, N. 2017. 3 Ways to avoid Construction Defect Claims.
CR. [Online]. Available at:
https://constructionreviewonline.com/2017/09/3-ways-to-avoid-
construction-defect-claims/(Accessed on 8/4/2020)
Kerzner, H., 2017. Project management: a systems approach to
planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Level set. 2018. Defects in Construction: How to Identify and
Avoid Them [Online]. Available at:
https://www.levelset.com/blog/construction-defects/ (Accessed
on 9/4/2020).
LMT. 2018. Waste of Defects; causes, symptoms, examples and
solutions. [Online]. Available at:
https://leanmanufacturingtools.org/129/waste-of-defects-causes-
symptoms-examples-and-solutions/(Accessed on
8/4/2020).
Pentago, C. 2018. Strategies You Need for Successful Project

Management. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.business2community.com/strategy/3-strategies-
need-successful-project-management-01926965
(Accessed on 8/4/2020).
Reporting MD. 2019.expert consultation importance.[Online].
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out-macra-exemptions-thresholds-and-eligibility/expert-
consultation-3/ (Accessed on
8/4/2020).
Robson, P.E.B., 2015. Structural repair of traditional buildings.
Routledge.
Smart Bricks. 2018. Construction Defect – Here Is One Ultimate
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ultimate-guide/(Accessed on 8/4/2020).
Tayeh, B.A., Al-Hallaq, K., Yusuf, M.O. and Sabha, F.A., 2017.
Effects of construction phase errors on maintenance of school
buildings in Gaza Strip. Effects of construction phase errors on
maintenance of school

buildings in Gaza strip, 5(01).
Tejale, D.S., Khandekar, S.D. and Patil, J.R., 2015. Analysis of
construction project cost overrun by statistical method.
International Journal, 3(5), pp.349-355.
Tixier, A.J.P., Hallowell, M.R., Rajagopalan, B. and Bowman,
D., 2016. Automated content analysis for construction safety: A
natural language processing system to extract precursors and
outcomes from unstructured
injury reports. Automation in Construction, 62, pp.45-56.
Udawatta, N., Zuo, J., Chiveralls, K. and Zillante, G., 2015.
Improving waste management in construction projects: An
Australian study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 101,
pp.73-83.
Waziri, B.S., 2016. Design and construction defects influencing
residential building maintenance in Nigeria. Jordan Journal of
Civil Engineering, 10(3).
Ye, G., Jin, Z., Xia, B. and Skitmore, M., 2015. Analyzing
causes for reworks in construction projects in China. Journal of

Management in Engineering, 31(6), p.04014097.
Fay, K. 2019.The Sampoong Department Store Collapse. Great
disasters. [Online]. Available at:
http://www.greatdisasters.co.uk/the-sampoong-department-
store-collapse/ (Accessed on 5/6/2020)
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/hotel-collapses-
taiwan-major-earthquake-180206171245403.html
https://elearningindustry.com/how-choose-training-methods-for-
employees
https://www.planradar.com/construction-defect-management-
risk-analysis-and-effects/
https://constructionreviewonline.com/2017/09/3-ways-to-avoid-
construction-defect-claims/
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https://leanmanufacturingtools.org/129/waste-of-defects-causes-
symptoms-examples-and-solutions/
https://www.business2community.com/strategy/3-strategies-
need-successful-project-management-01926965
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ultimate-guide/
http://www.greatdisasters.co.uk/the-sampoong-department-

store-collapse/
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER-SPECIFIC GUIDELINES (ICD-10-CM CHAPTERS
15-22)
Slide ‹#›
Copyright © 2022 by Elsevier Inc.
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Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium, Chapter 15
O00-O9A
Any condition that occurs during pregnancy, childbirth, or
puerperium is a complication
Unless physician documents it neither:
Affects the pregnancy
Is affected by the pregnancy

Slide ‹#›
Chapter 15 codes are never used on the record of the newbor n.
Coders may find it helpful to code the mother’s and baby’s
records at the same time.
Conditions documented on the birth certificate may appear on
the newborn’s record but not the mother’s record.
Additional documentation to support coding may have to be
obtained from the physician.
Sequencing Priority
Chapter 15 codes have sequencing priority of codes from other
chapters
Z33.1, incidental pregnancy state, is reported if the physician
documents incidental status
Chapter 15 codes are only for mother’s record
Never newborn’s record
Slide ‹#›

