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Cyber 
Piracy 
Law: 
Domain 
Names 
and 
Right 
of 
Privacy 
Causes 
of 
action 
for 
the 
use 
of 
someone’s 
famous 
name 
are 
CyberPiracy, 
unfair 
competition 
and 
false 
advertising 
in 
the 
nature 
of 
false 
endorsement 
which 
is 
essentially 
the 
federal 
equivalent 
of 
a 
state 
violation 
of 
the 
right 
of 
publicity. 
Most 
states 
have 
their 
own 
right 
of 
publicity 
and 
right 
of 
privacy 
statutes. 
The 
right 
of 
publicity 
is 
where 
one 
who 
appropriates 
the 
commercial 
value 
of 
a 
person's 
identity 
by 
using 
without 
consent 
the 
person's 
name, 
likeness, 
or 
other 
indicia 
of 
identity 
for 
purposes 
of 
trade 
is 
subject 
to 
liability. 
Cyberpiracy 
falls 
under 
15 
U.S.C. 
§ 
8131 
and 
states: 
(1) 
In 
general 
(A) 
Civil 
liability 
Any 
person 
who 
registers 
a 
domain 
name 
that 
consists 
of 
the 
name 
of 
another 
living 
person, 
or 
a 
name 
substantially 
and 
confusingly 
similar 
thereto, 
without 
that 
person’s 
consent, 
with 
the 
specific 
intent 
to 
profit 
from 
such 
name 
by 
selling 
the 
domain 
name 
for 
financial 
gain 
to 
that 
person 
or 
any 
third 
party, 
shall 
be 
liable 
in 
a 
civil 
action 
by 
such 
person. 
(B) 
Exception 
A 
person 
who 
in 
good 
faith 
registers 
a 
domain 
name 
consisting 
of 
the 
name 
of 
another 
living 
person, 
or 
a 
name 
substantially 
and 
confusingly 
similar 
thereto, 
shall 
not 
be 
liable 
under 
this 
paragraph 
if 
such 
name 
is 
used 
in, 
affiliated 
with, 
or 
related 
to 
a 
work 
of 
authorship 
protected 
under 
title 
17, 
including 
a 
work 
made 
for 
hire 
as 
defined 
in 
section 
101 
of 
title 
17, 
and 
if 
the 
person 
registering 
the 
domain 
name 
is 
the 
copyright 
owner 
or 
licensee 
of 
the 
work, 
the 
person 
intends 
to 
sell 
the 
domain 
name 
in 
conjunction 
with 
the 
lawful 
exploitation 
of 
the 
work, 
and 
such 
registration 
is 
not 
prohibited 
by 
a 
contract 
between 
the 
registrant 
and 
the 
named 
person. 
The 
exception 
under 
this 
subparagraph 
shall 
apply 
only 
to 
a 
civil 
action 
brought 
under 
paragraph 
(1) 
and 
shall 
in 
no 
manner 
limit 
the 
protections 
afforded 
under 
the 
Trademark 
Act 
of 
1946 
(15 
U.S.C. 
1051 
et 
seq.) 
or 
other 
provision 
of 
Federal 
or 
State 
law. 
In 
short, 
if 
you 
were 
sued 
for 
use 
of 
the 
name 
he 
would 
have 
to 
show 
that 
there 
was 
a 
specific 
intent 
to 
profit 
from 
the 
domain 
name. 
Profit 
can 
of 
course 
come 
from 
any 
source 
including 
a 
landing 
page 
advertisement 
or 
from 
selling 
the 
domain 
name 
to 
the 
Plaintiff 
or 
a 
third 
party. 
To 
determine 
whether 
Defendants 
acted 
in 
bad 
faith, 
the 
Court 
considers 
the 
nine 
nonexclusive 
factors 
outlined 
in 
§ 
1125(d)(1)(b): 
(1) 
the 
trademark 
or 
intellectual 
property 
rights 
of 
the 
defendants 
in 
the 
domain 
name; 
(2) 
the 
extent 
to 
which 
the 
domain 
name 
is 
the 
legal 
name 
of 
a 
person,
(3) 
defendant's 
prior 
use 
of 
the 
domain 
name 
in 
connection 
with 
a 
bona 
fide 
offering 
of 
goods 
and 
services, 
(4) 
whether 
the 
defendant 
made 
a 
bona 
fide 
noncommercial 
fair 
use 
of 
the 
domain 
name, 
(5) 
defendant's 
intent 
to 
divert 
consumers 
from 
the 
mark 
owner's 
online 
location 
to 
a 
site 
accessible 
under 
the 
domain 
name 
that 
could 
harm 
the 
goodwill 
represented 
by 
the 
mark, 
either 
for 
commercial 
gain 
or 
with 
the 
intent 
to 
tarnish 
or 
disparage 
the 
mark, 
by 
creating 
a 
likelihood 
of 
confusion 
as 
to 
the 
source, 
sponsorship, 
affiliation, 
or 
endorsement 
of 
the 
site, 
(6) 
whether 
the 
defendant 
offered 
to 
transfer, 
sell, 
or 
otherwise 
assign 
the 
domain 
name 
to 
the 
mark 
owner 
or 
any 
third 
party 
for 
financial 
gain 
without 
having 
used, 
or 
having 
an 
intent 
to 
use, 
the 
domain 
name, 
(7) 
whether 
the 
defendant 
provided 
false 
contact 
information 
when 
registering 
the 
domain 
name, 
(8) 
whether 
the 
defendant 
registered 
multiple 
domain 
names 
which 
defendant 
knew 
were 
identical 
to 
or 
confusingly 
similar 
to 
marks 
of 
others 
that 
are 
distinctive 
at 
the 
time 
of 
registration 
of 
such 
domain 
names, 
and 
(9) 
the 
extent 
to 
which 
the 
trademark 
incorporated 
into 
the 
domain 
name 
is 
distinctive. 
