Larry Shultz presents TexasEOR.com Exhaust Gas Injection CO2 Enhanced Oil Rec...Larry Shultz
Why spend >$50-$60 to produce a barrel of shale/tight oil, when new portable exhaust gas injection EOR equipment has the potential to recover oil for less than $15-$25 per barrel?
Fielding the oil industry’s next-generation fleet of fully-automated, portable exhaust gas injection N2+CO2 EOR skids to bring low-cost, variable-pressure gas injection EOR capabilities on-site to EOR-worthy mature and legacy oil fields that are too far away from and cannot be economically served by CO2 pipelines.
Learn more: https://prker.co/CleanTransportation_ING
Of the many transport fuel choices available today, none plays a more strategic role than natural gas in having an immediate and major positive economic and environmental impact. But of the two most widely available – CNG and LNG – which is most appropriate?
Larry Shultz presents TexasEOR.com Exhaust Gas Injection CO2 Enhanced Oil Rec...Larry Shultz
Why spend >$50-$60 to produce a barrel of shale/tight oil, when new portable exhaust gas injection EOR equipment has the potential to recover oil for less than $15-$25 per barrel?
Fielding the oil industry’s next-generation fleet of fully-automated, portable exhaust gas injection N2+CO2 EOR skids to bring low-cost, variable-pressure gas injection EOR capabilities on-site to EOR-worthy mature and legacy oil fields that are too far away from and cannot be economically served by CO2 pipelines.
Learn more: https://prker.co/CleanTransportation_ING
Of the many transport fuel choices available today, none plays a more strategic role than natural gas in having an immediate and major positive economic and environmental impact. But of the two most widely available – CNG and LNG – which is most appropriate?
The simulation software should be used and tuned against plant data to verify the model and to be able to accurately predict product yield.
This is the brochure of TechnipFMC SPYRO Suite 7, commercial cracking software, used for rigorous simulation of steam cracking.
Using Aspen HYSYS Upstream for Sizing and Scheduling of Gathering SystemsProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation covers the process of sizing and scheduling of Gathering Systems, including how to approach challenges by using model development and automation and interpretation of the results. Additionally, we compare between HYSYS Hydraulics and HYSYS Dynamics.
Benzene Emissions - Staying in Compliance as Regulations ChangeProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation provides an overview of dehydration and refrigeration and lists regulations with current and upcoming changes. We also cover optimization of dehydration and refrigeration facilities and outline different technologies for benzene and GHG reduction.
Calciner modification including a new hot gas chamber by Buzzi Cement HraniceA TEC Group
In June 2013, Buzzi Cement Hranice a.s., Czech Republic,
awarded a contract to A TEC for an upgrade of the preheater
and calciner of the clinker production line. The contract
covered engineering, supply of equipment, steel structure,
erection and civil works.
[First published on Cement International in January 2015]
This presentation contains an overview of tracking plant performance, with its application in two case studies, including gas compression train monitoring (Aspen) and production facility surveillance system (HYSYS).
This presentation covers process safety considerations and when a dynamic simulation is required. We also provide a modelling approach and a case study on Coker Bottoms Steam Generator, which includes information on device selection and device sizing.
Modern Trade Expert -New client introduction .kritsukawat
An introduction to the services of Modern Trade Expert Consulting Company. If you are looking to enter your products in to the Modern Trade Market in Thailand, you have some to the right place.
The Internet of Things should go beyond the Machine-to-Machine paradigm and must include people in its foundation, resulting in a “Humanized Internet of Things (H-IoT)”. Starting from a relevant work of Fiske, this paper/slides define how the Human-centred Internet of Things can embed the Fiske patterns in this particular domain. An analysis of some of existing IoT platforms and projects is also presented with the aim to analyse how real implementations are in the same direction of such social patterns.
The simulation software should be used and tuned against plant data to verify the model and to be able to accurately predict product yield.
This is the brochure of TechnipFMC SPYRO Suite 7, commercial cracking software, used for rigorous simulation of steam cracking.
