1. Evolving Infrastructures
Greening up a Pueblo Indian Gas Station
Aaron Caté
New Mexico State University
Anthony Martino, Manager (Org. 6124)
Sandra Begay-Campbell, Technical Advisor
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, NM
August 2014

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Abstract
The primary factor of increasing greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change is
due to the burning of fossil fuels, mostly from transportation. Coal and petroleum become very
toxic when burned, creating exhaust fumes in the air and generates heat that contributes to global
warming. Sustainable energy will play an important future role in cleaner energy development.
Electric powered vehicles and solar electricity production serve as promising clean technologies
that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Another form of promising renewable energy is
bioenergy; or specifically biofuels.
Gasoline service stations investing in sustainability will contribute to diminishing air pol-
lution impacts from vehicles. Tribal lands contain prospective renewable energy resources from
which technologies are clean alternative resources that could create tribal economic opportunities
dependably on location of the reservation. The literature content of this paper focuses on the
Santo Domingo Pueblo tribe and the Kewa Gas station, the tribe’s main primary retail and
wholesale operation. Santo Domingo Pueblo and its Kewa Gas station are located within a large
urban void area of the state of New Mexico (See Figure 6) where biodiesel and electric car
charging stations will be beneficial and efficient approach to attracting more customers. This
research paper will also explore the scope of renewable energy and energy efficiencies as a
means of tribally owned gas stations such shifting into renewable energy resources as alterna-
tives for economic development and reducing the reliance of fossil fuels.
Keywords: Santo Domingo Pueblo, biofuel, electric vehicles, charging station, strategic energy
planning, renewable energy, energy efficiency, Kewa Gas station

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Table of Contents
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….……ii.
I. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..1.
II. The Santo Domingo Pueblo Tribe……………………………………….…...…2.
III. Escalation: Tribal Business and Enterprises….………………………….…..…3.
IV. Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change………………….………………..…...5.
V. Greening A Pueblo Gas Station……………………………………….…..……7.
VI. Renewable Energy Technologies………………………………………….……9.
a.) Solar Energy……………………….…………………………….….....… 9.
b.) Wind Energy……………………….………………………………….… 11.
c.) Biomass-Derived Energy………….…………………….……………..…12.
VII. Biofuels..………………………………………….………………………….…13.
a.) Biodiesel.……………………….………………………………..….....…13.
b.) Ethanol.………………………..……………………………………….…14.
VIII. Electric-Powered Vehicles.…………………….………………………….……15.
IX. EVSE Charging Stations.………………………………………………….……16.
a.) Level 1 Station.……………………….……………………….…….....…16.
b.) Level 2 Station.……………………….….…………………………….…17.
c.) Level 3 Station.…………………………………………………..……..…17.
X. Greening A Gas Station: Alternative Factors.……………………….….………18.
a.) Assess, Replace, and Upgrade.……………………….……………......…18.
b.) The Photosynthesis Method.……………….……….………………….…19.
XI. Obstacles and Barriers.…………………………………………………….……21.
a.) Financial Setbacks.……………………….…...……………….…….....…21.
b.) Inadequate Tribal Direction.………….…….………………………….…22.
c.) Cultural Aspect…………………………………………………..……..…23.
XII. Infinity: Overcoming The Hurdles…………………..…………………….……24.
a.) Financial Aid Programs.………………………....…………….…….....…24.
b.) Strategic Energy Planning.………….………………………………….…25.
c.) Cultural Equanimity.…………………………...………………..……..…26.
XIII. Concluding Remarks.………………………………………..…………….……28.
Acknowledgement.…………………………………………………..…………….……30.
References………………………………………………………………………….……33.

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I. Introduction
As technology continuously advances, rising fuel costs, oil spills, international consumption,
and increasing climate change become the foundations of establishing the common goals of
sustaining energy resources, making the transitions to a clean establishment. In the early 1980s
shortage of oil caused many communities to evaluate their use of energy (Brookshire & Kaza).
Renewable energy can meet energy and economic needs in Indian Country with less harm to the
environment, cultural resources and community health, which is why many tribes are taking a
“sustainability” approach and are moving toward a renewable energy future.
According to the Brundland report, “sustainability” is referred to as a “development [that]
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.” This fundamentally implies living off the Earth’s natural resources without
depleting or degrading any of the natural environments. Tribal lands contain prospective quanti-
ties of renewable resources for which sustainable technologies that are clean alternative re-
sources that create tribal economic opportunities depending on the location of their reservation.
Likewise, recent studies indicate that tribal lands contain substantial renewable resources such as
wind, solar, and biomass that could provide tribal infrastructure development and a steady source
of revenue if the generated energy is sold through a power purchase agreement. (Meisen &
Erberich).
Presently, the United Stated remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas,
and coal to supply its energy needs. Fossil fuels are also a contributor of greenhouse gas emis-
sions, mostly carbon dioxide (CO2), which contributes to increasing global climate changes and
impacts on human health (Jacobsson & Bergek). More people are driving vehicles and the

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demand of petroleum and service stations increases. Vehicles with internal combustion engines
release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and propel climate change.
II. The Santo Domingo Pueblo Tribe
The Santo Domingo Pueblo tribe is among the Pueblo Indian tribes of the Southwest, occu-
pying tribal settlements in Arizona and New Mexico. The tribe maintains legal claim to its
ancestral lands of over its current 73,000 acres of land 25 miles north of Albuquerque, New
Mexico (Velarde-Tiller). Their prehistoric history roots back to the ancient Anasazi culture. The
term Pueblo means “village” or “town” in Spanish, referring to the ancient cliff dwellings and
multi-story house complexes.
At the time of the Spanish colonization in the 16th
century, Spanish missionaries convert-
ed the Pueblo people into Catholicism: missions were established and patron saints were as-
signed to each of the Pueblo villages that would coincide with their traditional ceremonies. The
Pueblo’s patron saint, St. Dominic, was given to them by the Spanish Conquistadors, whom gave
the name “Santo Domingo” to the pueblo in the 1600s To this day, all Pueblo Indian tribes have
maintained much of their traditional cultures, placing great emphasis on their ancient religious
societies and structures.
Figure 1: Santo Domingo Pueblo. Source: John Farnsworth Vintage
and Estate

