This is related to the Biochemistry. EDUCATION purpose only

1. CARBOHYDRATE
Mr. Abhijit Bhoyar
Assistant Professor
Department of
Child Health Nursing
Biochemistry

2. Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the students will be able to
• Define carbohydrate.
• Enumerate the general and physical properties of
carbohydrate.
• List down biological functions of carbohydrate.
• Enumerate the functions of carbohydrate.
Biochemistry

3. Introduction
Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar
molecules. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one
of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks. Body
breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood
sugar, is the main source of energy for body's cells, tissues,
and organs
Biochemistry

4. Cont.….
• Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature.
• They are primarily composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen.
• The name carbohydrate literally means ‘hydrates of carbon’.
because they had the empirical formula CH2O which denotes
some carbons (C) with some water molecules (H2O) attached—
hence the word carbohydrate, which means “hydrated carbon.”
Biochemistry

5. Cont.…..
• Some of the carbohydrates possess the empirical formula
(CH2O)n
• Where n ≤ 3, satisfying that these carbohydrates are in fact
carbon hydrates.
• However, there are several non-carbohydrate compounds
(e.g. acetic acid (C2H4O2), lactic acid, (C3H6O3) which also
appear as hydrates of carbon.
Biochemistry

6. Cont…..
• Further, some of the genuine carbohydrates (e.g. rhamnohexose
(C6H12O5) , Deoxyribose, (C5H10O4) do not satisfy the
general formula.
• Hence carbohydrates cannot be always considered as hydrates
of carbon.
• Functional groups present include hydroxyl groups
Biochemistry

7. Definition
Carbohydrates are broadly defined
as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones and their derivatives
or as substances that yields one of these compounds.
OR
Carbohydrates may be defined
as polyhydroxyaldehydes or ketones or compounds which
produce them on hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis - Chemical breakdown of a compound due to
reaction with water.
Biochemistry

8. Cont.….
The term ‘sugar’ is
applied to carbohydrates
soluble in water and
sweet to taste.
Biochemistry

9. Carbohydrates are the most
abundant of all the organic
compounds in nature
Biochemistry

10. • In plants, energy from the Sun is used to convert carbon dioxide
and water into the carbohydrate glucose.
• Many of the glucose molecules are made into long-chain
polymers of starch that store energy.
• About 65% of the foods in our diet consist of carbohydrates.
• Each day we utilize carbohydrates in foods such as bread, pasta,
potatoes, and rice.
Cont…..
Biochemistry

11. • Other carbohydrates called disaccharides include
sucrose (table sugar) and lactose in milk.
• During digestion and cellular metabolism,
carbohydrates are converted into glucose.
• which is oxidized further in our cells to provide our bodies
with energy.
Cont…..
Biochemistry

12. Cont…..
• To provide the cells with carbon atoms for building
molecules of protein, lipids, and nucleic acids.
• In plants, a polymer of glucose called cellulose builds the
structural framework. Cellulose has other important
uses, too.
• The wood in our furniture, the pages in your notebook,
and the cotton in our clothing are made of cellulose.
Biochemistry

13. General properties of carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates act as energy reserves, also stores fuels, and
metabolic intermediates.
• Ribose and deoxyribose sugars forms the structural frame of the
genetic material, RNA and DNA.
• Polysaccharides like cellulose are the structural elements in the
cell walls of bacteria and plants.
Biochemistry

14. Cont…..
• Carbohydrates are linked to proteins and lipids that play
important roles in cell interactions.
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds, they are aldehydes
or ketones with many hydroxyl groups.
Biochemistry

15. Physical Properties of Carbohydrates
MONOSACCHARIDE –
These are crystalline
compounds, soluble in
water, sweet to taste, and
needs digestion in order to
be absorbed into the
blood stream.
DISACCHARIDES -These
are crystalline, water-
soluble, sweet to the taste,
and must be digested to
monosaccharides before
they can be absorbed and
used for energy.
Biochemistry

16. Cont.…..
POLYSACCHARIDES -These are not water
soluble and are not crystalline. They
form colloidal suspensions instead of
solutions. They are not sweet and must
be digested before being absorbed.
Biochemistry

17. Cont.….
• Steroisomerism - Compound possessing same structural
formula but they differ in spatial (D3, D4) configuration.
Example: Glucose has two isomers (compounds that
contain exactly the same number of atoms) with respect to
penultimate carbon atom. They are D-glucose and L-glucose.
• Optical Activity - It is the rotation of plane polarized light
forming (+) glucose and (-) glucose.
Biochemistry

18. Cont.….
• Diastereoisomeers - It the configurational changes
with regard to C2, C3, or C4 in glucose. Example:
Mannose, galactose.
• Annomerism - It is the spatial configuration with
respect to the first carbon atom in aldoses and second
carbon atom in ketoses.
Biochemistry

19. Biological Importance of Carbohydrate
• Carbohydrates are chief energy source, in many animals, they
are instant source of energy. Glucose is broken down by
glycolysis/ kreb's cycle to yield ATP.
• Glucose is the source of storage of energy. It is stored as
glycogen in animals and starch in plants.
• Stored carbohydrates acts as energy source instead of
proteins.
Biochemistry

20. Cont….
• Carbohydrates are intermediates in biosynthesis of
fats and proteins.
• Carbohydrates aid in regulation of nerve tissue and
is the energy source for brain.
Biochemistry

21. Cont.….
• Carbohydrates aid in regulation of nerve tissue and is
the energy source for brain.
• Carbohydrates gets associated with lipids and proteins
to form surface antigens, receptor molecules, vitamins
and antibiotics.
• They form structural and protective components, like in
cell wall of plants and microorganisms.
Biochemistry

22. Cont.….
• In animals they are important constituent of connective
tissues.
• They participate in biological transport, cell-cell
communication and activation of growth factors.
• Carbohydrates that are rich in fiber content help to
prevent constipation.
• Also they help in modulation of immune system.
Biochemistry

23. Function of Carbohydrates in Cells
Major source of energy for the cell.
Major structural component of plant cell.
Immediate energy in the form of
GLUCOSE.
Reserve or stored energy in the form of
GLYCOGEN.
Biochemistry

24. Functions of Carbohydrates
1. They are the most abundant dietary source of energy
(4 Cal/g) for all organisms.
2. Carbohydrates are precursors for many organic
compounds (fats, amino acids).
3. Carbohydrates (as glycoproteins and glycolipids)
participate in the structure of cell membrane and cellular
functions such as cell growth, adhesion and fertilization.
Biochemistry

25. Cont….
4. They are structural components of many organisms.
These include the fiber (cellulose) of plants, exoskeleton
of some insects and the cell wall of microorganisms.
5. Carbohydrates also serve as the storage form of energy
(glycogen) to meet the immediate energy demands of the
body.
Biochemistry

26. Summary
So far we have discussed about
definition of carbohydrate, general and physical
properties of carbohydrate, biological functions of
carbohydrate, functions of carbohydrate and classify
carbohydrate.
Biochemistry

27. Expected Questions
Short
• Explain the general and physical properties of
carbohydrate.
• Describe biological functions of carbohydrate.
• Identify the functions of carbohydrate.
Biochemistry

28. References
1. Jacob Anthikad, Biochemistry for nurses 3rd ed.
2. Pankaja Naik, Essentials of Biochemistry, 1st ed.
3. Satyanarayan, Essentials of Biochemistry, 2nd ed.
4. A. C. Deb, Biochemistry, 4th ed.
Biochemistry

29. THANK YOU
Biochemistry