ccz

1. Nyala lampu pada malam hari, selain berfungsi sebagai penerangan
A. Arus Listrik
dan Muatan
B. Hukum Ohm
dan Hambatan
C. Rangkaian Seri
dan Paralel
D. Hukum II
Kirchhoff
E. Sumber Arus
Searah dari
Proses Kimiawi
F. Tegangan Listrik
Searah dan Bolak-
Balik
Listrik Dinamis
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
menerapkan konsep kelistrikan dalam berbagai penyelesaian masalah dan berbagai
produk teknologi.
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:
#0;0< 70@8 B830: 4=9038 7010B0= 1068 0AF0@0:0B :B0 C=BC:
4;0:C:0= 0:B8D8B0A=F0 0; 8=8 38A4101:0= ?4=4@0=60= ;0?C;0?C
3870?8@A4C0AC3CB:B0AC307B4@?0A0=60?C;0?C8=84@C?0:0=
2=B7?4@0;0B0=30;0:4783C?0=A470@870@8F0=640=500B:0=4=4@68
;8AB@8: A4B4;07 38C107 4=9038 4=4@68 2070F0 0;C 106080=0 4=4@68
;8AB@8: 8=8 30?0B 4=F0;0:0= ;0?C =30 0:0= 4?4;090@8=F0 ?030
101 8=8
30 3C0 94=8A 0@CA ;8AB@8: F08BC 0@CA ;8AB@8: 1;0:10;8:

2. *2#0,2',%
300#,230=0@CA;8AB@8:A40@07'0#!2300#,20300@CA
;8AB@8: 1;0:10;8: C0B0= ;8AB@8: 4=60;8@ 30;0 3C0 0@07 1;0:10;8:
30?C= ?030 0@CA ;8AB@8: A40@07 C0B0= ;8AB@8: 70=F0 4=60;8@ 30;0
A0BC 0@07 =B7 ?4@0;0B0= ;8AB@8: F0=6 4=66C=0:0= 0@CA A40@07 F08BC
:0;:C;0B@ 0#+-2# !-,20-* 90 30= ;0?C A4=B4@ 030 101 8=8 0:0=
38?4;090@8 0@CA ;8AB@8: A40@07 )430=6:0= 0@CA ;8AB@8: 1;0:10;8: 0:0=
38?4;090@8 ;4187 10=F0: 38 :4;0A .
169
• memformulasikan besaran-besaran listrik rangkaian tertutup sederhana (satu loop);
• mengidentifikasi penerapan listrik AC dan DC dalam kehidupan sehari-hari;
• menggunakan alat ukur listrik.
juga menjadi bagian dari keindahan kota.
Bab
8
Sumber: Young Scientist,1994

3. Tes Kompetensi Awal
$-5...1-#+#2*,0/31*342*,*/#.*3,2+#,#/-#)30#-30#-$2*,54%#-#.$5,5-#4*)#/
?0:070@0764@0:0@CA;8AB@8:A40@0734=60=0@0764@0:
4;4:B@= 4;0A:0=90E010==30
0@8?B4=A80;0=0:4?B4=A80;0=0:070@CA;8AB@8:
A. Arus Listrik dan Muatan
8 )# =30 B4;07 4?4;090@8 :=A4? :C0B 0@CA 30= B460=60=
;8AB@8:0301018=8=300:0=:410;84?4;090@8=F0;41874=30;0
?0:07 0@CA ;8AB@8: 8BC 06080=0 7C1C=60==F0 34=60= B460=60=
;8AB@8: 06080=0 =30 4=64B07C8 14A0@=F0 0@CA ;8AB@8: F0=6 4=60;8@
30;0AC0BC@0=6:080=B4@BCBC?+=BC:4=90E01?4@B0=F00=?4@B0=F00=
B4@A41CB ?4;090@8 AC1101 8=8 34=60= A0:A00
1. Pengertian Arus Listrik

4. 031*'120')030;07*'0,+32,*'120')1#2'.1#*,%4)232#02#,230;0
AC0BC ?4=670=B0@ C0B0= F0=6 4=60;8@ 030;07 4;4:B@=4;4:B@= F0=6
1410A 14@64@0: @A4A 0;8@0= 0@CA ;8AB@8: 8@8? 34=60= 0;8@0= ?0=0A 30@8
AC0BC14=3014@AC7CB8=668:414=3014@AC7C;4187@4=307;8@0=?0=0A
0:0=14@74=B8A4B4;07:43C0AC7C14=30B4@A41CBA00A4B810=6B4@0;
0;0 0;8@0= ;8AB@8: 9C60 348:80= 98:0 :43C0 B8B8: B4;07 48;8:8
B460=60= A00 0;8@0= C0B0= 0:0= 14@74=B8
@07 ?4@64@0:0= 4;4:B@= 14@;0E0=0= 34=60= 0@07 0@CA ;8AB@8: ?4@
70B8:0=#.$#20;0A41C07?4=670=B0@A4AC=66C7=F0?410E0
C0B0= ;8AB@8: 030;07 4;4:B@= -0;0C?C= 348:80= B4;07 38A4?0:0B8
107E0 0@07 0@CA ;8AB@8: 14@;0E0=0= 34=60= 0@07 64@0: 4;4:B@=
#C0B0= ;8AB@8: 70=F0 0:0= 4=60;8@ 30;0 @0=6:080= B4@BCBC? 030
@0=6:080= B4@BCBC? A4?4@B8 ?030 #.$#2 0:0= B4@9038 1430 ?B4=A80;
0=B0@0 :43C0 C9C=6 ?4=670=B0@ 430 ?B4=A80; 8=8;07 F0=6 4=F4101:0=
C0B0= ;8AB@8: 4=60;8@ B4@9038 0@CA ;8AB@8:
2. Kuat Arus Listrik
32031*'120')383458=8A8:0=A410608 ,6),6+32,*'120')6,%
+#,%*'0*+1323.#,%,201#2'.123123,4)23)420@00B40B8A
38BC;8A:0= A410608 14@8:CB
Contoh 8.1
I e
Gambar 8.1
Arah arus listrik (I)
dan arah elektron (e) berlawanan arah.
170 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
/
2
K
Gambar 8.2
Arus listrik akan mengalir dalam
rangkaian tertutup.
!4B8:07C90=;410BB4@9038:8;0B30=B4@34B4:A80@CA;8AB@8:A414A0@

5. :8;0?4@44=60;8@
30;0E0:BC 8;8A4:=8BC=6C0B0=F0=638?8=307:0=30@80E0=14@C0B0=
;8AB@8::4C8?030A00B8BC
#7#$
8:4B07C8

6. 2 A
/
2
0:0 /2
e e e
e
I
e
I
I I
sumber tegangan
4=60;8@

7. *C;8A:0=;0750:B@50:B@F0=644=60@C7814A0@=F0
AC0BC7010B0=?4=670=B0@
#4=60?0 D;B4B4@ 30;0 AC0BC @0=6:080= 70@CA
38?0A0=6A420@0?0@0;4;
*C;8A:0=;07 2=B7 AC14@ B460=60= ;8AB@8: F0=6
=30:4B07C8

8. sumber tegangan
lampu
amperemeter
Gambar 8.3
Mengukur kuat arus listrik
voltmeter
P lampu Q
arus
listrik
+ –
baterai
voltmeter
V
×
P lampu Q
+ –
baterai
Listrik Dinamis 171
3. Mengukur Kuat Arus
+=BC: 4=6C:C@ :C0B 0@CA ;8AB@8: 30;0 AC0BC @0=6:080= ;8AB@8:
386C=0:0=0?4@44B4@0B0C04B4@4=6C:C@0=0@CA;8AB@8:30;0AC0BC
?4=670=B0@ 30?0B 38;0:C:0= 34=60= 20@0 4=67C1C=6:0= 0;0B C:C@ 0@CA
;8AB@8: 0?4@44B4@ A420@0 A4@8 A4?4@B8 ?030 #.$#2
0@0 41020 A:0;0 0?4@44B4@ 030;07 A410608 14@8:CB
0A8; ?4=6C:C@0=
A:0;0F0=638BC=9C:
L10B0AC:C@
A:0;00:A8C
K
8;01@0B@8CA4:;07180A0=F0386C=0:0=0?4@44B4@C=BC:4=6C:C@:C0B0@CA
030AC0BC?4=6C:C@0=0@CA;8AB@8:3830?0B30B0A4?4@B838BC=9C::0=?0306010@14@8:CB
*4=BC:0=70A8;?4=6C:C@0=0?4@44B4@B4@A41CB
@058:14@8:CB4=C=9C::0=:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@30;0AC0BC@0=6:080=B4@BCBC?
4@30A0@:0=6@058:B4@A41CBB4=BC:0=10=F0:=F0
C0B0=;8AB@8:F0=64=60;8@30;0@0=6:080=
A4;00A?4@B0030;0A0BC0=2C;C1
#7#$
I 0@82 A0?082 A38?4@;47
2 K A0@CA?030A4;0=6E0:BC8=8
14@B0107A420@0;8=40@$8;08@0B0@0B0=F0
030;07A41060814@8:CB
Contoh 8.2
Contoh 8.3
0202