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Figure 2: Typical Pueblo Indian village homes. Source:
Ancient Cultures of South America.
Unlike the Navajo, Apache, and Ute
tribes, the Pueblo Indians are not scattered
throughout wide spatial extents; they live
very close together in a central living
clustered area. Pueblo dwellings contain
dozens of units made out of stone and
adobe – clay and straw baked into hard
bricks. Some of these multiplexes were homes to entire extended clans. Although many Pueblo
families live in modern day housing, many traditional Pueblo houses are still in use today.
III. Escalation: Tribal Business and Enterprises
Although tribal sovereignty extends to initiating profitable Native American gambling enter-
prises for many tribes throughout the U.S., Santo Domingo Pueblo is a non-gaming tribe and
remains very conservative in terms of preserving their ancient customs, tradition, and culture; all
of which are essential to their traditional way of life. The pueblo land is also rich in mineral
resources including, clay, pumice, sand, and gravel (Smith & Kuhle). The tribe is economically
supported through tribally owned enterprises and tribal land leasing.
The pueblo’s primary source of income comes from its local service gas station called the
Kewa Gas station located on U.S. I-25 Exit 259 – the area’s key north-south pathway – four
miles from the main village. The facility offers 20 retail gas pumps and is under both wholesale
and retail operation with a local food franchise and restaurant. The Kewa Gas station also has a
30-acre tract used for market place setting for the well-known Santo Domingo Pueblo jewelry,
arts, and crafts. The Santo Domingo Pueblo reservation is also located by the ancient Cerillos
turquoise mines, which has lead the local tribal members to have become internationally famous

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Figure 3: Construction site of PNM’s new Kewa
Substation in 2012.
for their devotion of utilizing the resources for producing fine jewelry from turquoise and heishi
(grounded beads derived from organic tube-shaped shells), baskets, pottery, and stone carvings.
The Pueblo Indian tribes are well known for their distinguished trading with other tribes and
communities of the southwest as far as back as the 1800s.
Santo Domingo Pueblo has also invested in further community development. In 2003, the
tribe instituted an emergency medical services (EMS) program that first started out in a single
wide trailer adjacent to the tribe’s community center. The tribe created a Tribal Emergency
Response Committee (TERC) with an objective of establishing a new EMS facility construction
to be built along the New Mexico State Highway 22, 2,500-feet northwest from the Kewa Gas
station. The tribe’s health clinic and head start facility were slowly deteriorating, so within the
following year construction contracts were executed for a new health clinic and a head start/early
head start complex and both buildings were completed and went under operation in 2012. Both
facilities are the neighboring structures nest to the tribe’s EMS station on Highway 22.
In addition to the service station, the sale of natural resources, such as sand and gravel, and
interest earned from financial investments also contribute to the tribal economy. The tribe also
leases tribal lands for mining operations and
receives income from various leases and
permits including the Public Service Compa-
ny of New Mexico (PNM), for New Mexico’s
highest transmission line (345kv) runs
through the reservation lands. In 2012, PNM
designed, built, and installed an upgraded
115-kV electrical substation for Santo Do-

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mingo Pueblo by the I-25 exit, approximately 2,000-feet southeast of the Kewa Gas station. The
new substation was designed as a backup source in case the main substation of the pueblo ever
goes out. The tribal planner at the Santo Domingo Pueblo utilities office addressed that the tribe
was interested in making plans for developing a subdivision for a new housing site; the new
substation was also designed as an investment for a redundant power source for future communi-
ty and further business growth.
IV. Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
Currently, fossil fuels are the dominant source of all the energy sources; coal is used for elec-
tricity and oil is used for transportation. Moreover, the burning of fossil fuels (from human
activities) are the primary factor of global warming, which creates the increasing concentration
of greenhouse gas emissions such as CO2, Halons, methane (CH4), ozone, and nitrous oxide
(N2O),. Greenhouse gases are essentially the energy of heat that acts like a canopy insulator
wrapped around the Earth and traps the solar radiation heat in the troposphere, causing a rise in
the global climate temperature. Heat waves are becoming more frequent, cold snaps are more
shorter and milder, snow and ice-cover are decreasing in the northern hemisphere, and glaciers
and ice-caps around the world are melting at a rate of 40%, which has decreased in areal extent
by 10-15% since the 1950s (Kaltenborn, Nellemann, & Vistnes). The world’s supply o ffossil
fuels and petroleum will eventually run out causing an increase in new fossil fuel regulations and
an escalation of oil prices. Furthermore, the world population continues to increase along with
the emerging industrialization of developing nations.

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Reduction of industrial CO2 emissions has become a major focus of global environmental
policy through industrial applications (Wheatley). One of the primary solutions for reducing
these emissions and environmental impacts are implementing renewable energy resources such
as wind, solar or biomass energy as the alternative sources of energy consumption. Renewable
energy resources are clean and sustainable energy development with almost zero air pollutant
emissions; moreover, it can be constantly replaced and will never run out. In the past 200 years,
CO2 levels increased dramatically at a rate of 31%. Additionally, CO2 emissions, alone, have
grown at an average annual rate of 1.7% per year from 1971-1995. Industry contributes 37% of
global pollutant gas emissions out of which over 80% is from energy usage. Renewable energy
resources currently supply 14% of the total world energy demand and are projected to increase
significantly from 30-80% in the year 2100 (Panwar, Kaushik, and Kothari).
Energy production from renewable technologies such as solar, wind, and biomass are clean
and can minimize environmental impacts. Solar energy is the most considerable for tribal lands
in the Southwest – the most substantial area in the United States for direct solar radiation. Reser-
vations in the Great Plains and coastal areas contain significant wind energy potential (Smith &
Frehner). Many reservations across the United States contain biomass resources for bioenergy;
Figure 5: Top coal mining nations (left) and global coal production shares. Source: U.S. Energy
Information

