effect of zinc growth and yield on maize and mustard crop

1. SEMINAR TOPIC
EFFECT OF ZINC IN INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE
AND MUSTARD CROP
SUPERVISOR
Professor- Satish Kumar Singh
(Department of Soil Science and
Agriculture Chemistry)
Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi
PRESENTED BY
Aaditya Nimbalkar
ID:21430SAC001
M.Sc.(Ag.) Soil Science- Soil
Water Conservation
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2. INTRODUCTION
FORMS OF ZINC IN SOIL
ROLE OF ZINC IN PLANT
FACTORS AFFECTING AVAILABILITY
INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER NUTRIENTS
ZINC DEFICIENCY & CAUSES
MANAGEMENT
CASE STUDIES
CONCLUSION
OUTLINE
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3. INTRODUCTION
• 23rd most abundant element on earth.
• Traditional metal of atomic no. 30 & molecular wt. 65
• Major form of uptake – Zn2+
• Essentiality by – A.L. Sommer and C.P. Lipman (1926).
• Average total Zn concentration in cultivated soils ~ 65 mg kg-1 (Alloway, 2009).
• Zinc is partially mobile in plants.
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4. MAIZE
In India, at present, about 35% of the maize produced is used for human
consumption, 25% each in poultry feed and cattle feed, and 15% in food
processing (corn flakes, popcorn, etc.) and other industries (mainly starch,
dextrose, corn syrup, corn oil, etc.) (Balakrishnan and Subramanian).
 It is a high nutrient demanding crop which is sensitive to micronutrient
deficiency especially Zn.
Zinc is required in small but critical concentrations to allow several key plant
physiological pathways to function normally.
Three billion people, mostly in developing countries suffer from nutrient
deficiencies due to the malnutrition of micronutrients especially Zn which
comprises about 33% (Balakrishnan and Subramanian). 4

5. • Rapeseed-mustard is the third important oilseed crop in the world
after soybean (Glycine max) and palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
oil.
• India is the fourth largest oilseed economy in the world. Among
the seven edible oilseeds cultivated in India, rapeseed-mustard
contributes 28.6% in the total oilseeds production and ranks
second after groundnut sharing 27.8% in the India’s oilseed
economy.
• The rapeseed-mustard group broadly includes Indian mustard,
yellow sarson, brown sarson, raya, and toria crops.
• Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson) is
predominantly cultivated in Rajasthan, UP, Haryana, Madhya
Pradesh, and Gujarat.
• It is also grown under some nontraditional areas of South India
including Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. The crop
can be raised well under both irrigated and rainfed conditions.
MUSTARD
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6. ZINC DEFICIENCY STATUS: WORLD SCENARIO
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7. ZINC DEFFICIENCY SYMPTOM IN INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT
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8. • Zn form stable complex
with organic colloids. This
form is not readily available
to plants.
• In soil solution Zn exists
as Zn ion and Zn (OH)+.
• Zn is adsorbed on the
surface of clays, oxide
minerals, carbonate and
organic matters.
• Zinc exists as Zinc
sulphides, Zinc carbonates,
and Zinc silicate.
• On weathering Zn ion
released Mineral
form
Adsorbed
form
Organic
complex
form
Solution
form
FORMS OF ZINC IN SOIL
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9. Soil pH and Liming
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10. ROLE OF ZINC IN PLANT SYSTEM
.
1. Low molecular weight complexes of zinc: In plant leaves, soluble zinc occurs as an
anionic compound, associated with amino acids.
2. protein metabolism: Co-factor of a large no. of enzymes involved in protein
synthesis & also involved in stability and functioning of genetic material.
3. Carbohydrate metabolism:
a) Photosynthesis- Constituent of carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme which have role in
CO2 fixation. CA contains a single Zn atom which catalysis the hydration of CO2
b) Sucrose and Starch Formation- Component of aldolase which involved in sucrose
formation coupled with important role in starch metabolism.
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11. 4. Detoxification of superoxide radicals: Zn involved in the enzyme cu-Zn-SOD (most
abundant SOD in plant).
5. Anaerobic root respiration: Carbonic anhydrase is involved in root respiration & Zn
is a part of it.
6. Membrane Integrity: Structural orientation of macromolecules and maintenance of
ion transport system.
7. Auxin Metabolism: Required for synthesis of auxin, while lack of Zn reduces the
level of auxins in plants.
8. Uptake and Stress: Water uptake and transport in plants, and alleviate short periods
of heat and salt stress.
9. Zn imparts disease resistance in plants
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12. ZINC DEFFICIENCY
Soils in which Zn deficiency may occur-
Alkaline soils, Calcareous soils, Leached
acidic coarse textured sandy soils, peat or muck soils
(Organic soils), Red/ Laterite soils.
Application of high dose of phosphatic fertilizer.
 Over liming of acid soils.
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Farming practices that may cause Zn deficiency-