9. C;07C0B0==F0 / 2

10. A
4
I 0@82AA0?082A38?4@;472 AKA
A@CA?030A4;0=6E0:BC
8=8B4B0?
C;07C0B0==F0
/ 2
A
0389C;07C0B0=F0=64=60;8@4;0;C8@0=6:080=A4;00A030;07
/
/ /
4. Mengukur Beda Potensial
+=BC:4=6C:C@14A0@1430?B4=A80;0B0CB460=60=380=B0@0C9C=6C9C=6
?4=670=B0@ 386C=0:0= D;B4B4@ F0=6 38@0=6:08:0= A4?4@B8 ?030 #.$#2
arus
listrik
Gambar 8.4
Cara mengukur beda potensial.
/

11. A
A
038C0B0=F0=638?8=307:0=030;07 A0B0C
0
70
100
0,5 A
#7#$
=5@0A8F0=638?4@;4730@86010@B4@A41CBF08BCA:0;0
F0=638BC=9C: A:0;00:A8C
10B0AC:C@0=
0A8;?4=6C:C@0=
L

12. 03870A8;?4=6C:C@0==F0

13. I(A)
t(s)
2 4 6
2

14. ,;B4B4@ 38ACAC= ?0@0;4; A49090@ 34=60= AC14@ ;8AB@8: 0B0C ?4@0;0B0=
;8AB@8: F0=6 0:0= 38C:C@ 1430 ?B4=A80;=F0
=460B85 !CBC1:CBC1 8=8 70@CA 387C1C=6:0= A420@0 14@A4AC080= 34=60=
:CBC1:CBC1 ?030 @0=6:080=
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
2+#,#/-#)%#-#.$5,5-#4*)#/
4;0A:0=F0=638A41CB34=60=
0 ;8AB@8:AB0B8A
1 ;8AB@8:38=08A
030D;B4B4@B4@30?0B3C01C07:CBC1F08BC:CBC1?A8B8530=:CBC1
@058:14@8:CB4=C=9C::0=:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@
30;07010B0=A4106085C=6A8E0:BC
*4=BC:0= 10=F0:=F0 C0B0= ;8AB@8: F0=6 4=60;8@
30;07010B0=A4;00A
0;0 AC0BC @0=6:080= ;8AB@8: 4=60;8@ 0@CA ;8AB@8:
A414A0@
A4;004=8B4@0?0C0B0=F0=6
4=60;8@30;0@0=6:080=B4@A41CB
8:0A41C074;4:B@=48;8:8C0B0=
L
14@0?0
10=F0: 4;4:B@= F0=6 4=60;8@ 30;0 A41C07 :0E0B
?4=670=B0@F0=6380;8@80@CA;8AB@8: A4;00A
172 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X

15. )41C070?4@44B4@34=60=10B0AC:C@
30=A:0;0
386C=0:0=C=BC:4=6C:C@:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@
30;0AC0BC@0=6:080=;8AB@8:030A00B?4=6C:C@0=
90@C0?4@44B4@4=C=9C::0=0=6:0
B4=BC:0=
14A0@:C0B0@CA?030?4=6C:C@0=8=8
*4=BC:0=70A8;?4=6C:C@0=14@8:CB
0
1
0
1 2
B. Hukum Ohm dan Hambatan
3
030 AC1101 =30 B4;07 4?4;090@8 :=A4? 0@CA 30= B460=60=
A4@B0 20@0 ?4=6C:C@0==F0 030 AC1101 8=8 =30 0:0= 4?4;090@8
7C:C%730=7010B0=06080=07C1C=60=0=B0@0B460=60=0@CA
;8AB@8:30=7010B0=C:C%70:0=41070A7C1C=60=B4@A41CB
)414;C 4?4;090@8 101 8=8 ;4187 90C7 ;0:C:0= :4680B0= 14@8:CB
Aktivitas Fisika 8.1
I(A)
t(s)
2
1
3 6 8
hambatan
geser
hambatan
tetap
Hubungan Tegangan dan Arus Listrik
tegangan
sumber A
V
Tujuan
Mengetahui hubungan antara tegangan
dan arus listrik.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Dua buah baterai
2. Hambatan tetap
3. hambatan geser (hambatan yang
dapat diubah-ubah)
4. Amperemeter DC
5. Voltmeter DC
terminal
negatif
terminal 0,6 A
0
1 2 3
– 0,6 A 3 A
0
1 2
3
0
0,2 0,4
0,6
A
terminal
negatif
terminal 3 A
0
1 2
3
0,6
0,2 0,4
0
A – 0,6 A 3 A
Kata Kunci
• arus listrik
• elektron
• beda potensial
• amperemeter
• voltmeter
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah semua peralatan seperti pada gambar.

16. Tantangan
untuk Anda
Listrik Dinamis 173
2. Ubahlah hambatan geser dengan cara menggeser-geser kontak luncur,
bacalah kuat arus I pada amperemeter dan tegangan hambatan tetap pada
voltmeter. Tulislah hasil yang Anda peroleh dalam bentuk tabel.
3. Dari tabel yang Anda tulis, buatlah grafik tegangan V terhadap kuat arus I.
4. Dari grafik tersebut, buatlah kesimpulannya.
1. Hukum Ohm
4@30A0@:0= 4:A?4@84= F0=6 38;0:C:0= 02( *.0/ ).
K
3830?0B :4A8?C;0= 107E0 )32 031 *'120') 6,% +#,%*'0 +#**3'
.#,%,20 1# ,',% #,%, 2#%,%, 23 # .-2#,1'* 1323 .#,%,20
*'120')2#01# 32.#0 ,',%,,61#**3)-,12,6,%'1# 321# %'+ 2,
4@=F0B00= 8=8 38:4=0; 34=60= C:C %7
!0@0:B4@8AB8:7010B0=F0=6B4@1C0B30@8;6030=44=C78C:C
%7 :=AB0= 38A41CB 78: 0B0C ;8=40@ #8A0;:0= 30@8 AC0BC 70A8;
?4@2100=38?4@;47=8;08B460=60=30=:C0B0@CA0B0B4@A41CB30?0B
=30;870B?030 #$-*014;B4@A41CB30?0B4=670A8;:0=AC0BC6@058:
;8=40@ A4?4@B8 B0?0: ?030 #.$#2

17. #$-
$8;08*460=60=30=!C0B@CA?030
010B0=60%78:
(#/(#/
60-4
)420@0 0B40B8A ?4@=F0B00= C:C %7 30?0B 38BC;8A:0=
B0=
!4B4@0=60=
14A0@ 7010B0=
B0= :48@8=60= 6@058:
0:0
714A0@=F0A0034=60=
D;B?4@0?4@4,
K

18. K
!4B4@0=60=
1430 ?B4=A80; ,
7010B0=
:C0B 0@CA
!48@8=60=B0= ?0306@058:B4@A41CB4@C?0:0=14A0@=F07010B0=
F0=6 48;8:8 =8;08 A00 30@8 AC0BC ?4@2100= :0= B4B0?8 30@8 A4B80?
?4@2100=B830:A4;0;C4=670A8;:0=6@058::48@8=60=F0=6A00C1C=60=
0=B0@0 7010B0= 30= :48@8=60= 6@058: B0= 38=F0B0:0= 34=60=
?4@A000=
D;B
Suatu alat pemanas listrik (heater)
memakai arus listrik 11 A jika
dihubungkan dengan sumber
potensial 220 V. Hitunglah
hambatan pemanas tersebut.