Using Aspen HYSYS Upstream for Sizing and Scheduling of Gathering SystemsProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation covers the process of sizing and scheduling of Gathering Systems, including how to approach challenges by using model development and automation and interpretation of the results. Additionally, we compare between HYSYS Hydraulics and HYSYS Dynamics.
Benzene Emissions - Staying in Compliance as Regulations ChangeProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation provides an overview of dehydration and refrigeration and lists regulations with current and upcoming changes. We also cover optimization of dehydration and refrigeration facilities and outline different technologies for benzene and GHG reduction.
Calciner modification including a new hot gas chamber by Buzzi Cement HraniceA TEC Group
In June 2013, Buzzi Cement Hranice a.s., Czech Republic,
awarded a contract to A TEC for an upgrade of the preheater
and calciner of the clinker production line. The contract
covered engineering, supply of equipment, steel structure,
erection and civil works.
[First published on Cement International in January 2015]
This presentation contains an overview of tracking plant performance, with its application in two case studies, including gas compression train monitoring (Aspen) and production facility surveillance system (HYSYS).
This presentation covers process safety considerations and when a dynamic simulation is required. We also provide a modelling approach and a case study on Coker Bottoms Steam Generator, which includes information on device selection and device sizing.
Modern Trade Expert -New client introduction .kritsukawat
An introduction to the services of Modern Trade Expert Consulting Company. If you are looking to enter your products in to the Modern Trade Market in Thailand, you have some to the right place.
The Internet of Things should go beyond the Machine-to-Machine paradigm and must include people in its foundation, resulting in a “Humanized Internet of Things (H-IoT)”. Starting from a relevant work of Fiske, this paper/slides define how the Human-centred Internet of Things can embed the Fiske patterns in this particular domain. An analysis of some of existing IoT platforms and projects is also presented with the aim to analyse how real implementations are in the same direction of such social patterns.
Linde Gas whitepaper 'Employing Oxyfuel Technology for Energy Efficiency'Linde Gas Benelux
With continuing increases in fuel and energy costs, energy efficiency – and by association, decreased fuel consumption - has become one of the most important issues facing the process industries today. Combined with demands to increase production yield and also align processes to comply with environmental regulations - particularly those associated to emissions reduction – industry has seen continued momentum in the uptake of oxyfuel technologies.
Minimising emissions, maximising alternative fuelsA TEC Group
Dr. Stefan Kern, A TEC Production and Services GmbH, details the conversion of the kiln at Lafarge Retznei and shows how an optimised calciner design allowed for 100% alternative fuel usage.
"Minimising emissions, maximising alternative fuels". Article published on World Cement Magazine, edition June 2022.
Ejectors perform a central role in Flare Gas Recovery Systems [subsequently denoted by FGRS] by compressing the low pressure gas mixtures to working pressures. Ejectors utilize the available high pressure gas as energy source to bring about this compression.
March 2014 World Oil: Greener completions advance in the MarcellusBaker Hughes
Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation, a Baker Hughes customer operating in the Marcellus shale play in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, wanted to improve the overall efficiency of its hydraulic fracturing operations while minimizing air emissions; reducing road traffic; and lowering health, safety, and environmental (HSE) risks. Baker Hughes proposed a Bifuel fracturing service, using the company's Rhino™ Bifuel frac pumps. Visit our website to learn more: http://www.bakerhughes.com/bifuel.
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) internal combustion rotary engine with variable compression ratio (VCR), variable exhaust gas recirculation (VEGR), and variable fuel injection timing.
Patent pending proprietary Technology own by Customachinery Inc. and developed by Mr. Roberto Fanara.
It is now receiving lots of attention and interest by numerous academic institutions and, in partnership with Queen's University, a project funding application has been recently submitted to Ontario Centre of Excellence (OCE). Ongoing collaboration with George Brown College (Sep.2015 - Apr.2016) and upcoming collaboration with Sheridan Pilon School of Business (Jan.2016 - Apr.2016).