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however, bioenergy is strongly reliant on specific locations where residual sources and fuel crops
are available.
V. Greening A Pueblo Indian Gas Station
Santo Domingo Pueblo and its Kewa Gas station are located within a large urban void area of
the state of New Mexico (See Figure 6) where biodiesel and electric car charging stations will be
beneficial and efficient approach to attracting more customers. The Kewa Gas station manage-
ment office stated that the majority of travelers who pass through the Kewa Gas station are
motorists in-route from Albuquerque to Santa Fe and vice versa. The service station gets a
consumer average of 500 motorists each day.
Greening up a gas station will also contribute both to environmental sustainability and miti-
gating pollutant emissions. It will also instigate an opportunity of diversifying services to drivers
who drive electric-powered vehicles. Former Sandia National Laboratories intern Prestene
Figure 6: Map of variety fuel stations in the central part of New Mexico

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Garnenez defines greening up a service station as “a gas station that operates above and beyond
environmental regulatory requirements.”
Transportation produces as close as to 30% of all the emissions in the United States; among
them are CO2 and CH4. Passenger cars and light trucks generates 61% of U.S. transportation
emissions (see Figure 14) while freight trucks and buses contribute to 18% of all transportation
emissions. Morrow, Karner & Francfor’s report to the U.S. Department of Energy described the
2001 National Household Travel Survey (NTHS) conducted by the Federal Highway Admin-
istration. A series of collected data from the survey implied that between 1969 and 2001, there
has been a 44.3% increase in daily car travel trips per day. The figure below indicates the 2001
average daily vehicle miles traveled (VMT) was 32.73, an increase of 58.6%.
Vehicle Trips to and from work commonly generate the most VMT. Along with these da-
ta that were collected, the community of Santo Domingo Pueblo is in an average 30 mile distant
region between both Santa Fe and Albuquerque, New Mexico. For example, if a community
member of the tribe has to travel off the reservation to a utility bill, that person will have to drive
……Figure 7: VMT Chart (left) and the 2001 Average Annual VMT per household (right) from NTHS report

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30 miles to Santa Fe or Albuquerque and drive another
30 mile distance back. That is a 60 mile round trip not
counting the amount of miles driven around the city.
Climate changes do not only jeopardize causes floods
and droughts but it also endangers the human health. Vehicles
with internal combustion engines generally burn gasoline
which eventually emits global warming emissions into the
atmosphere. For example, according to the Union of Concerned Scientists website, 1 gallon of gasoline
emits 24 lbs. (11 kg) of CO2 emissions. Keep in mind that 5 lbs. (2.3 kg) of that mass comes from
petrolium extraction (Union of Concerned Scientists). So, the actual amount of heat trapping
emissions that come out of a vehicle’s exhaust system from one gallon of gas is 19 lbs. (8.6 kg).
The Kewa Gas station management office gave an estimate that the service station sells approx-
imately 17,000 gallons of fuel each day. That adds up to an average total of 162 tons (147 metric
ton) of CO2 emissions coming from the 500 average motorists making long distance travels
along the I-25 route between Albuquerque and Santa Fe, New Mexico.
VI. Renewable Energy Technologies
Renewable energy sources provide sustainable methodologies of reducing both greenhouse
gas emissions and the dependency of fossil fuels. Renewable energy also provides the substantial
benefits for the environment, the human health, and the United States economy. The following
subcategories will briefly describe the top three abundant sources – solar, wind, and biomass –
and their benefits
a. Solar Energy
Energy efficiency and renewable energy are the key sources of declining the negative impact
of energy cost and climate change. In 1998, the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority (NTUA) estab-
Figure 8: U.S. Transportation Emis-
sions. Source: UCSUSA

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Figure 9: Solar PV array outside a domestic home in
Navajo Nation
lished a renewable energy program for the
citizens of the Navajo Nation and their utility
needs. Currently, NTUA offers 880-watt
hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) systems
combined small wind turbines—storing
power in battery banks that are connected to
inverter, which converts DC power to AC
and directs it into the family household.
These systems alone cost approximately $18,000 per package but it is beneficial when compar-
ing to the cost of running power lines into individual homes remotely distant from the grid,
which costs roughly $30,000 per mile. Customers pay an average monthly fee of $90. This
includes maintenance fees for the systems that have battery storage life span of up to 5 years.
Solar electricity productions serve as a promising source of energy that will reduce CO2 pol-
lutant emissions. The sun’s heat and light can provide massive amount energy at a rate of
3.8x1023
kW, out of which the Earth roughly captures 1.8x104 kW. PV systems use solar panels
to collect the sunlight into an inverter component and DC power is produced by the PV array.
The DC power is then adapted into AC power for utility grids. This provides a good source of
power for business complexes and residential abodes. Another way to produce energy is from the
sun’s heat; solar thermal power can be harnessed with the use of solar thermal converters—a
system that collects the sun’s heat and solar radiation and then is converted into electricity.
Nonetheless, solar energy gadgets and systems are highly costly but the prices are slowly de-
creasing.

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Figure 11: Wind
turbines on the Campo
Kumeyaay Nation
Panwar, Kaushik, and Kothari’s article indicates that solar electricity production has a cost
that ranges from $0.09-0.40/kWh with no carbon emissions. In contrast, cheaper generation of
power that is used from coal-natural gas turbines cost $0.05-0.07/kWh and produces 100-230
gC/kWh carbon emissions (See Table 1 Below).
The NTUA district office in Chinle, Arizona, has a two-large-PV-array system that rotates in
certain times during the day to capture the sun’s direct beam for higher energy efficiency. When
considering solar energy projects, it is also important to remember that different kinds of systems
required based on energy load demand. The technological requirements for these PV systems
principally depend on the energy loads per family household and their ability to manage energy
efficiencies. In other words, a positive aspect to solar energy is getting the customers to appreci-
ate their use of energy instead of wasting it.
b. Wind Energy
Wind energy is becoming one of the most attractive forms of ener-
gy generation. Unlike solar energy, biomass, and fossil fuels, the
primary advantages of obtaining electricity from wind force are that it
never depletes and prices never increase. Wind energy displaces fossil
fuels; in addition, it is highly dependable on local minimum wind
energy standards and requires wind turbines built in an area where
there are promising good sources of wind gusts that will provide the
Electricity Generation Technology
Carbon emissions
(gC/kWh)
Generation costs
(U.S. ¢/kWh)
Solar thermal and solar PV systems 0 9‐40
Pulverized coal‐natural gas turbine 100‐230 5‐7
Table 1. Economics and emissions of conventional technologies compared with solar power generation.
……...Source: Panwar, Kaushik, and Kothari