19. 5#4253
#.12
Gambar 8.5
Grafik linear V terhadap I

20. 5
4
3
2
1
Pembahasan Soal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Contoh 8.4
)41C07?40=0A;8AB@8:3814@8B460=60=
,A478=6604=60;8@0@CA;8AB@8:A414A0@
8BC=67010B0=?40=0AB4@A41CB
#7#$
8:4B07C8
,
,
0387010B0=94=8A?40=0A;8AB@8:B4@A41CB030;07
Contoh 8.5
4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
V(volt)
174 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
I(A)
B
60° A
30°
*4=BC:0=;07=8;08?4@10=38=60=7010B0=

21. 30=7010B0=
#7#$
4=60=44@70B8:0=6@058:K38?4@;47=8;08?4@10=38=60=

22. F08BC

23. B0= B0=

24. B0=

25. HB0= H

26. 038

27. 2. Hambatan (Resistansi)
)4B80?1070=0B4@80;108:8BC;600B0C?C=1C:0=;6048;8:8
7010B0= B4@B4=BC 0; 8=8 18A0 =30 00B8 107E0 AC0BC 1070= B830:
A4;0;C 30?0B 4=670=B0@:0= 0@CA ;8AB@8: A420@0 108: 0?018;0 380;8@8 0@CA
;8AB@8: 60@ 30?0B40708=F0 ;0:C:0= ,4*6*4#3 *3*,# 14@8:CB
Aktivitas Fisika 8.2
Hubungkan Panjang Kawat dan Nilai Hambatan Logam
Tujuan Percobaan
Menyelidiki pengaruh panjang kawat dari jenis kawat terhadap nilai hambatan
logam.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Amperemeter digital (0 mA – 1,2 mA)
2. Sumber tegangan (DC 1,5 volt)
3. Kawat nikrom (d = 0,5 mm) dan kawat tembaga berlapis email (d = 0,5 mm;
1,0 mm; dan 1,5 mm)
4. Kabel
5. Penjepit
6. Penggaris
7. Mikrometer sekrup
8. Spidol
Grafik di atas menunjukkan kuat arus
yang mengalir dalam suatu
hambatan R, sebagai fungsi waktu.
Banyaknya muatan listrik yang
mengalir dalam hambatan tersebut
selama 6 sekon pertama adalah ....
a. 8
b. 10
c. 14
d. 18
e. 20
Ebtanas, 1990
Pembahasan
Diketahui:
Pada t = 0 sampai t = 3s
q = I
q = 4 × (3)
= 12 Coloumb
A = 4,5040 cm3
Pada t = 0 sampai t = 3s
q = I
q = (3) . (1)
= 2 Coloumb
qtotal = 12 Coloumb + 6 Coloumb +
2 Coloumb = 20 Coloumb
Jawab: E

28. Listrik Dinamis 175
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Dengan menggunakan penggaris, ukurlah panjang kawat dari salah satu
ujungnya sepanjang 10 cm. Kemudian, beri tanda dengan spidol. Lakukan
hal yang sama untuk setiap 25 cm berikutnya hingga 100 cm.
2. Susun semua peralatan seperti gambar berikut.
kawat Penjepit 2
Amperemeter
digital
3. Hubungkan kabel negatif sumber tegangan dengan salah satu ujung kawat
(anggap ujung ini sebagai titik nol kawat). Kemudian, hubungkan kabel
positif amperemeter ujung kawat lain yang berjarak 25 cm
4. Catatlah kuat arus yang terbaca pada amperemeter, kemudian tuliskan
hasilnya pada tabel berikut.
No. Panjang Tegangan Kuat Arus (A) Hambatan ( )
Kawat (cm) Sumber (V)
1. 25 . . . . . . . . .
2. 50 . . . . . . . . .
3. 75 . . . . . . . . .
4. 100 . . . . . . . . .
5. 125 . . . . . . . . .
5. Perhatikan data yang telah Anda tuliskan dalam tabel. Kesimpulan apakah
yang Anda peroleh? Bagaimanakah hubungan antara panjang ( ) dengan
hambatan (R)?
6. Ulangi langkah 2, 3, dan 4 untuk kawat tembaga dengan diameter 0,5 mm
dan panjang 50 cm.
7. Hitunglah nilai hambatannya. Bandingkan dengan nilai hambatan untuk
kawat nikrom dengan panjang 50 cm.
8. Mengapa nilai hambatannya sama atau mengapa nilai hambatannya
berbeda?
9. Ulangi langkah 2, dan 3 untuk kawat tembaga lain dengan nilai diameter 1,0
mm dan 1,5 mm, serta panjangnya 50 cm.
10. Catatlah hasilnya pada tabel berikut.
11. Bagaimanakah hubungan antara luas penampang kawat tembaga dengan
hambatan (R)?
13.21
Penjepit 1
Sumber potensial
No. Diameter
(mm)
Luas Penampang
(mm2)
Tegangan
(V)
Kuat Arus
(A)
Hambatan
( )
1
2
3
0,5
1,0
1,5
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .

29. 4@30A0@:0=,4*6*4#3*3*,# =3030?0B4?4@;47:4A8?C;
0=107E0A40:8=?0=90=6:0E0B7010B0==F0A40:8=14A0@!4A8?C;
0= 8=8 30?0B 38BC;8A:0= 30;0 14=BC: 14@8:CB
)4;08= 8BC A40:8= 14A0@ ;C0A ?4=0?0=6 :0E0B A40:8= :428;
7010B0= :0E0B B4@A41CB 30?0B 38BC;8A:0= 30;0 14=BC: 14@8:CB
8:0 :43C0 :4A8?C;0= B4@A41CB 38601C=6:0= 0:0= 38?4@;47
)4;08=14@60=BC=6?030 30=

30. 9C6014@60=BC=6?03094=8A70
10B0= 4=8A ?4=670=B0@ B4@A41CB 38E0:8;8 ;47 AC0BC 14A0@0= 7010B0=
94=8A
7010B0= 94=8A 30?0B 38BC;8A:0= A410608 14@8:CB
#)#/ .42
176 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X

31. B
!4B4@0=60=
B
7010B0=94=8A0:78@ 0
7010B0=94=8AC;0C;0
:458A84= AC7C7010B0= ?4@B01070= AC7C H
%;47 :0@4=0 7010B0= A410=38=6 34=60= 7010B0= 94=8A
?4=60@C7 AC7C B4@7030? 7010B0= 9C60 30?0B 38BC;8A
t 0
2
K
#$-
$8;08010B0= 4=8A?030 H
;C8=8C
4A8
0A
4@0:
;0B8=0
*41060
*C=6AB4=
$8:@
!0@1=
4@0=8C
)8;8:=
!020
L
K
L
K
L
K
L
K
L
K
L
K
L
K
L
K

32. K L
K
KL
K
K
K
Sumber: Physics, 2000
$8;08 7010B0= 94=8A 1414@0?0 1070= 3814@8:0= ?030 #$-
010B0= 94=8A AC0BC ?4=670=B0@ 14@60=BC=6 ?030 AC7C ?4=670=B0@
B4@A41CB )420@0 0B40B8A 7C1C=60= 0=B0@0 7010B0= 94=8A 30= AC7C
38?4@;47 30@8
t 0
0
?4@A000= 14@8:CB

33. K

34. Kata Kunci
• beda potensial
• hambatan (resistor)
• hambatan jenis
• koefisien suhu hambatan
Listrik Dinamis 177
B
K
!4B4@0=60=
27010B0=0:78@
7010B0=C;0C;0
*4=BC:0= 7010B0= A410B0=6 0;C8=8C F0=6 ?0=90=6=F0 2 30= ;C0A
?4=0?0=6=F0 238:4B07C8
L
K 8:0:43C0C9C=610B0=6
0;C8=8C3814@81430B460=60=A414A0@
L
K

35. ,14@0?0:070@CAF0=64=60;8@
30;0?4=670=B0@0;C8=8CB4@A41CB
#7#$
2
L
K

36. 2L
K
L

37. ,
+=BC:4=4=BC:0=:0E0B?4=670=B0@0;C8=8C386C=0:0=?4@A000=

38. K
K
L
K
L
L
4@30A0@:0=C:C%7
L
,
L
)41C07B4@4B4@30@8:0E0BBC=6AB4=48;8:87010B0=
?030AC7C H
30= 7010B0==F0 4=9038 ?030 A00B AC7C
H *4=BC:0=;07 AC7C F0=6
38BC=9C::0=B4@4B4@B4@A41CB:4B8:07010B0=:0E0B=F0
#7#$
8:4B07C8
H 2
H
2
#4;0;C8?4@A000=?4@C1070=7010B0=14A0@7010B0=94=8A0:0=38?4@;47
0
K
H
L
K

39. HK
!4B8:07010B0=:0E0B=F0 AC7C=F0030;07
0
K
L
K

40. /
H
A478=660
K
H K H
H
038AC7CF0=638BC=9C::0=B4@4B4@030;07 H
aluminium
I V
A
Contoh 8.6
Contoh 8.7
2
K

41. K
0380@CAF0=64=60;8@30;0?4=670=B0@
0;C8=8C030;07
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
2+#,#/-#)%#-#.$5,5-#4*)#/
4@0?0:07 :C0B 0@CA F0=6 4=60;8@ ?030 A41C07
?4=670=B0@F0=648;8:87010B0=

