COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY

1. PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION-
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS

2. PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION
■ Psychosocial rehabilitation (also termed Psychiatric rehabilitation or PSR)
promotes personal recovery, successful community integration and satisfactory
quality of life for persons who have a mental illness or mental health concern.

3.  Psychosocial rehabilitation services and supports are collaborative, person directed, and
individualized, and an essential element of the human services spectrum.
 They focus on helping individuals develop skills and access resources needed to increase their
capacity to be successful and satisfied in the living, working, learning and social environments
of their choice and include a wide continum of services and supports.
■ Its is the process of restoration of community functioning and well-being of an
individual diagnosed in mental health or mental or emotional disorder and who may be
considered to have a psychiatric disability.
■ Psychiatric rehabilitation is not a practice but a field of academic study or discipline, similar to
social work or political science.

4. ■ PSR tends to utilize what is known as the recovery model of mental illness.
■ Full recovery is frequently the goal, but it is seen as a process rather than an outcome.
This approach is centred on the individual's potential for recovery and focused on
providing empowerment, social inclusion, support, and coping skills.
■ Everyone's journey is individual and unique, and PSR can help people find meaning,
hope, and growth no matter their abilities or effects of their illness.

6. HISTORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
REHABILITATION
■ Prior to the 1960s and 1970s, it was not uncommon for people with serious
mental illnesses to be institutionalized.
■ The approach to the treatment of mental health issues has changed
considerably since that time, which led to de-institutionalization.

7. PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
REHABILITATION
Principle 1
Psychiatric rehabilitation practitioners convey hope and respect, and believe that all
individuals have the capacity for learning and growth.
Principle 2
■ Psychiatric rehabilitation practitioners recognize that culture is central to recovery, and
strive to ensure that all services are culturally relevant to individuals receiving services.
Principle 3
■ Psychiatric rehabilitation practitioners engage in the processes of informed and shared
decision‐making and facilitate partnerships with other persons identified by the
individual receiving services.

8. ■ Principle 4
Psychiatric rehabilitation practices build on the strengths and capabilities of
individuals.
■ Principle 5
Psychiatric rehabilitation practices are person‐centred; they are designed to address the
unique needs of individuals, consistent with their values, hopes and aspirations.
■ Principle 6
Psychiatric rehabilitation practices support full integration of people in recovery into
their communities where they can exercise their rights of citizenship, as well as to
accept the responsibilities and explore the opportunities that come with being a member
of a community and a larger society.

9. ■ Principle 7
Psychiatric rehabilitation practices promote self‐determination and empowerment. All
individuals have the right to make their own decisions, including decisions about the types of
services and supports they receive.
■ Principle 8
Psychiatric rehabilitation practices facilitate the development of personal support networks by
utilizing natural supports within communities, peer support initiatives, and self‐ and mutual‐help
groups.
■ Principle 9
Psychiatric rehabilitation practices strive to help individuals improve the quality of all aspects of
their lives; including social, occupational, educational, residential, intellectual, spiritual and
financial.

10. ■ Principle 10
Psychiatric rehabilitation practices promote health and wellness, encouraging
individuals to develop and use individualized wellness plans.
■ Principle 11
Psychiatric rehabilitation services emphasize evidence‐based, promising, and emerging
best practices that produce outcomes congruent with personal recovery. Programs
include structured program evaluation and quality improvement mechanisms that
actively involve persons receiving services.
■ Principle 12
Psychiatric rehabilitation services must be readily accessible to all individuals whenever
they need them. These services also should be well coordinated and integrated with other
psychiatric, medical, and holistic treatments and practices.

11. No matter what form psychosocial services takes, core goals include helping
people feel
■ Hopeful: People may be left feeling demoralized as a result of their
condition. Rehabilitation focuses on helping clients feel hopeful about the
future.
■ Empowered: Each individual needs to feel that they are able to set their
own goals and have the power and autonomy to pursue those aims.
■ Skilled: Rehabilitation helps teach people skills to help them manage their
condition and live the life they want to live. This includes living skills,
work skills, social skills, and others.
■ Supported: Mental health professionals should offer support and help
clients build relationships and social connections in their community.

12. There are a number of key elements of psychosocial rehabilitation that help
guide how mental health professionals working in this field approach their
work.
■ All people have potential that can be developed.
■ People have a right to self-determination.
■ The emphasis is on the individual's strengths rather than their symptoms.
■ Each person's needs are different.
■ Professional services should be committed and take place in as normalized
of an environment as possible.

13. TYPES OF
REHABILITATION
■ Occupational therapy
■ Physical therapy
■ Speech therapy

14. OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
■ Occupational therapists provide occupational therapy (OT) treatments to help
individuals who require specialized assistance to participate in everyday activities, or
“occupations.”
■ Occupations don’t just refer to work or your job, but can also refer to self-care practices,
everyday tasks and recreational activities.

15. ■ The goal of occupational therapy is to help individuals participate in the things
they want and need to do to live an independent and satisfying lifestyle.
■ Occupational therapists help by making changes to things that hinder
someone's ability to complete tasks such as eating, dressing, brushing one’s
teeth, completing school activities and working.
■ Modifications may include changing the way the task is approached, changing
the environment in which the task is completed or helping a person develop
skills necessary to complete certain tasks.

16. Who needs occupational therapy?
■ Occupational therapy may be needed by people of all ages, from
new-borns to seniors. There are endless ways in which occupational
therapy may help these individuals, such as:
■ Children with physical disabilities may need a therapist to help
them develop the coordination needed to feed themselves, use a
computer or improve their handwriting.