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rotational forces for the wind turbines. Figure 11 indicates a map indicating the best areas for
wind and solar energy throughout the United States. The way wind energy is converted to elec-
tricity, via wind turbines, is it converts the motion of the wind into rotational energy, into the
power that can be used to drive a generator. Hence, this electricity can help reduce electricity
costs by saving a myriad of petroleum barrels and decrease the quantities of carbon and other
emissions from escaping into the atmosphere.
c. Biomass-Derived Energy
Another form of promising source of energy is bioenergy (aka biomass), which is renewable
energy harnessed from biological sources and compounds. One of the main components of
bioenergy is fuel produced by organic material that includes biogas. Gases that are present in the
mixture of biogas include 30-60% of CO2 and 40-70%, CH4, and other gases produced from
organic and agricultural waste products, i.e., crop residuals and manure, etc. Biogas technology
provides an excellent opportunity for reducing global warming and air pollutant emissions. One
of the advantages of biogas is it can be distributed from existing natural gases and used in the
same natural gas applications. Unlike other renewable energy resources, biogas can be produced
and stored whenever it is needed in contrast of using coal and wood in the traditional energy
heating systems.
A case study by Panwar, Kaushik, and Kothari estimated that 85-90% of world primary ener-
gy consumptions, based on fossil fuel dependencies would continue on until 2030. This means
that prices for gasoline will continue to increase as well as the threat of the exhaust fumes of
global warming. This triggers the international attention of transitioning to using non-petroleum
fuels for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel is amongst those selected preferences. It is
renewable and it is a clean burning fuel that is also biodegradable. Biodiesel also has the poten-

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tial to reduce emissions that are caused from the transport industry, which according to the
authors is the largest producer of greenhouse gases. The use of biodiesel fuels will reduce the
particulate burning fuels exhaust fumes and will provide the potential benefits to human health.
VII. Biofuels
There are various gas stations throughout the US that are contributing by selling biofuels and
installing electric car charging stations. Biofuels are alternative fuels developed from agricultur-
ally derived materials such as plants or animal fat—a branch of biomass. Biofuels are essentially
much cleaner burning fuel and will substantively decrease greenhouse gas emissions; additional-
ly, they also help support agricultural industries and they reduce the dependency on foreign oil.
There are two kinds of biofuels: ethanol and biodiesel; these fuels can be used as a substitute use
of gasoline or diesel.
a. Biodiesel
Biodiesel contains no petroleum. It can, however, become blended within any level of petro-
leum diesel in order to create a more sufficient biodiesel blend. For example, a blend of 20%
biodiesel that is mixed with 80% petroleum diesel is what’s known as B20 fuel (Szybist, Song,
Alam, & Boehman). Because biodiesel contains good lubricating properties with no sulfur
content, the lower blends of biodiesel are particularly well liked and in the trucking industry;
likewise, it is also a common additive for low-and ultra-low diesel fuels required by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). There are only nine gas stations throughout New
Mexico that sell biodiesel. Although biodiesel has become a more attractive resource for fuel the
major challenges are the costs and processing. Likewise, the cost of raw materials fat and oil
resources are very limited and will require more land to produce food for vegetable oil and
animal fat (Ma & Hanna).

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b. Ethanol
Ethanol is another alternative fuel produced from biomass. It is a clear and colorless-alcohol
prepared from sugar and starch found in various agricultural crops such as corn, barley, and
sugar cane. Just like biodiesel, ethanol is a much cleaner burning substance and diminishes
greenhouse gas emissions. Today, only a fraction of the total gas stations in the United States
have some amount of ethanol blended into their fuels. These fuels are named based on the
ethanol content that is blended in the fuel. For example, an E10 fuel is a blend of 10% ethanol
volume and 90% gasoline.
An E85 contains an 85% ethanol blend and the remaining 15% containing gasoline (Anderson).
According to the E85 Price website, there are currently 3 gas stations in Albuquerque that sell
E85 fuel and only 2 in Santa Fe. Ethanol will ignite under normal conditions just like normal
gasoline, but Ethanol spills pose less serious threat to human health. Studies also indicate that
biofuels could replace 30% or more of U.S. gasoline demand by 2030 (U.S. Department of
Energy). When a gas station decides to go green and sell biofuels is for the facility to upgrade to
more energy efficient appliances.
Figure 12: Biofuels life cycle. Source: eXtension

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Although future production goals in using a variety of biofuels are currently under way, in-
frastructure upgrades will be required for expanding storage capacity and underground storage
tanks. Modifications for service stations will also be required to ensure safe transportation of
ethanol and biodiesel (U.S. Department
of Energy of Energy Office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy).
VIII. Electric-Powered Vehicles
Another thing to consider is that be-
cause of the rising fuel costs and green-
house gas emissions, many motorists are
converting to driving electric vehicles, which are slowly beginning to continue their march
towards mainstream adoption. Unlike internal combustion from gasoline vehicles, an electric car
is propelled by electric motors with electrical energy stored in storage batteries. There are two
types of electric-powered vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and plug-in-hybrid electric
vehicle (PHEV).
Although both are classified as electric cars, an HEV vehicle combines both internal combus-
tion engine and electric motors. Both vehicles use two propulsion methods, an internal combus-
tion engine and an electric motor. The key differences between the two vehicles are the primary
source of energy and overall energy efficiency of the two mechanical architectures. The main
fuel source for HEV is gasoline but the electrical motor uses regenerative braking to capture
energy and store it back into the batteries as a backup stored energy. A PHEV car uses more of
its electric motor to power all aspects of propulsion. The vehicle battery levels will reach a
predetermined battery state of charge (SOC). It is in this time when a PHEV enters a charge-
Figure 13: The Tesla Model S, an electric powered vehicle.
Source: TreeHugger

