1. RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
Affiliated to JNTUA – Anantapur, Approved by AICTE – New Delhi,
Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A’ Grade – New Delhi
Nandyal – 518501, Kurnool (Dist.), A.P
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
A Technical Report on
“GAGAN”
ESTD: 1995
Submitted By
R.VENKATA PRASAD
(12095A0435)

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that R.VENKATA PRASAD (12095A0435), of B.TECH, E.C.E
have carried out the Technical seminar report on “GAGAN” under the esteemed guidance of
Department for the fulfillment of the award of the BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
Electronics and Communication Engineering in R.G.M.C.E.T, Nandyal (Affiliated to
J.N.T.University, Anantapur) is a bonafied record of the work done by me during the year
2011-2015.
Dr.D.SATYANARAYANA
HOD of E.C.E

3. CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the report titled “GAGAN” submitted towards completion of
Technical Report in IV Year 2nd Semester of B.Tech (ECE) at the Rajeev Gandhi Memorial
College of Engineering & Technology, Nandyal. Is an authentic record of my original report
and is prepared by me.
I have not submitted the matter embodied in this report for the award of any other degree
in any other institutions.
By
R.VENKATA PRASAD
Regd.No: 12095A0435
Place: Nandyal
Date:

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, we would like to express our sincere and grateful thanks to the management
of Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering & Technology, under the leadership of
Dr.M. SANTHIRAMUDU, Chairman for providing us an opportunity to fulfill our aspirations.
Our special thanks to Dr. T. JAYACHANDRA PRASAD, Principal, Rajeev Gandhi
Memorial College of Engineering & Technology, for providing all the facilities and guidelines,
required for our academic pursuit.
Our special thanks to Dr. D. SATHYANARAYANA, Head of the Department (ECE),
Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering & Technology, for providing all the
facilities and guidelines, required for our academic pursuit.
By
R.VENKATA PRASAD
12095A0435

5. ABSTRACT
To Provide Satellite Based Augmentation System Services over India and
neighbouring regions the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) -
a Satellite Based Navigation System (SBNS) is being launched tomorrow by the
Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Praful Patel. This system is expected to
provide enhanced navigation performance for critical applications like Civil
Aviation, Marine Navigation, Train & Road Transport, Precision Farming,
Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, Surveying and Mapping (Geodetic &
Geodynamic), Mining etc.
GAGAN is a planned implementation of a Satellite Based Navigation
System developed by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO), to deploy and certify an operational SBAS for
the Indian Flight Information Region, with expansion capability
to neighbouring Flight Information Regions (FIRs). When commissioned for
service, GAGAN is expected to provide a civil aeronautical navigation signal
consistent with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs) as established by the Global Navigation
Satellite System Panel (GNSSP). ICAO has endorsed Global Navigation Satellite
System as Future Air Navigation System (FANS) for civil aviation.
The report involves establishment of a full complement of Satellite Based
Augmentation System (SBAS) consisting of 15 Indian Reference Stations
(INRES), 3 Indian Navigation Land Uplink Stations (INLUS), 3 Indian Mission
Control Centres (INMCC), 3 Geo-stationary Navigation payload in C and L
bands and with all the associated Software and Communication links.

6. CONTENTS
Chapter: 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Need for Augmentation 1
Chapter: 2. Working of GAGAN 2
Chapter: 3. Implementation Progress 4
Chapter: 4.1 GAGAN Accuracy 6
4.2 Seamless Coverage 6
4.3 Other Navigation Technologies 6
Chapter: 5. Developments 8
5.1 Satellites 9
5.2 Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System 9
Chapter: 6. Benefits of GAGAN 11
6.1 To Civil Activation Sector 11
6.2 To Non-Civil Activation Sector 11
Conclusion 12
References 13

7. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
GAGAN is a satellite based navigation system that will serve as a low cost
substitute for Instrument Landing System (ILS). The system is being developed
by ISRO in collaboration with Airports Authority of India.
GAGAN will use a satellite based Wide Area Augmentation System
(WAAS) technology (Satellite based WAAS is also referred to as Satellite Based
Augmentation Systems or SBAS) developed by Raytheon for the US Federal
Aviation Authority (FAA.).
WAAS is a ground and space-based network that provides corrections for
GPS signals so they can yield more precision in all modes of transportation,
including civil aviation. Lateral Precision with Vertical (LPV) guidance on the
WAAS, facilitates civil aircraft to make an instrumented approach for landing
with cloud ceilings as low as 250 ft. and visibility as low as 0.75 mi. This
compares well with a typical ILS that allows an aircraft to make an
instrumented approach with a cloud ceiling as low as 200 ft. and visibility as
low as 0.50.
1.1 Need for Augmentation
 Current GPS constellation cannot support requirements for all phases
of flight.
 Integrity is not guaranteed (all satellites are not monitored at all
times; time-to-alarm is from minutes to hours, no indication of quality
of service).
 Accuracy is not sufficient (even with Selective Availability off, vertical
accuracy>10m).
 Availability and continuity must be met.

8. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 2
CHAPTER-2
WORKING OF GAGAN
The GAGAN system consists of a network of 15 Indian Navigation
Reference Earth Stations (INRES) spread over the country that are precisely
surveyed to compare the position determined from GPS satellite signals against
the location of the receiver. The observed deltas are then be sent to 2 Indian
Navigation Master Control Centers (INMCC) where computer processing will
extrapolate the data to generate correcting deltas for GPS signals anywhere
within the network.
These correcting deltas will be relayed via 3 Indian Navigation Land
Uplink Stations (INLUS) and geostationary satellites to civil aircraft so more
precise fixes of their position can be derived from GPS satellite signals.

9. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 3
INRES sites and INMCCs are connected using Optical Fiber Cable Data
Communication Network as well as VSAT link.
ISRO will launch and manage the data link satellites.
The cost savings in using a system like GAGAN accrue from the fact that
its ground system does not need to be duplicated for each runway, as is the
case for an ILS. The GPS signals, as well as the correcting deltas, can be made
available to aircraft for any runway within the network using satellite based
communication.

10. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 4
CHAPTER-3
IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS
In January 2014, DGCA certified the GAGAN system to RNP0.1 (Required
Navigation Performance 0.1 Nautical Mile) service level clearing the use of the
system by aircraft equipped with the Satellite Based Augmentation System
(SBAS) in Indian airspace for en route navigation and non-precision
approaches without vertical guidance.
According to ISRO, The GAGAN System is poised to APV1/1.5 level of
certification in the near future, facilitating precision approach services over the
Indian land mass.
The GAGAN signal is currently being broadcast through two
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites - GSAT8 and GSAT10 - covering
whole Indian Flight Information Region (FIR) and beyond.
The GAGAN system will have a full complement of the SBAS inclusive of
ground and onboard segment. It is being built in phases.
The first phase was completed in August 2007 and served as a
technology demonstrator.
Final operation phase implementation started in June 2009; completion
was scheduled by July 2013.
The space borne segment of GAGAN consists of payloads onboard Indian
geostationary satellites GSAT-8P, GSAT-10 and GSAT-15.

11. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 5
The GSAT-8P was successfully launched using Ariane 5 on May 21, 2011
and is positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 55 degrees E longitude.
After the launch of GSAT-8, In-Orbit Test and Test and Evaluation of
GAGAN navigation payload were carried out and the satellite integrated with
Bangalore INLUS-West. Stability test were conducted, following which GAGAN
signal without certification became available for users.
GSAT-10 was launched on September 29, 2012 and was integrated with
Bangalore INLUS-East. Also, GSAT-8 was integrated with New Delhi INLUS.
Final System Acceptance Test was scheduled for June 2012 followed by system
certification during July 2013.
An on-orbit spare GAGAN transponder will be flown on GSAT-15.
GAGAN can function with one Geo stationary satellite. The other two
satellites serve as in-orbit backups.

12. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 6
CHAPTER-4
4.1 GAGAN ACCURACY
GAGAN will provide a precision of 1.5-meter accuracy in the horizontal
plane, 2.5-meter in the vertical. This is the same as the FAA system. However,
to account for possible worst-case positioning errors in civil aviation, a much
rougher figure of about 15 meters horizontal will be used.
In addition to using GPS signals, GAGAN will be able to use timing and
positioning signals from GLONASS and the proposed GALILEO Navigation
Satellite System.
4.2 SEAMLESS COVERAGE
GAGAN will provide augmentation service for GPS over India, Bay of
Bengal, South-East Asia, and Middle East expanding up to Africa. GAGAN will
be compatible and interoperable with other SBAS systems such as the Wide
Area Augmentation System (WAAS) of USA, the European Geostationary
Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) of European Union (EU) and the Multi-
functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS) of Japan. It will fill the gap
between the European EGNOS and the Japanese MSAS to provide seamless air
navigation service across regional boundaries.
4.3 OTHER NAVIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
In November 2012, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public
Distribution, was installing global positioning system (GPS) based devices in
vehicles transporting public distribution system commodities to prevent
smuggling of food grains. The Delhi High Court had also ordered auto-
rickshaws in Delhi to compulsorily install GPS and printers in their vehicle (pdf

13. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 7
of the court order). Commercial navigation tools such as Map My India, Tom-
tom, Nokia Maps, among others also use GPS for navigation.
There is also Russia’s Glonass, which had partnered with the state
owned telecom service provider BSNL and MTNL to offer its satellite-based
navigation service to their subscribers. In March 2010, NIS GLONASS
had signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO) and Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) to set up a
working group to establish and incorporate a joint venture with ISRO’s
commercial subsidiary Antrix to offer navigation and information services on
the GLONASS platform. The company had inked an agreement with DIMTS
(Delhi Integrated Multimodal Transit System) in November 2010, to form a
consortium to participate in tenders to build Intelligent Transportation Systems
(ITS) and traffic management solutions for Indian metropolitan cities.
It had also signed a contract with the Hyderabad-based HBL Power
Systems in August 2010, to provide satellite navigation systems to keep track
of the company’s vehicles and promote Glonass system in India.
Apart from that, there is also European Union’s Galileo positioning
system and Chinese Compass navigation system, however Galileo was meant
only for civilian use.

14. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 8
CHAPTER-5
DEVELOPMENTS
The first GAGAN transmitter was integrated into the GSAT-4
geostationary satellite, and had a goal of being operational in 2008.Following a
series of delays, GSAT-4 was launched on 15 April 2010, however it failed to
reach orbit after the third stage of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle Mk.II that was carrying it malfunctioned.
In 2009, Raytheon had won an 82 million dollar contract. It was mainly
dedicated to modernize Indian air navigation system. The vice president of
Command & Control Systems, Raytheon Network Centric Systems, Andy Zogg
commented:
“GAGAN will be the world’s most advanced air navigation system and
further reinforces India’s leadership in the forefront of air navigation. GAGAN
will greatly improve safety, reduce congestion and enhance communications to
meet India’s growing air traffic management needs”.
In 2012, the Defence Research and Development Organisation received a
"miniaturised version" of the device with all the features from global positioning
systems (GPS) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). The module
weighing just 17 gm, can be used in multiple platforms ranging from aircraft
(e.g. winged or rotor-craft) to small boats, ships. Reportedly, it can also assist
"survey applications". It is a cost-efficient device and can be of "tremendous"
civilian use. The navigation output is composed of GPS, GLONASS and
GPS+GLONASS position, speed and time data. According to a statement
released by the DRDO, G3oM is a state-of-the-art technology receiver,
integrating Indian GAGAN as well as both global positioning system and
GLONASS systems.

15. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 9
According to Deccan chronicle:
“G. Satheesh Reddy, associate director of the city-based Research Centre
Imarat, said the product is bringing about a quantum leap in the area of GNSS
technology and has paved the way for highly miniaturised GNSS systems for
the future.”[11]
On 30 December 2013, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA),
India provisionally certified the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)
system to RNP0.1 (Required Navigation Performance, 0.1 Nautical Mile) service
level. The certification enabled aircraft fitted with SBAS equipment to use
GAGAN signal in space for navigation purposes.[12]
5.1 SATELLITES
GSAT-8 is an Indian geostationary satellites, which was successfully launched
using Ariane 5 on 21 May 2011 and is positioned in geosynchronous orbit at
55 degrees E longitude.
GSAT-10 is envisaged to augment the growing need of Ku and C-band
transponders and carries 12 Ku Band, 12 C Band and 12 Extended C Band
transponders and a GAGAN payload. The spacecraft employs the standard I-3K
structure with power handling capability of around 6 kW with a lift off mass of
3400 kg. GSAT-10 was successfully launched by Ariane 5 on 29 September
2012.
GSAT-15 will carry 24 Ku band transponders with India coverage beam and a
GAGAN payload. The satellite is planned to be launched during 2014-15 by
Ariane 5. The platform system is based on I-3K satellite.
5.2 INDIAN REGIONAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
Main article: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
The Indian government has stated that it intends to use the experience of
creating the GAGAN system to enable the creation of an autonomous regional

16. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 10
navigation system called the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
(IRNSS).
IRNSS-1 Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)-1, the
first of the seven satellites of the IRNSS constellation, carries a Navigation
payload and a C-band ranging transponder. The spacecraft employs an
optimized I-1K structure with a power handling capability of around 1660W
and a lift off mass of 1425 kg, and is designed for a nominal mission life of 10
years. The first satellite of IRNSS constellation was launched on-board PSLV
(C22) on 1 July 2013 while the full constellation is planned to be realized
during 2014 time frame.

17. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 11
CHAPTER-6
BENEFITS OF GAGAN
6.1 TO CIVIL AVIATION SECTOR
 Improved Efficiency/Economy
 Direct Routes
 Increased Fuel savings
 Precision approach at all Runways
 Significant cost savings due to withdrawal of ground aids
 Reduced workload of Flight Crew and ATCOs
 Improved Capacity through reduced aircraft separation
 Higher Accuracy, Global Coverage
 Improved Safety
 Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT)
 Enhanced Air-to-Air Surveillance: ADS-B
 Availability of MSAW facility (Min. Safe Altitude Warning)
 Reduced Noise Pollution
6.2 TO NON-CIVIL AVIATION SECTOR
 Marine Navigation
 Train & Road transport
 Precision Farming
 Search and Rescue (SAR) operations
 Surveying (Geodetic & Geodynamic)
 Scientific community.

18. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 12
CONCLUSION
To Provide Satellite Based Augmentation System Services over India and
neighbouring regions the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) -
a Satellite Based Navigation System (SBNS) is being launched tomorrow by the
Union Minister for Civil Aviation, Shri Praful Patel. This system is expected to
provide enhanced navigation performance for critical applications like Civil
Aviation, Marine Navigation, Train & Road Transport, Precision Farming,
Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, Surveying and Mapping (Geodetic &
Geodynamic), Mining etc.
GAGAN is a planned implementation of a Satellite Based Navigation
System developed by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO), to deploy and certify an operational SBAS for
the Indian Flight Information Region, with expansion capability
to neighbouring Flight Information Regions (FIRs). When commissioned for
service, GAGAN is expected to provide a civil aeronautical navigation signal
consistent with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs) as established by the Global Navigation
Satellite System Panel (GNSSP). ICAO has endorsed Global Navigation Satellite
System as Future Air Navigation System (FANS) for civil aviation.
The project involves establishment of a full complement of Satellite
Based Augmentation System (SBAS) consisting of 15 Indian Reference Stations
(INRES), 3 Indian Navigation Land Uplink Stations (INLUS), 3 Indian Mission
Control Centres (INMCC), 3 Geo-stationary Navigation payload in C and L
bands and with all the associated Software and Communication links.

19. GAGAN
Dept. of E.C.E, RGMCET-Nandyal Page 13
REFERENCES
 Soon, safety in the sky as GPS-aided GAGAN set to take off, Times of
India
 "India Approves GAGAN System". Magazine article. Asian Surveying and
Mapping. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
 GAGAN Update Dr. Arjin Singh, Additional GM, Directorate of Global
Navigation System, Airport Authority of India
 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/gagan-system-ready-
for-operations/article5565700.ece
 "Satellite Navigation - GAGAN". ISRO website. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
 Raytheon to bid for Geosynchronous Augmented Navigation System
(GAGAN) Project
 ISRO, Raytheon complete tests for GAGAN Satellite Navigational
System. India Defense Website. 20 June 2006.
 K.N. Suryanarayana Rao and S. Pal. The Indian SBAS System – GAGAN.
Abstract from the India-United States Conference on Space Science,
Applications, and Commerce. June 2004.
 Subramanian, T. S. (15 April 2010). "India's indigenous GSLV D3 rocket
fails in mission". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
 "Raytheon Wins $82M Air Navigation Contract From India". GovCon
Wire. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
 "GAGAN System Certified for RNP0.1 Operations". 3 January 2014.
Retrieved3 January 2014.
 SATNAV Industry Meet 2006. ISRO Space India Newsletter. April –
September 2006 Issue.
 Welcome To Indian Space Research Organization :: Current Programme.
Isro.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-02.
 http://isro.gov.in/pslv-c22/pdf/pslv-c22-brochure.pdf