Review of Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Designs to Reduce EmissionsIJAEMSJORNAL
Ensuring the environmental safety of aircraft engines is an important task for developers. This problem is becoming more urgent due to an increase in engine power, since an increase in power is achieved primarily by increasing the temperature in the combustion chamber, leading to an increase in NOx emissions. In this study, the problem of emission in the aviation industry and ways to solve it were considered. Separately, the method of reducing emissions by changing the design of combustion chambers was considered in more detail.
Review of Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Designs to Reduce Emissions
Benefits of oxygen injection
1. T
his poses operating challenges such
as maintaining production levels and
product quality. The strategic use
of oxygen provides a cost-effective means
to combine high alternate fuel use targets
with excellent operational results.
Oxygen enrichment for
production increase
The benefits of oxygen enrichment in
cement kilns have been well documented.
Praxair’s own history with cement kiln
enrichment spans several decades with
demonstrated benefits to customers
ranging from production increases of up to
25 per cent, specific fuel savings of up to
five per cent, reduced specific dust losses,
and improved kiln stability as evidenced
by clinker quality, ring formation and kiln
coating. Such favourable results combined
with low investment costs, and an easy
and quick implementation may result in
high return on overall project investment.
Figure 1 shows kiln sizes and oxygen
flow rates used successfully in various
installations over the last 50 years.
Praxair’s long-term experience with this
application suggests that a yield of 3-3.5t
of incremental clinker per 1t of oxygen can
be achieved at most plants, if the flue gas
system capacity is preventing increase of
production and the plant has no further
bottlenecks towards processing more
material. Oxygen injection provides a high
degree of flexibility that can maximise
profits when cement market conditions are
favourable.
The use of oxygen for increased
production tends only to be justified in
periods of high industry kiln capacity
utilisation where high margins associated
with the incremental product cover the
cost of oxygen and enable the desired
return on the project investment. With
the exception of retiring older inefficient
clinker production lines and increasing
the production with oxygen injection at
modern low-cost facilities, present day
market conditions in most parts of the
world are generally not supportive of
oxygen use for a production increase.
Oxygen for increased
alternate fuel utilisation
Pressures to lower fuel costs are ever
present for the global cement industry.
Cement producers have been very
successful in increasing alternate fuel
utilisation to meet cost reduction goals.
In many European markets, alternate
fuels have replaced 50-70 per cent of
the fuel input to the plant. The use of
high alternate fuel rates in the calciner
is common and some plants have been
successful with the near complete
replacement of fossil fuels. However, the
properties of these fuels have posed new
challenges for the pyroprocessing section
in the kiln.
Preheater kilns that require firing most,
if not all fuels, through the main burner
are especially prone to issues associated
with expanded use of alternate fuels such
as a cool burning zone, an unstable and/or
long flame, insufficient burnout and high
process variability. Such negative outcomes
may ultimately result in off-spec clinker
and poor kiln utilisation, with the extent of
deterioration in performance dependent
on the specifics of the fuel mixture and
type of combustion equipment employed.
Oxygen addition at appropriate flow
rates and in the right location improves
the combustion process and allows stable
and consistent combustion of fuels with
low-heating value. Oxygen in the flame
root provides for more rapid heat-up, fuel
devolatilisation and fuel ignition. Thus,
IBenefitsofoxygeninjectionby Stefan Laux,
Jeffrey Mocsari, Markus Webel
and Stephen Hope
Praxair Inc, USA
The rising costs of fossil fuels and sustainability goals have driven
cement producers towards greater secondary fuel usage. However,
these alternatives typically have lower heating values and combustion
characteristics, which negatively impact the clinker burning process.
Figure 1: Praxair experience with
oxygen injection into cement kilns
White cement
Portland cement
Kiln capacity tpd*
Oxygenflowtpd
*Production level prior to oxygen use
Praxair is the largest industrial gases company in North and South America,
and one of the biggest worldwide, with 2007 sales of US$9.4bn. The
company produces, sells and distributes atmospheric and process gases,
and high-performance surface coatings. Praxair products, services and
technologies bring productivity and environmental benefits to a wide variety
of industries, including aerospace, chemicals, food and beverage, electronics,
energy, healthcare, manufacturing, metals and others.