Rearden 
LLC 
v. 
Rearden 
Commerce, 
Inc., 
683 
F.3d 
1190, 
1219 
(9th 
Cir. 
2012) 
A 
clearly 
non-­‐commercial, 
active 
fan 
site 
may 
have 
rights 
in 
the 
domain 
name 
that 
includes 
the 
Plaintiff’s 
trademark. 
Make 
sure 
that 
it 
is 
clear 
that 
it 
is 
not 
an 
official 
site. 
Even 
a 
mixture 
of 
links 
to 
other 
sites 
may 
negate 
the 
argument 
for 
fair 
use. 
I 
hope 
this 
basically 
answers 
your 
question. 
Please 
feel 
free 
to 
email 
me 
privately 
or 
message 
here 
if 
you 
have 
any 
other 
questions. 
——————-­‐ 
Stevan 
Lieberman 
Greenberg 
& 
Lieberman, 
LLC 
http://www.aplegal.com

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Cyber Piracy Law: Domain Names and Right of Privacy

  • 1. Cyber Piracy Law: Domain Names and Right of Privacy Causes of action for the use of someone’s famous name are CyberPiracy, unfair competition and false advertising in the nature of false endorsement which is essentially the federal equivalent of a state violation of the right of publicity. Most states have their own right of publicity and right of privacy statutes. The right of publicity is where one who appropriates the commercial value of a person's identity by using without consent the person's name, likeness, or other indicia of identity for purposes of trade is subject to liability. Cyberpiracy falls under 15 U.S.C. § 8131 and states: (1) In general (A) Civil liability Any person who registers a domain name that consists of the name of another living person, or a name substantially and confusingly similar thereto, without that person’s consent, with the specific intent to profit from such name by selling the domain name for financial gain to that person or any third party, shall be liable in a civil action by such person. (B) Exception A person who in good faith registers a domain name consisting of the name of another living person, or a name substantially and confusingly similar thereto, shall not be liable under this paragraph if such name is used in, affiliated with, or related to a work of authorship protected under title 17, including a work made for hire as defined in section 101 of title 17, and if the person registering the domain name is the copyright owner or licensee of the work, the person intends to sell the domain name in conjunction with the lawful exploitation of the work, and such registration is not prohibited by a contract between the registrant and the named person. The exception under this subparagraph shall apply only to a civil action brought under paragraph (1) and shall in no manner limit the protections afforded under the Trademark Act of 1946 (15 U.S.C. 1051 et seq.) or other provision of Federal or State law. In short, if you were sued for use of the name he would have to show that there was a specific intent to profit from the domain name. Profit can of course come from any source including a landing page advertisement or from selling the domain name to the Plaintiff or a third party. To determine whether Defendants acted in bad faith, the Court considers the nine nonexclusive factors outlined in § 1125(d)(1)(b): (1) the trademark or intellectual property rights of the defendants in the domain name; (2) the extent to which the domain name is the legal name of a person,
  • 2. (3) defendant's prior use of the domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods and services, (4) whether the defendant made a bona fide noncommercial fair use of the domain name, (5) defendant's intent to divert consumers from the mark owner's online location to a site accessible under the domain name that could harm the goodwill represented by the mark, either for commercial gain or with the intent to tarnish or disparage the mark, by creating a likelihood of confusion as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of the site, (6) whether the defendant offered to transfer, sell, or otherwise assign the domain name to the mark owner or any third party for financial gain without having used, or having an intent to use, the domain name, (7) whether the defendant provided false contact information when registering the domain name, (8) whether the defendant registered multiple domain names which defendant knew were identical to or confusingly similar to marks of others that are distinctive at the time of registration of such domain names, and (9) the extent to which the trademark incorporated into the domain name is distinctive. Rearden LLC v. Rearden Commerce, Inc., 683 F.3d 1190, 1219 (9th Cir. 2012) A clearly non-­‐commercial, active fan site may have rights in the domain name that includes the Plaintiff’s trademark. Make sure that it is clear that it is not an official site. Even a mixture of links to other sites may negate the argument for fair use. I hope this basically answers your question. Please feel free to email me privately or message here if you have any other questions. ——————-­‐ Stevan Lieberman Greenberg & Lieberman, LLC http://www.aplegal.com