13. Chlorosis
old and new leaves are
chlorotic
Necrotic spots
death of leaf tissue on
area of chlorosis
Rosetting of leave
leaves are clustered on
the stem
Bronzing of leaves
chlorotic areas may turn
bronze coloured
Stunting of plant
reduced internode
elongation
Dwarf leaves (little leaf)
small leaves that often show
chlorosis
Malformed leaves
leaves are often narrowed or
have wavy margins
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
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14. ZINC DEFFICIENCY SYMPTOM ON CROPS
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15. FACTORS AFFECTING ZINC AVAILABILITY
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16. CONTI…
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17. Low manure application
Low total zinc content in soil( sandy soil)
High soil pH (e.g. calcareous soils)
High phosphate applications
High salt concentrations (salinity)
Waterlogging/ flooding of soil (rice paddy)
High soil organic matter content(histosol )
Zinc inefficient crop varieties
Low manure application
ZINC-DEFICIENT CROP (REDUCE YIELD / IMPAIRED QUALITY)
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18. NUTRIENT INTERACTION
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19. HIGH
Bean
Citrus
Flax
Fruit tree deciduous
Grapes hops
Maize
Onions
Pecan nuts
Rice
Sorghum
Sweetcorn
MEDIUM
Barley
Cotton
Lettuce
Potato
Soybean
Sudan grass
Sugar beet
Table beet
Tomato
LOW
alfalfa
Asparagus
Carrot
Clover
Grass
Oat
Pea
Rye
Wheat
Source: Based mainly on martens and Westermann (61) and ILZRO(62)
RELATIVE SENSITIVITY OF CROPS TO ZINC
DEFICIENCY
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20. COMPARISON BETWEEN AMOUNT OF ZINC PRESENT IN SOIL
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21. Zn CONTENT IN INDIAN SOIL
Arid and semi-arid climate 20-89 mg Kg-1
Humid and sub- humid tropics 22-74 mg Kg-1
Vertisol 69-76 mg Kg-1
Oxisols (coarse textured) 24-30 mg Kg-1
Zn in
plant
Zn
concentration
in plant range
between 25-
150 ppm
Zn deficiency
<10-20 ppm
Toxicities
>400 ppm
Plant absorb
zinc mainly
as Zn2+ ions.
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22. COMMONLY USED ZINC FERTILIZER
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23. MANAGEMENT OF ZINC DEFFICIENCY
A. Soil Application of Zinc Fertilizer-
• Broadcasting or Band placement .
• Efficiency increases when applied with physiological acidic
fertilizer ( Ammonium Sulphate) and placed in band.
• Most common recommendation- soil application of 10-25 kg/h of
ZnSO4.
• Zinc coated Urea- Urea Fertilizer granule coated with ZnSO4
(42%N, 1-2% Zn). It is used in India & some other places in rice.
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24. CONTI…
B. Foliar Feeding-
Rates lower than soil application.
Uniform distribution.
Almost immediate response.
 ZnSO4 or Zn-EDTA (0.1 to 1.5 %)
 General recommendation- 0.5% sol Of
ZnSo4 mixed with a small amt. of lime.
Feeding plants by directly applying Liquid
fertilizer to the plant.
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25. soluble zinc fertilizers such as
zinc sulphate, band placement is
generally superior to broadcast
application, while for less soluble
fertilizers such as ZnO and Zn
first broadcast application is
better.
Foliar application, however, needs
lesser quantity of zinc; generally 6 Kg
ZnSO4 applied through foliage equals
25 Kg ZnSO4 applied through soil.
EFFECT OF ZINC ON MICROBIALACTIVITY
 Microorganism requires various nutrients for their growth and metabolism.
 Among the nutrients, Zn is an element present in the enzyme system as co- factor and mental
activator of many enzymes.
 Zinc might limit the growth of bacteria at higher levels (>13.60 mg Kg-1). Furthermore , cell growth
as well as microbial population and their activity in soil were badly affected under high levels of Zn.
METHOD OF ZINC APPLICATION:
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26. 26
CASE STUDY -1

27. 27
MATERIALS AND METHODS
o A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive rabi seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14 at
Panwari village, Agra (Uttar Pradesh)
o situated at 27o14’ N latitude and 77o78’ longitude at an altitude of 168 m above the mean sea
level
o The experimental site falls under south-west semi-arid zone and characterized by semi-arid
climate with extreme temperature during summer (45 to 48° C) and very low temperature during
winter (as low as 2°C). The average rainfall is about 650 mm, most of which is received from
June to September. The experimental soil was sandy loam in texture Typic Ustochrept having pH
7.9, organic carbon 3.1 g/kg, available N 152 kg/ha, available P 9.5 kg/ha, available K 106 kg/ha
available S 15 kg/ha, and available (DTPA) Zn 0.56 mg/kg.
o The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with two sources (zinc oxide and zinc
sulphate) and five levels of zinc (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg Zn/ha) with three replications.
o Mustard (var. Rohini) was sown in third week of October in both the years using 5 kg seed/ha.

28. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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32. 32
CONCLUSION
It is inferred from the present study that soil application of Zn up to a dose of 6 kg/ha is
beneficial compared to control for yields of mustard crop. Also an improvement in quality of
mustard oil and uptake of nutrients was recorded with zinc application. Therefore, the
present study highlights that application of Zn up to a dose 6 kg/ha as zinc sulphate is
beneficial for mustard cultivation in alluvial region of western Uttar Pradesh.

33. Objective : Study is to investigate the effect of the concentration and application of zinc
(Zn) on maize growth and yield. The combination of the application
techniques obtained the optimum yield of maize.
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CASE STUDY - 2

34. 34
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Agriculture Department Office, District of
Jeli, Kelantan (34°40′12′′N, 114°32′24′′E). Experiment conducted using the Completely
Randomized Design layout,

35. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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37. CONCLUSION
• In this research, Zn application shows an increase of maize ear length and kernel row but
did not exert any effect on the plant height and provide unconclusive effect on ear diameter.
Foliar technique showed an improvement compared to Zn soil application for maize ear
yield whereas combination technique (soil application and foliar application) produced the
maximum yield at 10 kg/ha Zn with foliar Zn-EDTA spray.
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38. Zn-an important element to accelerate crop yield.
Widespread deficiency arises as a major threat to crop production vis-à-vis nutrition.
Zn availability suffers a major set back in the populations mainly dependent on cereal
grains for their major food requirements.
It is important that farmers, agronomists and extension workers should ensure that the zinc
status of their soils and crops are adequate to satisfy both the yield and quality criteria.
Increased use of Zn fertilizers to crop is a sustainable way of addressing Zn deficiency in
soil, crops, animals & human in continum.
CONCLUSION
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39. REFERENCE
• Ahmad Hisham, A. R., Ch’ng, H. Y., Rahman, M. M., Mat, K., &#38; Zulhisyam, A. K. (2021). Effects of
zinc on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays l.) cultivated in a tropical acid soil using different
application techniques. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 756(1), 012056.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/756/1/012056
• Singh, S., &#38; Singh, V. (2017). Effect of rate and source of zinc on yield, quality and uptake of nutrients
in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and soil fertility. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 87(12).
https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v87i12.76517
• Sipai, A. H., Modi, D. B., &#38; Khorajiya, K. U. (2017). Effect of Sulphur and Zinc with and without
FYM on Yield and Uptake of Nutrients in Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern &#38; Coss) Grown on Light
Textured Soil of Kachchh. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 65(1), 96.
https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2017.00013.5
• Mukherjee, J.N. (1953) The need for delineating the basic soil and climatic regions of importance to the
plant industry. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 1, 1-6.
• Khan, S.K., Mohanty, S.K. and Chalam, A.B. (1986) Integrated management of organic manure and
fertilizer nitrogen for rice. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 34, 505-509.
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40. • Kanwar, J.S. and Raychaudhuri, S.P. (1971) Review of Soil Research in India, Indian Society of Soil
Science, New Delhi
• Black, C.A. (1968) Soil-Plant Relationships, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp 40-
45.
• Bijay-Singh and Yadvinder-Singh (1997) Green manuring and biological N fixation: North Indian
perspective. In: Plant Nutrient Needs, Supply, Efficiency and Policy Issues: 2000-2025 (J.S. Kanwar
and J.C. Katyal, Eds.), pp 29-44.
• Sadeghzadeh, B., & Rengel, Z. (2011). Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. The Molecular and
Physiological Basis of Nutrient Use Efficiency in Crops, 335–375.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470960707.ch16
• Brown, P. H., Cakmak, I., & Zhang, Q. (1993). Form and function of zinc plants. In Zinc in Soils and
Plants (pp. 93–106). Springer Netherlands. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0878-2_7
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41. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I Would Like To Express My Sincere Gratitude To,
 The Professor and Head , Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, BHU,
Varanasi.
 The Course Co-Ordinator, M.Sc.(Ag) Soil Science & Soil Water Conservation,
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IAS-BHU, Varanasi
 The Seminar In-Charge, Dr. Triyugi Nath
 The Advisor, Professor- Satish Kumar Singh
 All The Advisory Committee Members
 All The Faculty Members
 I Would Also Like To Thank All My Fellow mates.
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