42. 98:03814@8
B460=60=A414A0@ D;B
)41C07 :?=4= ;8AB@8: 3814@8 B460=60= D;B
A478=6604=60;8@:0=0@CA
4@0?0:07:C0B0@CA
F0=64=60;8@?030:?=4=B4@A41CB98:03814@8
B460=60=
D;B

43. Ingatlah
178 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
4@70B8:0=6010@@0=6:080=14@8:CB8=8
50 mA
150 mA
R1
A I1
R2
B I2
60 mA
C I3
R3
*4=BC:0=14A0@=F0(98:0,030;07
D;B
C. Rangkaian Seri dan Paralel
030 AC1101 8=8 =30 0:0= 4?4;090@8 @0=6:080= A4@8 30= ?0@0;4;
:?=4=:?=4= ;8AB@8: 4@70B8:0= A8AB4 8=AB0;0A8 ;8AB@8: 38
@C07C0?C:?@;8AB@8:A4B@8:0;8AB@8:B4;4D8A8@038:?CB4@
30= ??0 08@ 4@C?0:0= 0;0B0;0B @C07 B0=660 F0=6 4=66C=0:0=
;8AB@8: A410608 AC14@ 4=4@68=F0 ;0B0;0B ;8AB@8: B4@A41CB 38@0=6:08
A4348:80=@C?0A478=6600;0B0;0BB4@A41CB30?0B38=F0;0:0=30=380B8
:0=0A8=60A8=6B0=?0A0;8=64=660=66C0;0B0;0B;8AB@8:;08=)410608
2=B7=30A430=64==B=B4;4D8A881CA430=64=F4B@8:030=0F07
A430=6 0=38 ;0B0;0B ;8AB@8: F0=6 A430=6 14@?4@0A8 A00B 8BC F08BC
B4;4D8A8 A4B@8:0 ;8AB@8: 30= ??0 08@ ?0 F0=6 B4@9038 :4B8:0 81C 4
0B8:0= A4B@8:0 ;8AB@8: ?0:07 B4;4D8A8 30= ??0 08@ 9C60 0B8 *4=BC
B830: 1C:0= #4=60?0 348:80=
=B7 B4@A41CB 4@C?0:0= A0;07 A0BC :4C=BC=60= ?4=66C=00=
@0=6:080= ?0@0;4; 30;0 4@0=6:08 0;0B0;0B ;8AB@8: 06080=0 98:0 0;0B
0;0BB4@A41CB38@0=6:08A4@80;04?4;090@8@0=6:080=A4@830=?0@0;4;
=30 10B0A8 ?4=66C=00= :?=4=:?=4= ;8AB@8: F0=6 386C=0:0=
0;070;8=8=300:0=4=66C=0:0=@4A8AB@A410608:?=4=;8AB@8:=F0
1. Hukum I Kirchhoff
)414;C4?4;090@8;418790C74=64=08C:C!8@27755;0:C:0=;07
:4680B0= 14@8:CB

44. 0A8; ?4@2100= 38?4@;47
6@058:7C1C=60=B460=60=
30=:C0B0@CA?030A41C07
@4A8AB@A4?4@B8?0306010@
14@8:CB 8:0
D;BB4=
BC:0= 14A0@ :C0B 0@CA F0=6
4=60;8@
0@86010@@0=6:080=?030A0;=@B4=BC:0=
14A0@=F0
30=

45. V (volt)
I
0,02 (ampere)
3
Aktivitas Fisika 8.3
Hukum I Kirchhoff
Tujuan
Memahami Hukum I Kirchhoff.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Amperemeter DC (0 – 1 A),
2. Tiga lampu kecil (masing-masing 1,5 V)
3. Sebuah baterai (1,5 V)
4. Kabel penghubung secukupnya.
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah peralatan seperti pada gambar, letakkan amperemeter di posisi A1
2. Amatilah, apakah semua lampu menyala?
3. Catat kuat arus yang ditunjukkan amperemeter, kemudian pindahkan
amperemeter ke posisi A2, A3, dan A4.
A3
P
A4
A2
A1
4. Catat kuat arus yang ditunjukkan amperemeter pada semua posisi tersebut
5. Apakah A1 dan A2 menunjukkan angka yang sama?
6. Jumlahkan angka yang ditunjukkan oleh A3 dan A4. Apakah hasil
penjumlahannya sama dengan angka yang ditunjukkan oleh A1 atau A2?
7. Apa kesimpulan Anda dari kegiatan ini?
Perjanjian cara penggambaran
baterai (sumber potensial DC) pada
rangkaian adalah sisi yang lebih
panjang menandakan kutub
positifnya.
+ – A = amperemeter

46. R2
R1 R3
a b
V1 V2 V3
Listrik Dinamis 179
0@8:4680B0=B4@A41CB38?4@;47:4A8?C;0=B4=B0=6C:C!8@27755
3)3+ '0!-$$ 14@1C=F8 (3+* 031 *'120') 6,% +13) . 1323 2'2')
.#0! ,%,1+#,%,(3+*031*'120')6,%)#*300'2'2')! ,%2#01# 32
C:C8=84@C?0:0=?4@=F0B00=;08=30@87C:C:4:4:0;0=C0B0=F0=6
4=F0B0:0= 107E0 9C;07 C0B0= F0=6 4=60;8@ B830: 14@C107
4@70B8:0=#.$#2
010@B4@A41CB4=C=9C::0=1414@0?00@CA
;8AB@8: F0=6 :4;C0@0AC: 30@8 AC0BC B8B8: ?4@2010=60= )4AC08 34=60=
C:C !8@27755 0:0= 14@;0:C
Gambar 8.6
Arus listrik yang memasuki dan
keluar dari titik percabangan O.
0AC: :4;C0@
4=60= 348:80= ?030 #.$#2
14@;0:C

47. 4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
2 A 8 A
P Q 4 A
4 A
6 A
I
*4=BC:0=0@0730=14A0@:C0B0@CA;8AB@8:
#7#$
4@30A0@:0=6010@B4@30?0B3C0B8B8:2010=6F08BCB8B8:30='
I +=BC:B8B8:2010=68A0;:0=0@CA?0302010=6'48;8:80@07:4;C0@30@8
B8B8:2010=6
4@30A0@:0=C:C!8@27755
masuk keluar I I
'
038'
14@0@0730@8:4'
I +=BC:B8B8:2010=6'8A0;:0=0@070AC::4B8B8:2010=6'
4@30A0@:0=C:C!8@27755
I I masuk keluar
038K

48. B0=30=460B85K4=C=9C::0=107E00@071C:0=0AC:B4B0?8:4;C0@30@8
B8B8:2010=6'
2. Rangkaian Seri Resistor
)41C07 @0=6:080= ;8AB@8: 38A41CB @0=6:080= A4@8 98:0 30;0 @0=6:080=
B4@A41CB 70=F0 030 A0BC ;8=B0A0= F0=6 38;0;C8 0@CA ;8AB@8: 030 @0=6:080=
A4@8 :C0B 0@CA ;8AB@8: F0=6 4;0;C8 A4B80? :?=4= A00 14A0@ E0;0C?C=
7010B0= A4B80? :?=4= 14@1430 #.$#2 4=C=9C::0= @0=6:08
0= A4@8 30@8 B860 1C07 ;0?C ?890@
)4:0@0=6 ?4@70B8:0= #.$#2 *460=60= ?030 C9C=6C9C=6
30=

49. 030;07
30=

50. A430=6:0= B460=60= BB0; 0=B0@0 B8B8: 30=
030;07 +=BC: 7010B0=7010B0= F0=6 38ACAC= A4@8 14@;0:C
Gambar 8.7
Rangkaian seri tiga buah lampu pijar.
Contoh 8.8
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
O
K
Gambar 8.8
Susunan seri hambatan
7010B0=A4B80?:?=4=14@1430

51. %;47:0@4=0

52. 30= 2-2A478=660
Susunan paralel tiga buah lampu
I1
Gambar 8.10
R1
R2
pijar
a I I b
R3
I2
I3
180 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X

53. K
BB

54. 1

55. ,
K
K
+=BC: , 1C07 7010B0= 14@;0:C
4@A000=?4@A000= 14@8:CB C=BC: 4=F434@70=0:0= 30= 4?4@
C307 ?4=F4;4A080= 4@70B8:0= #.$#2
0 8:0 B4@30?0B 7010B0= 38ACAC= A4@8 14@;0:C
K
K

56. 1 (0=6:080= A4@8 14@5C=6A8 A410608 ?41068 B460=60=
BB
BB K
Gambar 8.9
Rangkaian seri dua buah hambatan.
3. Rangkaian Paralel Resistor
8:0AC0BC@0=6:080=;8AB@8:414@8:0=;418730@8A0BC;8=B0A0=C=BC:
0;8@0= 0@CA ;8AB@8:=F0 @0=6:080= B4@A41CB 38=00:0= @0=6:080= ?0@0;4;
030 @0=6:080= ?0@0;4; B460=60= ?030 A4B80? :?=4= A00 14A0@
E0;0C?C= 7010B0= A4B80? :?=4= 14@1430
414@0?0 ;0?C ?890@ F0=6 38ACAC= A420@0 ?0@0;4; B0?0: ?030 #.
$#2 (0=6:080= ?0@0;4; 14@5C=6A8 A410608 ?41068 0@CA
)4?4@B8 F0=6 B4;07 =30 ?4;090@8 ?030 C:C !8@27755 ?030
#.$#2 :C0B 0@CA ;8AB@8: F0=6 4;0;C8
30=

57. 030;07
30=

58. 30?C= :C0B 0@CA 0=B0@0 B8B8: 30= 030;07 030 @0=6:080=
?0@0;4; 14@;0:C

59. R1
R2
V
V1
V2
V2
K
%;47:0@4=0

60. 30=
.
4=60= 348:80=
.