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sustaining mode. The internal combustion engine will then supply the backup power to the
electric motor. Nevertheless, the main power source is the battery-powered electric motor. They
use stored energy sourced directly from electricity grids. The energy captured is not enough to
sustain the electric motor as the main driving system. The combustion system will only work as a
backup source whenever the batteries are depleted. Another key difference between both vehi-
cles is that energy savings are more sustainable substantial relative to the PHEVs rather than the
HEVs because HEVs primarily use the combustion engine (McEachern).
IX. EVSE Charging Stations
The rising usages of electric-powered vehicles initiates the attention for many homes and
businesses to install electric car charging stations, also called electric vehicle supply equipment
(EVSE). Electric vehicles use chargers that use rectifier circuits that transform alternating current
(AC) from an electric grid into direct current (DC) for recharging the electric vehicle’s power
source. While it takes no more than a couple minutes to fuel a gasoline car, and electric vehicle
takes a lot more time depending on the car’s battery. The
charging stations also have different power properties so
it also depends on the power capacity of the charger for a
more efficient charging time. The following categories
will describe each of the three major classified EVSE
charging stations that are now available.
a. Level 1 Station
Level 1 charging station contains of a single phase
SAE J1772 vehicle coupler. The charger powers AC
energy with 120 volts (VAC) at16 amps (A), which
Figure 14: Level 2 charging station: Source
Metro Plug-In

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Figure 15: Level 3 charging station.
Source: Thinkd2c word press.
gives a total power up to 1.92 kW. This is the same amount of power that comes from a typical
household outlet. This type of charging station is more aimed for home-charging systems
because it will take about 22 hours for a full charge; this entirely depends on the battery type of
the electric vehicle.
b. Level 2 Station
A Level 2 charging station supplies energy up to 240-VAC when plugged into an electric ve-
hicle and provides a maximum power of 19.2-kW at 80-A; this is the same amount of energy it
takes to power an electric laundry dryer or oven in a home. Both Level 1 and Level 2 charging
stations deliver household electricity when plugged into an
electric vehicle. So, depending on the type of battery in the
electric vehicle system, it will take around 6-8 hours to
fully charge an electric vehicle. Level 2 charging stations
can also be found in public parking lots, garages and
commercial complexes. Most customers that have to do
errands simply park their cars at the charging station while
they are away and then when they return, their vehicles
have been charged (Saxton).
c. Level 3 Station
Level 1 and 2 are both AC-based charging station. A Level 3 off-board charger is comprised
of very high DC volts (VDC) ranging from 400 to 600-VDC with maximum high electric cur-
rents up to 400-A. The charging time for a Level 3 system to charge an 80% full electric car
capacity takes no less than 30 minutes minimum. Because of the high electricity charging ca-
pacity, a Level 3 station is not suitable for home charging systems. Instead, they can be used for

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Figure 16: Solar-powered EVSE station. Source: Clean Fuel
Connection
charging systems provided around
business complexes powered by a
nearby grid. The common electric grid
has high capital costs and low produc-
tion cost; the automobile fleet is in
reverse. Electric generators are in use
57% of the time, automobiles only 4%.
Fossil fuels are expected to be displaced by intermittent renewable energy such as HEVs and
PHEVs within the late 21st
century (Kempton & Tomić).
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation is desired as the electric utilities for charging electric cars.
There are other equipment can be sued such as solar PV systems or other co-generation equip-
ment Another thing to for business facilities to consider is that due to high voltage output, Level
3 charging infrastructures must confirm to codes and practices not applicable to residential
infrastructure All commercial charging stations, regardless of the charging levels, must also
include and access control system that tracks usage data and a 24 hour customer support line
through speaker phone (Morrow, Karner & Francfor).
X. Greening A Gas Station: Alternative Factors
According to Prestene Garnenez’s research paper on Green Gas Stations, there are alternative
factors for greening up tribally owned gas stations:
a. Assess, Replace, and Upgrade
One great way to conserve energy and save money in a business establishment is to assess,
replace or upgrade the building’s heating and cooling systems as well as the water-heating
systems for the establishment. Installing waterless urinals and dual flush commodes is one

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Figure 17: The photosynthesis process. Source:
TV411
logical step. Nearly half of the energy consump-
tion of convenience stores is due to refrigeration;
these appliances take up a lot of energy to keep
food products cold. So, in order to further up-
grade energy efficiencies for gas stations and
convenient stores, it is imperative to replace or
upgrade refrigeration and freezer appliances with
ENERGY STAR certified appliances. Additional
appliances that take up a lot of energy in any
business complex are the lighting. In fact, the incandescent lamps (light bulb) that are most
common used in American homes have very inefficient technology – only10% of electricity
converts to light and the other 90% is wasted away as heat (EIA).
In 2012, EIA estimated that over 461-billion-kWh of electricity were used for lighting both
residential and commercial facilities in the U.S. alone. PNM recommends many commercial
facilities to switch to compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). A single 20-watt CFL will provide the
same amount of light as a 75-watt incandescent light bulb and will last up to seven times longer
(ACEEE). Furthermore, replacing and upgrading the lighting systems of a commercial facility
could save a lot more energy and reduce electricity bills.
b. The Photosynthesis Method
Another strategy approach to reduce heat and pollutant emissions from gasoline vehicles is
the installation of trees, landscaping and vegetation. A roof with a vegetative layer of plants can
help reduce energy use and cost by removing heat from the air through evaporation. Green roofs
absorb heat and act as insulators for buildings, thus further reducing energy cost for heating. One

