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- 1. GIS
- 2. JOHN SNOW • CHOLERA IN LONDON, 1854 • ON 31 AUGUST 1854, A CHOLERA OUTBREAK HIT THE AREA CALLED SOHO IN LONDON WITHIN THREE DAYS 127 PEOPLE HAD DIED, WITHIN 10 500 DIED MANY PEOPLE CLOSED THEIR HOMES AND FLED. AT THAT TIME NOBODY KNEW WHAT CAUSED CHOLERA, OR HOW TO TREAT IT. SOME THOUGHT YOU GOT IT BY BREATHING ‘BAD AIR’ FROM THINGS THST WERE ROTTEN • Dr. Snow, an obstetrician with an interest in many aspects of medical science, had long believed that water contaminated by sewage was the cause of cholera. Cholera is an intestinal disease than can cause death within hours after the first symptoms of vomiting or diarrhea. Snow published an article in 1849 outlining his theory, but doctors and scientists thought he was on the wrong track and stuck with the popular belief of the time that cholera was caused by breathing vapors or a “miasma in the atmosphere”. • The first cases of cholera in England were reported in1831, about the time Dr. Snow as finishing up his medical studies at the age of eighteen. Between 1831 and 1854, tens of thousands of people in England died of cholera. Although Dr. Snow was deeply involved in experiments using a new technique, known as anesthesia, to deliver babies, he was also fascinated with researching his theory on how cholera spread.
- 3. MEET GIS • A geographic information system (or GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographic information science (GIScience) to refer to the academic discipline that studies geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of geoinformatics. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial dat infrastructure, a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries. • In general, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user- created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations. Geographic information science is the science underlying geographic concepts, applications, and systems.
- 4. GIS IN FIGHTING CRIME • Modern law enforcement takes advantage of smart maps—visualized information and location analytics—to empower frontline officers and commanders with better decision making. It’s simple. Maps make information actionable. Esri technology makes it easy to integrate every data type and apply advanced analytic tools for solving problems, predicting crime, and protecting citizens.
- 5. OTHER USES • Uses of GIS range from indigenous people, communities, research institutions, environmental scientists, health organisations, land useplanners, businesses, and government agencies at all levels. Some examples include: Crime mapping. Historical geographic information systems.