Routine Prenatal Visits
Routine outpatient prenatal visits with no complications = Z34
category code
First listed
Routine high-risk prenatal visits = O09 category code
First listed
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Outcome of Delivery
Outcome of delivery
Z37 category code
Only reported once
On mother’s record
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Category Z37, Outcome of delivery, can be assigned as an
additional coding to the mother’s record.
An outcome of delivery code should be included on every
maternal record when a delivery has occurred.
Trimester and Time Periods
Majority of codes, final character indicates trimester
Trimester calculated from last menstrual period (LMP)
First trimester: less than 14 weeks 0 days
Second trimester: 14 weeks 0 days to less than
28 weeks 0 days
Third trimester: 28 weeks 0 days until delivery
Peripartum = last month of pregnancy to 5 months postpartum
Postpartum = immediately after delivery to 6 weeks after
delivery
Slide ‹#›
The unspecified trimester code should rarely be reported.
Ectopic Pregnancy
Fertilized ovum implants outside the uterus

Reported with category O00, based on:
Location of pregnancy
Such as: ovarian or tubal
With or without intrauterine pregnancy
Complications associated with ectopic pregnancy:
Report category O08 code
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Hydatidiform Mole
Tumor of the placenta
Secretes hormones
Report with category O01
Report complication with category O08
Malignant, report D39.2
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Secretes hormones: chorionic gonadotropic hormone, GGH.

Hypertension in Pregnancy
Pre-existing hypertension that complicates the pregnancy,
delivery, or the five-month period after birth, Category O10
First-listed code
Slide ‹#›
Secondary code is assigned to report hypertensive heart disease
or hypertensive chronic kidney disease.
Fetal Conditions
Category O35 and O36 report fetal abnormalities that affect the
care of mother
If fetal abnormality does not affect care of mother, do not report
O35 or O36
Slide ‹#›
When surgery is performed on the fetus, report a diagnosis code

from category O35, to identify the fetal condition.
Surgery performed in utero on the fetus is reported on the
obstetric encounter.
Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy
Type 1 = little or no insulin is produced
Controlled with insulin
Report long-term use of insulin
Type 2 = too little or the body cannot use the insulin that is
produced
Controlled with diet, medications, and/or insulin
May report long-term use of insulin
Gestational diabetes develops in 2nd or 3rd trimester in patient
who did not have diabetes prior to pregnancy
Do not report long-term use of insulin
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Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus during pregnancy can lead
to serious complications for both mother and fetus.
May result in miscarriage or stillbirth.

Certain Conditions Originating in the Perinatal Period,
Chapter 16
P00-P96
Chapter 16 codes only on newborn’s record
Category Z38 reports live-born according to place of birth and
type of delivery
First listed
Does not report congenital malformation, deformities, or
abnormalities
Rather report with Q00-Q99
Slide ‹#›
Whose record are Chapter 16 codes never reported on?
(Maternal)
Chapter 16 codes can be reported througho ut the life of the
patient, if the condition persists.
Congenital Malformations, Deformation, and Chromosomal
Abnormalities, Chapter 17
Q00-Q99
May be a first-listed or secondary diagnosis

Sequence as secondary diagnosis with category Z38 code on
initial birth record
Reported whenever condition is diagnosed
Congenital = born with
Physician must document abnormality
Slide ‹#›
An anomaly is an abnormality of a structure or organ.
Congenital refers to an abnormality with which a person is born.
The term perinatal applies only to the baby, and postpartum
applies only to the mother.
Symptoms, Signs, and Abnormal Clinical and Laboratory
Findings, NEC, Chapter 18
R00-R99
Sign = objective evidence of disease
Symptom = subjective observation
Report symptoms only when no more definitive diagnosis is
available
Example: Pt complains of pain in the right lower quadrant.
Diagnosis states acute appendicitis.
Do not report symptom of pain