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Figure 18: Green roof with vegetation. Source: 3
Rivers Wet Solution.
case study was shown in the 1990s, when the
Chinese municipal government proposed
urban forestry in the central of Beijing as a
way to alleviate air pollution in the city.
(Yang, McBride, Zhou, & Sun).
Urban forestry does not only make a gray
metropolis look pretty but it also can provide
ecological benefits by reducing air pollution
and alleviating heat. Due to extremely high levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
in the City of Beijing, trees serve as the principal absorber of carbon dioxide during the photo-
synthesis stage by storing the carbon into their roots and trunk and releasing oxygen back into
the air; therefore deducing the air pollutant heat-trappers. Juxtaposing this example to an Indian
reservation gas station states that implanting trees serves as an additional element to reduce air
pollutions. Even installing a roof with a vegetative layer of plants on top can also help reduce
energy use and cost by removing heat from the air through evaporation. Green roofs absorb heat
and act as insulators for buildings, thus further reducing energy cost for heating.
Although this is beneficial in some cases, most trees, plants, and other vegetation may not be
in the strongest condition when planted. For example, in 2002, the outcomes of the Beijing urban
forestry resulted in about 29% of the 2.4 million trees that were at the central part of the city
were in poor conditions. However, the majority of the trees removed 1261.4 tons of pollutants
from the air and the carbon dioxide that was stored in biomass form by the urban forest amount-
ed to roughly 0.2 million tons (Yang, McBride, Zhou, & Sun).

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XI. Obstacle and Barriers
Even though renewable projects serve as the primary advantage for both environment and
human health improvement, the development process to these projects can be exceedingly
challenging on tribal lands. In many cases, many tribes do not have the infrastructure and organi-
zational capacity to manage a major project; additionally, finding the capital for projects remains
challenging for tribes considering the development of renewables (Meisen & Erberich). The
following text will describe primary drawback to the installation of renewables in tribal commu-
nities:
a. Financial Setbacks
One of the potential barriers to these energy resource developments are the lack of funding;
especially for small tribes that are not in the gaming industry as the majority of tribal communi-
ties across the United States and Canada. Tribes with higher poverty and unemployment rates are
more or less likely to conduct any renewable energy plans. This leads to discouragement for
many tribes to enroll and participate in any green renewable energy plans because they cannot
front the investment of capital necessary to complete renewable energy projects.
The nineteen Pueblos of New Mexico belong to a confedera-
tion called the All Indian Pueblo Council: each Pueblo has its own
local government and law but is still under jurisdiction of the
federal government and must obey American government law. The
Santo Domingo Pueblo’s Tribal Council is the primary governing
authority of the pueblo and serves as the primary host to intertribal
conferences and all council meetings. The members of the Santo
Domingo Pueblo council also handles the tribe’s finances and
Figure 19: All Indian Pueblo
Council logo. Source: Fronte-
ras Desk

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provides the authority of adopting tribal resolutions that serve as rules and ordinances that may
affect daily life in the Pueblo. The tribal government administers both the utility and housing
programs of the tribe (Velarde-Tiller).
b. Inadequate Tribal Direction
An interview with Santo Domingo Pueblo’s utilities office addressed that another potential
drawback renewable projects are poor decisions that can be made from the tribal government.
Each year, Santo Domingo Pueblo selects a Governor, Lt. Governor, and tribal officials and each
of them serve one-year term before the next generations of officers are selected in a non-electoral
system. Because of this, some of the council members make poor decisions on tribal projects
because most of them are not fully familiar with project development systems.
One example tribal utilities office pointed out was that many of the council members take
advantage of their short one-year term and think on their own vested interests before adopting
tribal resolutions that eventually affect daily pueblo life and current projects. For example, a
proposal to paving new roads on the pueblo was formulized and funding was granted for the
project. One of the Pueblo council members at the time pushed the project to a new direction by
repaving the existing road which leads into the main village.
After the project was finished and new tribal officers were appointed for the following tribal
government term; eventually, the utilities office received complaints from the precious council
members about the original road pavement projects not progressing. One fact that the utilities
office pointed out was that tribal leaders and investors must understand the process of complet-
ing a project during a certain time duration – the longer a project is put on hold the harder it is to
finish and funding for the project investment decreases, which creates further disadvantages and
delays.

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c. Cultural Aspects
It is also important to keep in mind that some tribal leaders and community members op-
posed renewable energy due to cultural aspects. For example, in 2009 the Santo Domingo Pueblo
tribal government had drafted plans to install PV arrays on buildings houses and the community
center. There were slow plans to install a series of PV systems on roadways and lease solar land
panels for a new housing site. Many community members, especially the elders, opposed against
the renewable energy plans due to the historical and cultural background of the tribe. For exam-
ple, the sun is a very divine sacredness in the Pueblo and Hopi Indian religion and many of the
pueblo elders of Santo Domingo Pueblo considered solar energy sacrilegious and sealing power
from the sun. This is a very difficult understanding
It is also difficult for many outsiders and non-natives to realize why some tribal members in
Native American communities refuse to take advantage of renewable energy and electrification.
Many scholars and researchers always assume that Native Americans stand remotely and that
they feel that the Native Americans must invest or upgrade their energy supplies. There are
many dwellers on Native American tribal lands that refuse to live amongst electricity because
they choose not to or they refuse to transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy resources
because they seem difficult to handle and maintain.
Also, another issue that many tribal members and leaders oppose of about renewable energy
is the amount of land usage it requires. For centuries, farming and ranching are the traditional
ways of life on the Santo Domingo Pueblo; the majority of the pueblo dwellers are involved in
agriculture and livestock. The pueblo has done continuing analyses on irrigable acreage for
current and future agricultural uses and developments on tribal lands. Many of the Santo Domin-