61. C=BC: , 1C07 7010B0= 14@;0:C
...
.

62. , Gambar 8.11
Susunan paralel hambatan
K
K

63. Tantangan
untuk Anda
Jika Anda telah memahami susunan
seri hambatan pada rangkaian,
tentukan oleh Anda sehingga
diperoleh persamaan (8 – 12),
persamaan (8 –13), dan persamaan
(8 – 14) dengan cara menurunkan
dari persamaan (8 – 9) dan
persamaan (8 – 10).
G
R RX
G
1
E S
2
Listrik Dinamis 181
)4;08= 30?0B 38ACAC= A420@0 A4@8 30= ?0@0;4; :?=4=:?=4=
;8AB@8: 30?0B ?C;0 38ACAC= A420@0 601C=60= A4@8?0@0;4;
Mari Mencari Tahu
4. Jembatan Wheatstone
2-2
410B0=#212-,#4@C?0:0=A41C074B34F0=6386C=0:0=C=BC:
4=6C:C@7010B0=F0=614;C38:4B07C8)4;08=8BC9410B0=4#212-,#
386C=0:0= C=BC: 4=6@4:A8 :4A0;070= F0=6 30?0B B4@9038 30;0
?4=6C:C@0= 7010B0= 4=66C=0:0= C:C %7 )CAC=0= @0=6:080=
9410B0=-740BAB=4 38BC=9C::0= ?030 #.$#2
8:090@C60;D0=4B4@4=C=9C::0=0=6:0=;A4B810=614@
0@B8 ?030 60;D0=4B4@ B830: 030 0@CA ;8AB@8: F0=6 4=60;8@ :810B=F0
?030 :40300= 8=8 B460=60= 38
A00 34=60= B460=60= 38
30= B460=60= 38 A00 34=60= 38

64. A478=660 98:0
14@;0:C
L

65. L
K
23#.##/ 9 38:4=0; 34=60= ?@8=A8? 9410B0= -740BAB=4
4=BC: A434@70=0 A41C07 9410B0= -740BAB=4 38BC=9C::0= A4?4@B8
?030 #.$#2
!4B8:0 A0:;0@ 387C1C=6:0= 0@CA 4=60;8@ 4;0;C8
Gambar 8.12
Rangkaian jembatan Wheatstone
Gambar 8.13
Rangkaian sederhana jembatan
Wheatstone
4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
41C07@0=6:080=B4@BCBC?F0=6B4@38@80B0A3C01C07@4A8AB@30=A41C07AC14@
B460=60=
*C60A =30 030;07 41C:B8:0= ?4@A000=?4@A000= 14@8:CB 4@A000=
?4@A000= 14@8:CB 14@6C=0 C=BC: 4=F434@70=0:0= 30= 4?4@C307
?4=F4;4A080=
8:0B4@30?0B7010B0=38ACAC=?0@0;4;14@;0:C
I
2-2
I
2-2
I
2-2
+=BC:,1C077010B0=F0=638ACAC=?0@0;4;30=A4B80?7010B0=14A0@=F0
7010B0=BB0;=F0030;07
+
,

66. 010B0=?0@0;4;14@5C=6A8A410608?410680@CA34=60==8;08?4@10=38=60=
:C0B0@CA?030A4B80?2010=6030;07
2-2
430?B4=A80;A4B80?7010B0=A0014A0@
R1 R2
R4 R3
P
S
R
G
V
I1 R1
R2 I2 I
V
I

67. ACAC=0= @0=6:080= A430=6:0= 90@C 0;D0=4B4@ 4=F8?0=6 :4 :8@8
0B0C:4:0=0= 410B0=30;0:40300=A4B810=60:0=38?4@;4734=60=
4=664A4@64A4@:=B0:A4?0=90=6:0E0B 030:40300=A4B810=690@C
0;D0=4B4@ 0:0= 4=C=9C::0= 0=6:0 =; A478=660 38?4@;47
Contoh 8.9
60 cm
A
182 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
0B0C
K
030;07 7010B0= F0=6 74=30: 38C:C@ A430=6:0= 7010B0=
AB0=30@ F0=6 AC307 38:4B07C8 0=90=6 :0E0B 1
30= 2
30?0B B4@1020
4;0;C8 A:0;0 ?0=90=6 ?030 :0E0B B4@A41CB
4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
R = 120
G
X
A D C
V S
0=90=6 2 0@C60;D0=4B4@0:0=
A4B810=6:4B8:0:=B0:14@030 230@8
C9C=6*4=BC:0==8;087010B0=5
#7#$
2K 2 2
)F0@0B9410B0=30;0:40300=A4B810=6
030;07
5
5 2
2
5
*8601C07@4A8AB@0A8=60A8=6
30= 38ACAC=A4@830=C9C=6C9C=6=F0
387C1C=6:0=34=60=10B4@08 ,A4?4@B8?0306010@14@8:CB
10 4 6
B C
60 V
*4=BC:0=
0 :C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@?030@0=6:080=
1 1430?B4=A80;0=B0@030=
2 1430?B4=A80;0=B0@030=
3 1430?B4=A80;0=B0@030=
#7#$
0

68. ,
,

69. 038:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@?030@0=6:080=030;07

70. 1

71. ,
2

72. ,
3

73. ,
038

74. ,
,30=
,
D
Contoh 8.10
Tugas Anda
Turunkan oleh Anda persamaan
(8 – 19) berdasarkan Gambar 8.13.

75. 1 1
r 2 2
r 3 3
r
– + – + – +
I R
Listrik Dinamis 183
5. Rangkaian Seri dan Paralel Sumber Tegangan
)414;C41070AACAC=0=A4@8K?0@0;4;AC14@B460=60=B4@;4187307C;C
0:0=381070A4=64=08?4@14300=60F064@0:;8AB@8:34=60=B460=60=;8AB@8:
a. Perbedaan Gaya Gerak Listrik dengan Tegangan Jepit
6 %#0) *'120') %%* 030;07 # .-2#,1'* ,20 3(3,%3(3,% )323
13+ #0 031 *'120') )#2') 13+ #0 031 *'120') 2#01# 32 2') +#,%*'0), 031
*'120') #%,%, (#.'2 030;07 # .-2#,1'* ,20 3(3,%3(3,% 13+ #0 031
*'120'))#2')13+ #0031*'120')2#01# 322#0 # ,'23+#,%*'0),031*'120')
C1C=60= 0=B0@0 66; 30= B460=60= 94?8B 030;07
94?8B
K
b. Sumber Tegangan Disusun Seri
+=BC:4=30?0B:0=AC14@B460=60=F0=6;418714A0@30@8?030B460=60=
A4B80?AC14@B460=60=1414@0?0AC14@B460=60=70@CA38ACAC=A420@0A4@8
*86010B4@0838ACAC=A420@0A4@8A4?4@B8?030#.$#2 8:0=30
?4@70B8:0= :4B860 10B4@08 38ACAC= 14@34@4B 38 0=0 :CBC1 :43C0 10B4@08
F0=6 14@34:0B0= A4;0;C 14@;0E0=0= B0=30
8:0 A49C;07 AC14@ B460=60= 0B0C 10B4@08 38ACAC= A420@0 A4@8
14@;0:C
BB

76. K
34=60= 7010B0= 30;0=F0
BB

77. 0 0 0 0 . K
!C0B 0@CA F0=6 4=60;8@ 4;0;C8 @0=6:080= ?030 #.$#2 B4@
A41CB 44=C78 ?4@A000=

79. 0 0 0
K

80. +=BC: , 1C07 AC14@ B460=60= F0=6 38ACAC= A4@8 14@;0:C
,
,0
K
c. Sumber Tegangan Disusun Paralel
8:0A49C;07AC14@B460=60=F0=648;8:866;A00 1
2
3
38ACAC= A420@0 ?0@0;4; 0:0 14@;0:C
BB
010B0= 30;0=F0 38@CCA:0= A410608 14@8:CB
K
0 0 0 0
BB

81. . K
Gambar 8.14
Rangkaian seri tiga sumber
tegangan atau baterai.