Slide ‹#›
Signs and symptoms codes are used for encounters until a
definitive diagnosis can be made.
No specific diagnosis can be made after investigation.
Signs and symptoms reported as existing at the time of the
initial encounter prove to be transient or cause cannot be
determined.
A patient fails to return, or is referred elsewhere, and all the
coder has is a provisional diagnosis.
A more precise diagnosis is not available for any other reason.
Certain symptoms that represent important problems in medical
care exist, and it might be desirable to classify them in addition
to the known cause.
Injury, Poisoning, and Certain Other Consequences of External
Causes, Chapter 19
S00-T88
Many codes have 7th characters
A initial encounter
Receiving active treatment for the injury
D subsequent encounter

Completed active treatment and is receiving routine care during
healing
S sequela
Direct result of injury, add S to injury code, not to sequela code
Slide ‹#›
Would usually report a secondary code from Chapter 20,
External Causes of Morbidity, to indicate injury.
There are T codes that include the external cause as part of the
code description.
Traumatic Fractures (1 of 2)
Fractures not indicated as
Open or closed, report as closed
Displaced or not displaced, report as displaced
Assign 7th character
A initial encounter for closed fracture
B initial encounter for open fracture
D subsequent encounter for fracture with routine healing
G subsequent encounter for fracture with delayed healing
K subsequent encounter for fracture with nonunion

S sequela
(Cont’d…)
Slide ‹#›
Traumatic Fractures (2 of 2)
Multiple fractures, sequence according to severity
If dislocation and fracture of same bone, report only fracture
Category M80 reports nontraumatic fracture for patients with
osteoporosis
Even if injury by trauma
Pathological fracture occurs due to disease or weakness
Slide ‹#›

Burns and Corrosions (1 of 2)
Thermal burns from heat source
Except sunburn
Corrosion burns due to chemicals
Guidelines same for burns and corrosions
Burns classified by depth:
1st erythema
2nd blistering
3rd full-thickness
Slide ‹#›
Includes burn codes from radiation or electricity.
Current burns are classified by:
Depth
Extent
Agent (X code)
Burns and Corrosions (2 of 2)
Sequence first
Highest degree of burn

Multiple burns, same area
Report only the highest degree burn
Infected burns
Use additional code for infection
Late effects of burns
Report with burn or corrosion code + 7th character “S”
Slide ‹#›
Nonhealing burns are coded as acute burns.
If different degrees of burns are documented at the same site,
assign a code to burns of highest degree only.
Second-degree burns may also be referred to as “partial-
thickness burns.”
Adverse Effects, Poisoning, Underdosing, and Toxic Effects
T36-T65
Combination codes that include
Substance
External cause
Sequence these codes 1st
Follow with code(s) that specify nature

Slide ‹#›
Do not code directly from the Table of Drugs and Chemicals.
Assign a code for adverse effect when the drug was correctly
prescribed or administered.
Poisoning
Assign code from categories T36-T50, poisoning codes
Report any associated intent
Such as accidental, intentional, etc.
Report all manifestations of poisoning
Such as vomiting
Slide ‹#›
Examples of poisoning include:
Error in drug prescription
Intentional overdose
Combination of drugs taken
Interaction of drugs and alcohol

Drug Adverse Effect or Poisoning
Adverse Effect: Occurs when drug is taken correctly but patient
has negative response
Poisoning: Occurs when drug is incorrectly taken
Slide ‹#›
Abuse, Neglect, or Maltreatment
Sequence first (T74.- or T76.-)
Medical documentation states
Abuse or neglect, code as confirmed
Suspected, code as suspected
Confirmed cases of abuse or neglect
Report an assault code (X92-Y08) to indicate cause of physical
injury
Report perpetrator code (Y07.-)
Slide ‹#›

When suspected abuse, neglect, or maltreatment is ruled out,
report Z04.71 for an adult and Z04.72 for a child.
External Causes of Morbidity, Chapter 20, Factors Influencing
Health Status and Contact with Health Services, Chapter 21, and
Codes for Special Purposes, Chapter 22
I-10 Guideline information for Chapters 20-21 is located in
Chapter 3 of the text
To review I-10 Chapter 20, refer to "External Cause Index" on
page 55.
To review I-10 Chapter 21, refer to Z codes content on pages
49-65.
To review 1-10 Chapter 22, refer to "Coronavirus Infection" on
page 100.
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Conclusion
CHAPTER 7
15-22)