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go Pueblo farmers dispute against leasing more tribal lands for the development of installing a
series of solar arrays.
XII. Infinity: Overcoming the Hurdles
a. Financial Aid Programs
There are substantial amounts of financial aid and grants available for renewable energy pro-
jects on tribal lands. Financial support can be supplied through federal grants, project funding,
loans, and green tags sales. Some of the most common grants from federal entities come from the
Tribal Energy Program, the DOE, the Department of Interior (DOI), the Department of Agricul-
ture, and EPA. One thing to keep in mind is that federal grants only apply if the tribes have clear,
practical plans for the completion of their projects. This is why it may be worthwhile for tribes to
consider all other possible funding opportunities from private investors and other foundations.
The sales of green tags and carbon offset bonds are other ways to invest in renewable technolo-
gies. Green tags are certificates in which signifies the amount of CO2 that a renewable facility
would produce if it had been a fossil fuel plant (Meisen).
These kinds of programs help tribes make ends meet in developing their energy resources
that increases their energy, self-efficiency, and tribal sovereignty. Federal financial and advisory
supports are also the key incentives for tribes to begin their energy planning. It is also imperative
that tribes should consider the energy resources best suited to their regions and identify the
financial, institutional, and political barriers during the energy planning procedure. It is also
crucial to remember that federally recognized tribes are government; therefore, installing renew-
able energy equipment will involve interacting with the federal government. Once a plan has
gone into progress in a tribal community, tribal leaders must be able to ask their local congress-
men to extend reliable tax credits or ask attorneys to minimize large time spans.Tribal communi-

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ties are sovereign nations, meaning they can run their own programs as a community based
government but tribes must follow federal guidelines and regulations. If a tribal community
qualifies for federal aids, grants and loans, then they need to develop a strategic energy plan and
use the funds accordingly to that plan that will benefit the community in the long run.
b. Strategic Energy Planning
While it may seem that some renewable energy programs cost money, grants, loans, and pri-
vate funding invest in these projects. They are available and it is up to the community if they
qualify for the programs and if they are willing to learn more of how to apply these technologies
and sustaining energy. Formal strategic energy plans help tribes overcome the barriers to renew-
able energy resource development. Tribes that develop strategic energy plans are more likely to
develop energy.
Strategic energy planning produces an opportunity for tribes to engage long-term commodi-
ties and support tribal energy projects that goes far beyond the term of one political administra-
tion group over another. One thing to keep in mind is that larger scale energy projects are chal-
lenging and take a long time to develop depending on the type of energy development plan that
is proposed. The key to effectively formulating to successful planning is identifying potential
stakeholders; forming a leadership team within the administration and technical team; and
developing an energy vison by keeping ongoing awareness for project and planning adjustments
tasked with implementing the strategic energy plan.
Any technical firm or company can design or plan a utility grid system but it takes the right
leaders to approve ideas and changes in order for technical processes to proceed. Every tribal
leader has the responsibility to lead groups or followers in the right direction without encounter-
ing any offsets that could potentially lead to consequences that he or she will encounter including

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Figure 21: Santo Domingo Pueblo
Great Seal. Source: Indian Pueblo
the groups and followers. By empowering the people with the project planning, they will also be
empowered to do engage in proposed renewable energy projects. All tribal members, especially
the leaders, must be able to understand the socio-economic conditions of their community. They
must also understand the field-point to financing; obtaining the data; and the process of conduct-
ing a strategic plan. A master planner is like a master chess player; they indicate the problem –
make the move and assess the situation across the board.
Regardless of the source of income, if a tribe has any renewable plan in mind, they must get
deeply involved in a more comprehensive approach to help develop their energy efficiencies and
enhance both their tribal community goals and their potential energy resources. During the 2014
Native Nations in Renewable Energy Conference in Anaheim California, speaker Jamie Fullmer,
stated that tribal leaders must “update and modernize their sovereignty and tribal systems” in to
progress in both their energy efficiency and renewable energy
resources. It is also important for all tribal leaders to under-
stand and address the sustainability concerns, by create
energy related jobs and business opportunities, and making
energy affordable for all tribal members.
c. Cultural Equanimity
Energy advances and it leaves many tribal community
members a variety of choices to use these new technologies
for their communities. The Santo Domingo Pueblo tribe has a very strong sense of tribal harmo-
ny; they have been able to hold on to their traditional values and culture despite extensive inter-
actions with external American customs and cultures. One good example is the tribe’s Keresean
language system. The language itself is not written down and is strictly taught orally. About 90%

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of native speakers speak the Keresean language this is an important understanding for the tribe
because many Native American tribes have lost touch in their culture and their language.
Although advanced technology is available to the people of all the Native communities in the
U.S. they can choose their own way of living. One of the staff members of the Hopi utilities in
Hotevilla Village, Arizona, pointed out that although they have progressed in installing solar
energy, they encountered minor setbacks regarding cultural reasons in the past. Just like the
Santo Domingo Pueblo tribe, there were many community members who considered stealing
power from the sun was blasphemy. The Hopi People like to stay traditional in preserving the
aesthetics of their traditional houses, which is why they decided to install PV systems on their
household in order to access energy.
The Hopi utilities staff also pointed out that there were many community members who still
live without electricity many organizations and entities must appreciate their choices and not
force them to go into electrification. The Hopi staff members also stated that since the sun brings
light and help crops grow many saw that solar energy was a way that the community could use
the suns power to power up their home. In a way, some apparatus in the Hopi community require
electricity especially in the winter seasons. Power is especially needed for life support systems
for the elderly and the power of lighting for the youth to do their homework after dark. It is the
modern world and using power with the aide of their sacred deity is a way for their communities
to move forward since they refused to have power lines installed in their village.
According to William Micklin (another speaker at the 2014 Native Nations in Renewable
Energy Conference), in order to see planning stages progress, some tribes may also need to
consider creating their own energy utilities of working with “outside resources” beyond the
reservation borders. If tribes will open up their doors and allowed more partnerships with public