82. I
A
1 1
r
2 2
r
3 3
r
Gambar 8.15
R
Tiga sumber tegangan disusun
paralel.
Tantangan
untuk Anda
B
4@70B8:0=#.$#2

83. !C0B0@CAF0=6 4=60;8@ ?030 @0=6:080=
030;07
Contoh 8.11
1,5 V ; 0,2
1,5 V ; 0,2 1,5 V ; 0,2
R = 4,4
Contoh 8.12
184 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
2-2

84. 0 0 0
K
C=BC: , 1C07 AC14@ B460=60= 34=60= 66;
30= 7010B0= 30;0 0
F0=6 38ACAC= ?0@0;4; 14@;0:C
0
,
K
*8601C0710B4@0838ACAC=A420@0A4@8A4?4@B86010@14@8:CB
)4B80?10B4@0848;8:866;
,30=7010B0=30;0 8:0:4B8601C0710B4@08
B4@A41CB387C1C=6:0=34=60=A41C077010B0=
B4=BC:0=:C0B0@CAF0=6
4=60;8@4;0;C87010B0=
#7#$
8:4B07C8
,
0
,

85. +=BC:4=4=BC:0=:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@386C=0:0=23#.##/9
n
nr
R

86. ,

87. )+ 4,4
038:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@
C01C0710B4@0838ACAC=A420@0?0@0;4;A4?4@B8?0306010@14@8:CB
I1
I2
I
1 1
r
2 2
r
2
Empat buah hambatan masing-masing
besarnya 1 ohm
dihubungkan seperti pada gambar
berikut.
Hitunglah hambatan total R antara
titik A dan titik B.

88. Listrik Dinamis 185
8:0A4B80?10B4@0848;8:866;
,30=7010B0=30;0=F0
:4C380=C9C=6
C9C=6@0=6:080==F0387C1C=6:0=34=60=;0?C?890@F0=648;8:87010B0=
B4=BC:0=
0 :C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@4;0;C8;0?C?890@
1 B460=60=94?8BA4B80?10B4@08
#7#$
8:4B07C8
,
0
,
0306010@@0=6:080=14@8:CB
0 :C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@4;0;C8;0?C?890@
1 B460=60=94?8BA4B80?10B4@08
414@0?010B4@080A8=60A8=634=60=66;
,30=
7010B0= 30;0
38ACAC= ?0@0;4; :4C380=
387C1C=6:0= 34=60= A41C07 ;0?C ?890@ F0=6
7010B0==F0
8:0:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@4;0;C8
;0?C14@0?0:079C;0710B4@08F0=638ACAC=
?0@0;4;
4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
*4=BC:0=0@0730=14A0@:C0B0@CA
*4=BC:0=14A0@30=0@070@CA30@86010@14@8:CB
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
2+#,#/-#)%#-#.$5,5-#4*)#/
4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
A B
12 V
I1
I2
I3
3
4
6
*4=BC:0=14A0@=F0
0 7010B0=BB0;0=B0@0B8B8:30=
1
2
3

89. 9 6
*4=BC:0=
0 7010B0=;8AB@8:0=B0@0B8B8:30=
1 7010B0=;8AB@8:0=B0@0B8B8:30=

90. 801C0710B4@080A8=60A8=634=60=66;
,30=
7010B0=30;0
38ACAC=A4@8:4C380=C9C=6
C9C=6=F0387C1C=6:0=34=60=A41C07;0?C?890@F0=6
14@7010B0= *4=BC:0=
5 A
6 A
I
Q
7 A
4 A
2 A
P
3 A
A
B
C
D
5 6 7
9 6 4
Kata Kunci
• rangkaian seri
• rangkaian paralel
• Hukum I Kirchhoff
• titik percabangan
• jembatan Wheatstone
• galvanometer
• gaya gerak listrik
• tegangan jepit
• hambatan dalam
9 A I
2,5 A
3,5 A
P
0
BB BB
,
0
038:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@ 0?4@4
1

91. 94?8B
K0
,K

92. L
,
,
038B460=60=94?8BA4B80?10B4@08030;07
,

93. D. Hukum II Kirchhoff
3)3+'0!-$$0B0C38A41CB9C60230,*--.3830A0@:0=?030C:C
!4:4:0;0= =4@68 =4@68 ?030 AC0BC @0=6:080= B4@BCBC? 030;07 :4:0;
3)3+ '0!-$$ 4=F0B0:0= 107E0 (3+* *( 0 .#03 , 2#%,%,
6,% +#,%#*'*',%' 1323 0,%)', 2#02323. *--. 1+ #,%, ,-* )420@0
0B40B8A 38BC;8A A410608 14@8:CB
4@70B8:0= #.$#2
0F0 64@0: ;8AB@8:
30@8 AC14@ B460=60=
4=F4101:0= 0@CA ;8AB@8: 4=60;8@ A4?0=90=6 ;? @CA ;8AB@8: 38 30;0
;? 4=30?0B 7010B0= A478=660 4=60;08 ?4=C@C=0= B460=60= 2
3#.##/ 9 30?0B 38BC;8A A410608 14@8:CB
1. Rangkaian dengan Satu Loop
#.$#2 4=C=9C::0= @0=6:080= A434@70=0 34=60= A0BC ;? 030
@0=6:080=B4@A41CB0@CA;8AB@8:F0=64=60;8@030;07A00F08BC#8A0;:0=
=30 4=6018; 0@07 ;? A40@07 34=60= 0@07 F08BC 7 7!77 )4;0=
9CB=F0 :C0B 0@CA 30?0B 3878BC=6 34=60= C:C !8@27755 14@8:CB
#0:0 ?030 #.$#2 14@;0:C
K
0 0
R1 = 6
36 V
r 2
1
1
16 V
r 0,5
2
2
A B
R5 = 3 R2 = 6
R4 = 6 R3 = 5
b c
I arah loop
R
I
a d
186 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
Gambar 8.16
Sebuah rangkaian tertutup
I
R
arah loop
K
K

94. 4@70B8:0=@0=6:080=B4@BCBC?A4?4@B86010@14@8:CB
I
I
D C
4
4
12 V
r 0,7
3
3
20 V
r 0,8
8BC=6;07
0 :C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@?030@0=6:080=
1
#7#$
0 #4=C@CBC:C!8@277553830;0@0=6:080=B4@BCBC?B4@A41CB14@;0:C
#8A0;:0=0@07;?A40@0734=60=?CB0@0=90@C90A478=660?4@A000=B4@A41CB
4=9038
K 1
K 2
K 3
4
0
00

95. 0
K

96. K
K

97. Gambar 8.17
Rangkaian dengan satu loop
Contoh 8.13
2
1
2 2
r 1 1
r
@0=6:080= B4@A41CB 0@CA ;8AB@8: F0=6 4=60;8@ 030;07 A00 F08BC

98. Ingatlah
Listrik Dinamis 187
,

99. 038:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@030;07
1 =3030?0B4=678BC=6C=BC:;8=B0A0=F0=64=4?C790;0=0B0C
90;0=
+=BC:90;0=

100. K
K

101. ,
+=BC:90;0=
K
K
,
038
,
2. Rangkaian dengan Dua Loop atau Lebih
(0=6:080= F0=6 48;8:8 3C0 ;? 0B0C ;4187 38A41CB 9C60 @0=6:080=
094C: 0=6:07;0=6:07 30;0 4=F4;4A08:0= @0=6:080= 094C:
030;07 A410608 14@8:CB
0 010@;07 @0=6:080= ;8AB@8: 094C: B4@A41CB
1 *4B0?:0= 0@07 :C0B 0@CA C=BC: A4B80? 2010=6
2 *C;8A;07 ?4@A00=?4@A000= 0@CA C=BC: B80? B8B8: 2010=6 4=66C=0
:0= C:C !8@27755
3 *4B0?:0= ;? 14A4@B0 0@07=F0 ?030 A4B80? @0=6:080= B4@BCBC?
4 *C;8A;07?4@A000=?4@A000=C=BC:A4B80?;?4=66C=0:0=C:C
!8@27755
5 8BC=6 14A0@0=14A0@0= F0=6 38B0=F0:0= 4=66C=0:0= ?4@A000=
?4@A000= ?030 ;0=6:07 4
Contoh 8.14
4@70B8:0=6010@@0=6:080=;8AB@8:14@8:CB
1 2,5
B
A
0,5
2 V
4 V
6
r = 0,5 r = 0,5
*4=BC:0=
0 :C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@30;07010B0=
30=
1 1430?B4=A80;0=B0@0B8B8:30=
#7#$
8:4B07C8
(0=6:080=?030A0;30?0B38C1074=9038A4?4@B86010@14@8:CB
1 2,5
0,5
4 V
r = 0,5
2 V
r = 0,5
I1 I3
I2
6
Loop I Loop II
Perjanjian tanda ggl dan kuat arus
dalam rangkaian tertutup (loop).
a. Kuat arus bertanda negatif jika
searah dengan arah loop, dan
bertanda positif jika
berlawanan arah dengan arah
loop.
b.
(ggl) bertanda negatif jika
kutub positifnya lebih dahulu
dijumpai daripada kutub
negatifnya ketika mengikuti
arah loop, dan sebaliknya.