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CHAPTER 6
11-14)
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Diseases of Digestive System, Chapter 11
K00-K95
Unspecified GI hemorrhage, K92.2
Combination codes with hemorrhage
Example: K57.21, Diverticulitis of large intestine with
perforation and abscess with bleeding
Slide ‹#›
The categories are sequenced in a manner that follows the path
of the digestive system from the mouth to the anus, beginning
with disorders of the teeth.
For a hemorrhage to be reported active bleeding is not
necessary; however, documentation must support the fact that
active bleeding has occurred.
Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue, Chapter 12
L00-L99
Also codes to report conditions of the:
Nails
Sweat glands
Hair

Hair follicles
Slide ‹#›
Chapter 12 describes diseases or conditions of the
Integumentary System.
Does the integumentary system only include the skin? (No)
What else is included in the integumentary system? (glands,
nails, hair and hair follicles)
What are the two glands that are covered in the integumentary
system? (sweat and sebaceous)
Infections
Using additional code before L00 directs coder to report the
infection with B95-B97
Slide ‹#›
If there isn’t a combination code to describe the diagnosis
(cellulitis) and cause (staph infection), then both of these
diagnoses would be coded out to fully describe the condition.

Pressure Ulcers
Stage 1: erythema (redness) of skin
Stage 2: partial loss of skin
(epidermis or dermis)
Stage 3: full thickness loss of skin
(up to but not through fascia)
Stage 4: full thickness loss
(extensive destruction and necrosis)
Slide ‹#›
Pressure ulcers develop when the circulation is decreased to that
area of the body.
Pressure ulcers are graded and reported based on:
Depth of the ulcer
Categorized in stages
Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue,
Chapter 13
M00-M99
Most codes specify:

Site: Location on the body
Laterality: Right, left, unilateral, bilateral
Some codes include “multiple sites” such as:
M15.-, Polyosteoarthritis including multiple sites
Slide ‹#›
Chapter 13 describes diseases or conditions of the bone, joints,
and muscles.
A medical dictionary will always be a handy tool to use when
there are medical terms that you may not know. For example,
dorsopathies.
Infectious Arthropathies
M00-M02
Direct infections
Invades synovial tissue
Invades the joint
Invasive organism has been identified
Indirect infections
Reactive: Microbial infection identified but not in joint
Postinfective: Microbial antigen present, but not constant and
no evidence of multiplication

Slide ‹#›
Pathological Fractures
Also known as (AKA): Spontaneous fracture
Fracture reported in addition to underlying condition
responsible for fracture
Never assign a code for a traumatic fracture and pathological
fracture of same bone
7th character indicates treatment plans, such as A for initial
Slide ‹#›
The 7th character A (initial encounter) is assigned as long as the
patient is receiving active treatment for the fracture.
Other 7th characters:
D (subsequent) is assigned when all active treatment is
completed
G, K, and P are assigned subsequent, nonroutine encounters
S is assigned for a sequela

Osteoporosis
M80 and M81
Systemic condition that affects bones
Fracture sustained with trauma that would not usually cause a
fracture
Site is not a component of codes
Category M80, Osteoporosis with current pathological fracture
Age and other osteoporosis codes
Category M81, Osteoporosis without current pathological
fracture
Slide ‹#›
Osteoporosis is a systemic condition
Meaning all bones of the musculoskeletal system are affected.
Male genitalia (N40-N53)
Female genitalia (N70-N98)
Breast (N60-N65)
Urinary System (N00-N39)
Kidney stones are most common disorder reported from this

chapter
N20, Calculus of kidney and ureter
Diseases of the Genitourinary System, Chapter 14
Slide ‹#›
Osteoporosis is a systemic condition
Meaning all bones of the musculoskeletal system are affected.
Conclusion
CHAPTER 6
11-14)
Slide ‹#›
Slide ‹#›

Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Environment
MCE | Learning and Teaching Version 2.0 | Page 1 of 4
Coursework Specification
1 Module Information
1.1 Module Title Construction project planning and delivery
1.2 Module Code Number KB7039
1.3 Module Level and Credit Points 7 20 credits

1.4 Module Leader Hazel Ponton
1.5 Assessment Component Number (on Module Specification)
02
1.6 Assessment Weighting (on Module Specification) 60%
1.7 Coursework Title

1 P a g e Def ect w a st e p ro b le m i n t he co

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