About Praxair
OXYGEN ENRICHMENT
66 ICR JANUARY 2009
2. the improved combustion conditions can
compensate for flame cooling due to
water or ash. In addition, the available
residence time in the flame is utilised more
effectively which enhances fuel burnout.
Furthermore, the reduced flue-gas volume
that results from oxygen combustion
can compensate for the water ballast
that impacts the capacity of the flue gas
system. Praxair’s experience indicates that
oxygen can often promote better kiln
coating and can actually extend refractory
lining life as the temperature distribution in
the burning zone is favourably affected by
the additional flame stability.
Praxair’s experience in the cement
industry includes the use of liquid and
solid alternate fuels at the main burner.
The operational experience in this regard
spans TDF, RDF or ‘fluff’, liquid waste
and numerous other post consumer/post
industrial waste streams with variable
calorific value and geometry (see Figure 2
for a typical fuel that benefits from oxygen
use). The recovery of lost production due
to alternate fuel use is additional value
that oxygen can provide.
The injection of oxygen typically allows
increasing alternate fuel utilisation rates by
10 per cent of the total heat input while
shifting the fuel mix towards lower costs.
The oxygen is delivered by a specially
designed oxygen lance to the base of the
burner flame. From experience in cement
kilns and other solid fuel-fired systems,
Praxair has developed engineering
expertise to optimise the quantity of
oxygen and the injection location. This
results in a number of benefits including an
increase in the utilisation of alternate fuels
or switching to fuels with lower calorific
values without negatively impacting NOx
emissions. Experience also indicates that
oxygen can have a beneficial impact on
SOx and CO emissions levels.
Implementation
Oxygen is typically delivered in liquid bulk
form into on-site storage tanks where it is
evaporated and the gas is injected into the
kiln or calciner to support the combustion
process.
The supply system shown in Figure 3
consists of cryogenic storage tanks where
the oxygen is stored at a temperature
of -183°C and ambient air evaporators
that convert the liquid to oxygen gas at
ambient temperature. A control skid (see
Figure 4) is used to meter and control the
oxygen flow. In addition, it provides the
safety shutoff function for the oxygen.
This control system is interfaced with
the kiln control system for transfer of
setpoints and flow rates. It also receives
digital permissives from the kiln control
that oxygen can be used in the process.
A rigorous safety analysis is performed
prior to start-up to ensure a safe and
successful integration of oxygen into the
kiln combustion process. In addition, all
operators and engineers are trained in the
use of oxygen.
Alternatively, a dedicated on-site oxygen
generation system known as Vacuum
Pressure Swing Adsorption (VPSA) system
may be constructed. The decision to
receive oxygen in bulk shipment or install
a VPSA is customer specific with key
factors being oxygen volume, proximity to
a Praxair liquid source and the expected
duration of oxygen enrichment. The best
solution is found after considering the
most appropriate oxygen supply mode,
the best injection technique and optimised
oxygen flow rates, the alternate fuel rate
and performance of the kiln system.
Oxygen can typically start flowing
from a liquid supply system within three
months of a customer agreement. The
site preparation includes a foundation
for the liquid tanks and the oxygen
piping between the supply and the kiln
before the rented tanks are installed
and commissioned. This oxygen system
installation requires little capital and
changes to equipment and operations
tend to be minor. If the desired additional
amount of alternate fuel can be physically
fed to the combustion process, operational
and cost improvements are obtainable
within days.
Oxygen enrichment can combine low
capital cost and ease of installation with
operational and cost benefits. It allows
lowering fuel costs by firing alternate
fuels with lower heating values while
maintaining the burning zone conditions
necessary for high quality clinker.
____________________________I
Figure 3 (below): oxygen
delivery by liquid bulk
truck into site storage
Figure 4 (right): example
of a prefabricated
control skid to
monitor and control
oxygen flow
Figure 2: RDF is a typical fuel that benefits
from oxygen injection
OXYGEN ENRICHMENT
JANUARY 2009 ICR 67