102. 0 4@30A0@:0=C:C!8@27755

103. 0B0C
K

104. JJJJ
4@30A0@:0=C:C!8@27755C=BC:?38?4@;47
K

105. JJJJ
4@30A0@:0=C:C!8@27755C=BC:?38?4@;47
K

106. K

107. K JJJJ

108. 4=60=4=AC1AB8BCA8:0=23#.##/
:430;023#.##/ 0:038?4@;47
30=

109. Tes Kompetensi Subbab D
2+#,#/-#)%#-#.$5,5-#4*)#/
25 V
24
16
10
2
6
4
6
5
188 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
K
038:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@30;07010B0=
030;07
F0=64=60;8@
30;07010B0= 030;07
30=F0=64=60;8@30;07010B0=
030;07
B0=30K4=C=9C::0=107E00@070@CA14@;0E0=0=0@0734=60=
0@07?48A0;0=
4@70B8:0=6010@@0=6:080=;8AB@8:14@8:CB
*4=BC:0=:C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@30;07010B0=
30=:C0B0@CABB0;30@8AC14@B460=60=
4@70B8:0=6010@@0=6:080=;8AB@8:14@8:CB

110. 8:0
,30= ,
B4=BC:0=
2
3
8
A
B
2 V
r = 1
8 V
r = 1
*4=BC:0=
0 :C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@30;07010B0=
30=
1 1430?B4=A80;0=B0@0B8B8:30=
R1
R2
E2
E1
0 0@CAF0=64=60;8@?030@0=6:080=
1 B460=60=?030A4B80?@4A8AB@
8:0
30=
,0:0
B4=BC:0=
E
R1 R2
0 B460=60=?030A4B80?@4A8AB@
1 0@CABB0;
2 0@CAF0=64=60;8@?030A4B80?@4A8AB@
Kata Kunci
• Hukum II Kirchhoff
• rangkaian tertutup (loop)
• perubahan tegangan

111. magnet
kumparan
komutator
aliran elektron
kutub
Cu Zn
Larutan
asam
sulfat
encer
Listrik Dinamis 189
E. Sumber Arus Searah dari Proses Kimiawi
=30C=6:8=?4@=074;870B30=4=64=0;10B4@08F0=6386C=0:0=
?0309038=38=60B0C?030@038=309C60C=6:8=?4@=074=64=0;
A4:4;?:0AF0@0:0B 38 AC0BC 304@07 B4@?4=28; F0=6 4=66C=0:0= A4;
5BD;B08: A410608 AC14@ 0@CA ;8AB@8: C=BC: ?4=4@0=60= )4C0 8BC
4@C?0:0= AC14@ 0@CA A40@07
)C14@ 0@CA A40@07 38A41CB 9C60 AC14@ B460=60= A40@07 A4101 0@CA 38
B81C;:0=;47AC14@B460=60=4@8:CB2=B7AC14@AC14@0@CA;8AB@8:
)C14@ 4;4:B@06=4B8: 30?0B 4=670A8;:0= 0@CA ;8AB@8: :0@4=0
6490;08=3C:A84;4:B@06=4B8:#8A0;=F038=038?4@;870B:0=?030
#.$#2
)C14@ ;8AB@8: B4@4;4:B@8: 0@CA ;8AB@8: 30?0B 3870A8;:0= 30@8 454:
B4@4;4:B@8:

112. )C14@ 5B;8AB@8: 14@0A0; 30@8 AC0BC ?@A4A 8A8:0 F0=6 4=6C107
4=4@68 2070F0 4=9038 4=4@68 ;8AB@8:
)C14@ ?84G4;4:B@8: 3870A8;:0= 30@8 454: ?84G4;4:B@8: F08BC A850B
1070=F0=60?018;04=4@80B4:0=0=30@8;C0@30?0B4=670A8;:0=
0@CA ;8AB@8:
1. Sumber Listrik dari Bahan Kimia
4=4C0=AC14@0@CA;8AB@8:30@81070=:880380E0;8;478;CE0=
B0;805*(*#-6#/*

113. K
04=4C:0=107E0BBBB:0B0:
F0=6AC3070B84=F4=B0:98:038A4=BC734=60=3C0;60F0=614@1430
4@:410=60=14@8:CB=F0-33#/%20!0-4#4=4C:0=10B4@084;44=
:4@8=6 ?4@B00 38 3C=80
)4:0@0=6 AC14@ 0@CA ;8AB@8: 30@8 1070= :880 4@C?0:0= AC14@
0@CA ;8AB@8: F0=6 10=F0: 386C=0:0= )C14@ 0@CA ;8AB@8: 30@8 1070= :880
381430:0= A410608 14@8:CB
*#+#, .0'+#0 F08BC 4;44= F0=6 44@;C:0= ?4@60=B80= 1070=
1070= ?4@40:A8 A4B4;07 41410A:0= A49C;07 4=4@68 4;0;C8
@0=6:080= ;C0@=F0 ;44= ?@84@ 8=8 4=66C=0:0= 1070= :880
F0=6 @40:A8 :880=F0 B0: 30?0B 3810;8::0= A478=660 4;44= ?@84@
70=F0 30?0B 386C=0:0= A0BC :0;8 ?40:080= =B7=F0 A4; ,;B0
30= 4;44= :4@8=6 10B4@08
*#+#, 1#)3,#0 F08BC 4;44= F0=6 1070=1070= ?4@40:A8=F0 30?0B
38?4@10@C8:410;8A4B4;07B830:14@5C=6A8;068=B7=F00:CC;0B@
30= 10B4@08 8A8 C;0=6
a. Elemen Primer
;44=8=810=F0:020=F04@8:CB8=81414@0?0AC14@0@CA;8AB@8:
F0=6 B4@6;=6 A410608 4;44= ?@84@
-./ !0-4#
;44= ,;B0 38B4C:0= ;47 -33#/%20 !0-4#!0-4# 4=4C:0=
107E0 14@10608 ;60 30= ;0@CB0= 0A0 0B0C 60@0 30?0B 386C=0:0=
A410608 4;44= A434@70=0 :0= B4B0?8 180A0=F0 F0=6 386C=0:0= 80;07
;4?4=6 A4=6 /= F0=6 3824;C?:0= :4 30;0 ;0@CB0= 0A0 AC;50B
#.$#2 4=C=9C::0= 4;44= ,;B0
@A4A:880F0=6B4@9038?0304;44=,;B030?0B3894;0A:0=34=60=
?4@A000= :880 14@8:CB
K
)% )%
Gambar 8.18
Dinamo atau generator adalah
contoh dari sumber
elektromagnetik.
Gambar 8.19
Elemen Volta
arus
arus