17. ■ Adults with depression may require recommendations from a therapist to re-engage in
daily activities gradually and in a manner that maximizes their chances for success.
■ An individual who has lost the ability to hold a fork due to an injury may work with a
therapist to regain grip strength and modify movements so that they can feed
themselves independently.
■ Seniors with physical limitations may need help from a therapist to participate in
activities they love in new and modified ways.
■ An individual who has experienced a traumatic brain injury and lost cognitive
function may require a therapist to assist them with tasks such as applying to jobs or
submitting college applications.
■ Those who have suffered a spinal cord injury may require therapist intervention to
help them avoid movements or behaviours that may worsen their injuries.

18. PHYSICAL THERAPY
■ Physical therapists provide treatment for those who are experiencing pain
or difficulty in functioning, moving or living life normally.
■ Physical therapy is commonly used to relieve pain, improvement
movement, provide rehabilitation after a stroke, injury or surgery,

19. ■ It assist in recovery after giving birth, assist in the recovery of sports-
related injuries, teach individuals how to use devices such as walkers and
canes, manage chronic illnesses like heart disease or arthritis, and more.
■ If physical therapy is recommended by your doctor, a therapist will start by
assessing your mobility, balance, heartbeat, posture and how well you can
walk or climb steps.
■ From there, your therapist will develop a plan to ease symptoms and help
you regain functionality or mobility.

20. Common therapies include
■ Special exercises and stretches designed to relieve pain
■ improve mobility or regain strength Massage
■ heat or cold therapy or ultrasound to ease muscle pain and spasms
■ Rehab and exercises to help you learn to use an artificial limb
■ Practicing with gadgets that assist in movement or balance, such as canes
crutches, walkers or wheelchairs

21. ■ Pain management
■ Cardiovascular strengthening
■ Casting, splinting

22. Speech therapy
■ Speech therapists (or speech-language pathologists) provide treatment for
those who have speech issues.
■ Speech therapy can help treat a wide variety of issues involving language,
communication, voice, swallowing and fluency.

23. ■ For new-borns, a speech therapist may help with conditions such as
cerebral palsy, cleft palate or Down syndrome that cause difficulties
with drinking, swallowing or communicating
■ Children with speech issues such as stammering or a lisp can benefit
from communication exercises under the instruction of a therapist.
■ Adults with learning difficulties or who have another condition,
such as stroke, neck or head cancer, Parkinson’s disease or
dementia, can also benefit from the help of a speech therapist.

24. ■ Conditions or illnesses that may require a speech therapist include:
■ Dyslexia - difficulty reading accurately and fluently
■ Dyspraxia - difficulty controlling muscle function for movement, coordination, language
or speech
■ Aphasia - a loss of ability to understand or express speech due to brain damage
■ Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing
■ Articulation problems - difficulty speaking clearly and making errors in sounds
■ Fluency problems - difficulty with the flow of speech, such as stuttering
■ Resonance or voice problems - difficulty with voice pitch, volume and quality

25. Models Of Intervention
■ Rehabilitation services can be classified under four main models of
intervention –
■ Recovery
■ Respite
■ Rescue
■ Retention
These models continue to be relevant in modern psychiatric care

26. ■ The aim of the recovery model is to empower persons with mental illness to
function in their daily lives, restore their self-esteem, and improve the
overall quality of life.
■ The model is geared toward individuals who have shown improvement in
their psychiatric illness and are ready to undergo rehabilitation and retraining
and assume social roles.

27. The respite model is largely for clients who are clinically stable but have
residual symptoms, mild-to-moderate disability, and who have difficulty
returning to pre illness level of functioning.
■ The rescue model reaches out to the clinically unstable, wandering, and
homeless mentally ill who suffer from moderate-to-severe disability and is
carried out under the aegis of community-based initiatives.

28. ■ The retention model utilizes minimal staff intervention to provide
help to those whose families are not very supportive or not engaged
with their treatment and at times offers respite to families.
■ These models provided the start for several halfway, group and
long stay homes and community outreach programs to be initiated.

29. ■ Who Can Benefit From Psychosocial Rehabilitation?
Many people can benefit from psychosocial rehabilitation. Not all
people with mental illness require PSR, however. For some people,
medication, therapy, or a combination of the two treatments may be
sufficient to restore functioning.
■ Rehabilitation can be useful when people need additional recovery
assistance to help them restore functioning.
■ People who need help restoring their full functioning after
treatment.
■ those who are disabled need ongoing assistance in multiple life
domains

30. ■ Individuals who, while functional, feel that they need a boost of
support and assistance,
■ People who lack the supportive environment and resources they
need to achieve full functioning,
■ Individuals with chronic and severe psychiatric conditions can
benefit from PSR services.
■ Rehabilitation can help these individuals learn basic skills that will
allow them to function and cope with their condition.
■ People with intellectual and cognitive disabilities can benefit from
learning life, social, and self-care skills

31. ■ PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION
TREATMENT
■ PSR treatments are multidisciplinary and often biopsychosocial in
nature.
■ This perspective recognizes that mental illness impacts multiple
areas of life including the biological, social, and psychological
systems.
■ Not only are each of these systems affected by mental conditions
but they are also inextricably interlinked.
■ When something affects one area, it is bound to have an influence
on other areas as well.

32. ■ In light of this, PSR takes a whole-person approach and recognizes
that other mental health professionals and physicians may be needed
to make contributions to the treatment process.
■ Individual care may require a mixture of services and effective
treatment. This often requires the facilitation of access to care from
different domains.
■ For example, a person with a mental illness may need psychosocial
rehabilitation services that target basic living and social skills, but
they might also need treatment involving medication and
psychotherapy.

33. ■ A team approach ensures that the individual has access to the tools
and resources they need to achieve their goals.
■ The treatment of the condition targets the individual’s specific
symptoms, while rehabilitation focuses on the recovery and
reintegration process

34. THANK
YOU