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and nonprofit institutions to develop energy on tribal lands, there are good potentials that will
have renewable energy resources installed on their properties or lands and could possibly receive
additional sources of funding which will enhance their tribal energy efficiencies.
XIII. Concluding Remarks
Just like a new machine that is presented at a development conference, there will be ad-
vantages and disadvantages for using renewable energy resources. It was stated the primary
factor of global warming are due to human activities, mainly the burning of fossil fuels. Renew-
able energy and energy efficiencies are the key sources of generating cleaner energy needs and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The biggest difficulty to these renewable energy resources is
finding the transition and the value of these technologies. One example is the production solar
energy. Fossil fuel gas turbines are cheaper to generate electricity but they produce carbon
emissions. Solar energy production is costly but produces no carbon.
Another challenge is the transition process from using fossil fueled resources to the more sus-
tainable alternatives mentioned in this paper. In transportation, the demand for petroleum contin-
uously increases. Most American citizens are still dependent on fossil fuels and are not fully
aware of the potential risks and danger of global air pollution and its contribution to global
warming. Will people switch to using these resources, or wait until our world supply of petrole-
um and coal runs out? Nonetheless, more environmental policies will continue to evolve and the
future will be brought up upon new laws and regulations to manage human interactions with the
environment. The Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians believe that investments in green
energy serves as a representation of long-term opportunities for the people of the tribe, and it can
promote both the health and the safety to both the Indian people and Mother Earth. This all

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implies that sustainability mainly means living off the Earth’s natural resources without depleting
or degrading any of the natural capitals that supplies us with our daily life usages.
The Santo Domingo Pueblo tribe
has been able to integrate selected
aspects of the modern world into their
own system of values without com-
promising their beliefs and their
identity. They have been able to hold
on to their values and traditional ways in spite of contact with the world beyond the reservation
boundaries. More motorists are beginning to go green and upgrade to using electric powered
vehicles and biofuels. Since Kewa Gas remains the tribe’s primary retail and whole sale opera-
tion within a main interstate artery, it will be beneficial if the tribe will invest to diverse its
customers by selling biofuels or installing electric car charging stations. Most charging stations
are powered by solar energy or connected to a power grid. The Kewa Gas station lies within an
adequate area where there is enough solar radiation to generate the power for off grid charging
stations.
While it may seem some renewable energy programs cost a great sum of money and time to
progress every little effort and investment has the advantage. Grants, loans, and private funding
also invest in these projects. For example, USDA does not support single homes for installing
solar arrays but provides grants for community projects as a whole. These technologies and
programs are available but it is the tribe itself that must make the decision to get involved. While
doing business on tribal lands may be a challenging approach, successful renewable projects can
be applied to other developments to raise the standard of living for the tribe, such as expanding
Figure 22: Exterior of the Kewa Gas Station

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30
business developments and other energy projects, which will eventually result in better educa-
tion, health care, social services, and improved infrastructure (Alvarez). Every tribal member or
leader must be able to ask their local congressmen to extend reliable tax credits or ask attorneys
to minimize large time spans.
Energy resource development projects on tribal lands are intertwined with the key focuses of
land, sovereignty and community. Furthermore, if tribes will open up their doors and partner
with outside sources and nonprofit institutions, there are good potentials that will have renewable
energy resources installed on their properties or lands and could possibly receive additional
sources of funding which will enhance their tribal energy efficiencies.
* * *
Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my supervisor, Sandra Begay-
Campbell for being an influential mentor and for making my scholastic summer internship an
adventurous and worthwhile experience. I would also like to thank my co-workers Thomas E.
Jones and Len Necefer for their help and all the hilarious laughs. I am grateful to come across
opportunities like this internship and getting involved in renewable energy projects on tribal
lands. As the eldest child of a working class family in the Santo Domingo Pueblo tribe, I remain
grateful that my work here at Sandia National Laboratories and my academic pursuits will yield
a generation of improvements for my community. I would also like to thank Todd Hooks and his
presentation of tribal renewable energy development; I would also like to thank Santo Domingo
Pueblo utilities director Kenneth Pin and his feedback on the tribe’s economic development.

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Although math was never my best subject I studied engineering in college because it in-
volved solving problems and implementing ideas for community service and development,
which was the kind of academic program I was seeking. While interning at Sandia National
Laboratories, my coworkers and I got the opportunity to travel to many tribal communities
across New Mexico, Arizona, and California and observe their involvement in renewable energy
and communal energy efficiencies. It is always enthralling to for me to become dedicated to
technical innovations of engineering and experiencing all the work and the intricacies of engi-
neering that cannot be learned from a textbook.
My interest in renewable energy started when I studied abroad in China under the Engineer-
ing Program for International Students (EPIS). I took graduate-level engineering courses at the
Beijing University of Technology and I worked in an urban infrastructure development project
for the city of Tianshui of China’s Gansu Province. I conducted research and performed data
analysis for reducing pollutant emissions by replacing thousands of domestic coal-fired heating
boilers with a new heating source plant. As I become more involved in energy sustainability in
the Tribal Energy Program I learned those producing environmental-friendly structures and
equipment and electric utilities will feasibly protect our ecosystem and biodiversity for residen-
tial abodes and the environment. As Native Americans, we have deep respect for the environ-
ment and reducing the dependencies on fossil fuels can help improve air and water quality and
conserve our natural resources.
When the team and I went to visit the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians reservation, I
learned that the tribe prominently demonstrates the benefits of energy efficiency and renewable
energy implementation through their off-grid Trading Post located within the tribal boundaries. I
also learned that many scholars and researchers do not understand many of the social aspects of

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energy on Native American tribal lands. One of my co-workers stated that those who are not
familiar with the culture of the Native American tribes always assume that the tries must upgrade
their utilities for their own communal benefits—that is entirely false! As I traveled with Sandra,
Len, and Tommy around the Navajo and Hopi communities I learned that there are many resi-
dents and tribal members who choose not to live on electricity because they remain very preserv-
ative in terms of their ancient customs, tradition, and culture. This is why I believe that many
Native Americans who are familiar with both the social and technical aspects of tribal energy
program are deeply needed.
Like a marathon, life is full of obstacles—it is not how fast you can go to finish, but how
much endurance you have to complete the journey. Energy sustainability and energy efficiency
processes, will contribute to enhancing the long-term economic development potential and
bringing renewable energy opportunities to tribal communities, who are not yet familiar with the
importance of sustainable procedures. I remain confident that all the work from the past interns,
including my coworkers and I will yield positive outcomes among the Native community,
because graduate educations are invaluable assets to the survival of the Native people. Life is
also about learning from each other and teaching each other.

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33
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