114. Gambar 8.20
tutup
kuningan
batang
karbon
seng
pasta kimia
Susunan dasar sebuah elemen
kering.
lubang atas terminal
pelat
logam
Gambar 8.21
tutup
pelat
oksida
lapisan
pemisah
asam
sulfat
Bagian-bagian akumulator asam
sulfat.
)4B80?;4:C;0A0AC;50B3830;008@?42074=90388=783@64=
F0=614@C0B0=?A8B8530=
8=)%
190 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
F0=614@C0B0==460B85BA4=6
F0=64;0@CB:430;0;0@CB0=0A0AC;50B14@C?0/=)4B80?0BF0=6
;0@CB 4=8=660;:0= 3C0 4;4:B@= ?030 ;4?4=6 A4=6 ;4:B@=4;4:B@=
8=8;07F0=64=60;8@30@8A4=6:4B41060C4;0;C8:0E0B?4=670=B0@
A478=660 B4@9038 0@CA ;8AB@8:
-./ 2*/( #45 #42#*
;44=:4@8=60B0C;418738:4=0;34=60=8AB8;0710BC10B4@084@C?0
:0= AC14@ 0@CA ;8AB@8: F0=6 ?0;8=6 10=F0: 386C=0:0= #.$#2 4
=C=9C::0= 6010@ ACAC=0= 30A0@ A41C07 4;44= :4@8=6
!CBC1?A8B854;44=:4@8=6B4@1C0B30@8:0@1=F0=638:4;8;8=688=B8F0=6
B4@1C0B 30@8 20?C@0= :A830 0=60= 30= 0@0=6 F0=6 380?0B:0= !CBC1
=460B85 4;44= :4@8=6 B4@1C0B 30@8 A4=6 F0=6 A4:0;86CA 4=9038 E0307 F0=6
14@8A8A4020?0AB00=8C:;@8300?C@0=:A8300=60=30=:0@1=
38 A4:4;8;8=6 10B0=6 :0@1= 14@B8=30: A410608 34?;0@8A0B@ ?4=246070=
?4=6:CBC10=
b. Elemen Sekunder
;44= A4:C=34@ 030;07 AC14@ 0@CA 30@8 1070= :880 F0=6 @40:A8
:880=F0 30?0B 3810;8: %;47 :0@4=0=F0 4;44= 8=8 30?0B 38?4@1070@C8
A420@0 14@C;0=6C;0=6 )0;07 A0BC 2=B7 4;44= 8=8 F0=6 ?0;8=6 38:4=0;
38 0AF0@0:0B 030;07 0:CC;0B@ 0B0C 0:8
0;0 101 8=8 0:0= 381070A 3C0 1C07 2=B7 4;44= A4:C=34@ F08BC
0:CC;0B@ B810; 0A0 AC;50B 30= 0:CC;0B@ =8:4; :038C
,5.5-#402 *.$#-3#.5-'#4
:CC;0B@8=810=F0:38B4C:0=?0304A8=A4?430B@18;0B0C
?030 4A8=4A8= F0=6 ;08= A410608 AC14@ ;8AB@8: 030 0:CC;0B@ 94=8A
8=8 1070= ;0@CB0= 4;4:B@;8B F0=6 386C=0:0= 030;07 0A0 AC;50B BC;07
A4101=F00:CC;0B@94=8A8=838A41CB9C600:CC;0B@0A0AC;50B0680=
10680= 0:CC;0B@ 0A0 AC;50B 38BC=9C::0= ?030 #.$#2
030 30A0@=F0 030 3C0 ?@A4A ?4=B8=6 30;0 0:CC;0B@ 4@B00
?@A4A ?4=68A80= 0:CC;0B@ 30= :43C0 ?@A4A ?4=66C=00= 0:CC;0B@
030 ?@A4A ?4=68A80= 0:CC;0B@ A49C;07 0@CA ;8AB@8: 380;8@:0= ?030
0:CC;0B@ A4348:80= 78=660 14@C107 4=9038 4=4@68 :880 8 30;0
0:CC;0B@;0@CB0=4;4:B@;8B)%B4@C@084=903830=)%(40:A8
:880 F0=6 B4@9038 ?030 ?@A4A ?4=68A80= 030;07 A410608 14@8:CB
I 8 :0B34
1)%
4K 1)%
I 8 0=34
1)%
)%
K% 1%)%
4K
030?@A4A?4=68A80=8=380;8@:0=:4:0B3030=8=AC;50B380;8@:0=
:4 0=30 30?C= ?030 ?@A4A ?40:080= :43C0 4;4:B@30 387C1C=6:0=
A478=660B4@90380;8@0=4;4:B@=30@84;4:B@3014;0;C81410=8A0;=F0
;0?C :4 4;4:B@30 1% 030 ?@A4A ?40:080= 38 30;0 0:CC;0B@
0:0= B4@9038 @40:A8 :880 A410608 14@8:CB
I = ?A8B85 0:0= 14@64@0: 4=C9C 1% A478=660 B4@9038 @40:A8
11%)%
1)%
%
!4?8=6 1% 14@C107 4=9038 B810; AC;50B 1)%

115. Ingatlah
Listrik Dinamis 191
14@64@0: 4=C9C :4 1 A478=660 B4@9038 @40:A8
K 1)%
4K
2
I =)%
1)%
!4?8=6 1 9C60 14@C107 4=9038 B810; AC;50B 1)%
!43C0@40:A8B4@A41CBB4@CA14@;0=9CBA0?08:43C04;4:B@304=9038
B810; AC;50B )4B4;07 :40300= 8=8 B4@20?08 B830: 030 ;068 0;8@0= 4;4:B@=
B830: 030 0@CA F0=6 4=60;8@ 4=60= 348:80= 0:CC;0B@ B830:
14@5C=6A8 ;068
,5.5-#402 *,-#%.*5.
030 0:CC;0B@ 8=8 1070= 4;4:B@;8B F0=6 386C=0:0= 030;07 :0;8C
783@:A830 !CBC1 ?A8B85=F0 030;07 =8:4; 30= :CBC1 =460B85=F0 030;07
20?C@0= ;60 :038C :CC;0B@ =8:4;:038C 10=F0: 381C0B
34=60= 14=BC: A4?4@B8 4;44= :4@8=6 B4B0?8 70@60=F0 90C7 ;4187 070;
30@8?03010B4@08180A0!4C=BC=60==F080;0730?0B38;0:C:0=?4=68A80=C;0=6
30= 38A8?0= ;00
Tes Kompetensi Subbab E
2+#,#/-#)%#-#.$5,5-#4*)#/
)41CB:0=AC14@AC14@0@CA;8AB@8:
?0 F0=6 380:AC3 4;44= ?@84@ 30= 4;44=
A4:C=34@)41CB:0=2=B72=B7=F0

116. *C;8A:0=@40:0A8:880F0=6B4@90383830;04;44=,;B0
4;0A:0=F0=6380:AC3?@A4A?4=68A80=30=?@A4A
?4=66C=00=0:CC;0B@
*C;8A:0=@40:A8:880F0=6B4@903838:0B3430=38
0=34?030?@A4A?4=68A80=0:CC;0B@
F. Tegangan Listrik Searah dan Bolak-Balik
1. Energi Listrik
=30 B4;07 4=64B07C8 107E0 0@CA ;8AB@8: 4=60;8@ 30@8 ?B4=A80;
B8=668:4?B4=A80;F0=6;4187@4=307)4;08=8BC4;4:B@=A410608?410E0
C0B0=;8AB@8:44@;C:0=4=4@68C=BC:14@?8=307F0:=84=4@68?B4=A80;
F0=6 14A0@=F0 C0B0= 38:0;8 ?B4=A80; ;8AB@8:=F0
./
%;47 :0@4=0 8BC 4=4@68 ;8AB@8: 030;07 CA070 C=BC: 48=307:0=
C0B0= ;8AB@8: B4@A41CB 4A0@=F0 4=4@68 ;8AB@8: B4@A41CB 030;07
.K.
/ K/
K
/
2
0B0C
K

117. K

119. 2
030;07 14A0@ 4=4@68 ;8AB@8: 030;07 B460=60= 030;07 :C0B 0@CA
;8AB@8: 30= 2 030;07 E0:BC 8:0 4=AC1AB8BCA8:0= ?4@A000=
K

120. 4=9038
K

121. Kata Kunci
• proses kimiawi
• elektromagnetik
• termoelektrik
• fotolistrik
• piezoelektrik
• elemen primer
• elemen sekunder
I =
maka q = I t

122. !4B4@0=60=
4=4@68 ;8AB@8:
1430 ?B4=A80; ,
:C0B 0@CA
7010B0=
2 A4;0=6 E0BC A
30?C=30F0;8AB@8:030;079C;074=4@68?4@A0BC0=E0:BC0F0
;8AB@8: 30?0B 3878BC=6 34=60= @CCA@CCA A410608 14@8:CB
Alessandro Volta
(1745 – 1827)
Sumber: www.physics. com.
192 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
2
0B0C
)41C071;0;0?C34=60=A?4A858:0A8
- ,38?0A0=6?0301430?B4=A80;
,30=38=F0;0:0=A4;00
4=8B8BC=64=4@68;8AB@8:F0=6B4@?0:08;0?C
B4@A41CB
#7#$
8:4B07C8
,
,
-
2
4=8B A
010B0=;0?C380=660?:=AB0=A478=660
0:0
L
,
L
-
,
-
2- A
L
0384=4@68;8AB@8:F0=6B4@?0:08
L
K

123. 0B0C
K

124. ;0B0;0B?40=0AF0=610=F0:389C?084@C?0:0=:41CBC70=CB00
30;0:4783C?0=0=CA80A4?4@B8A4B@8:0B4:;8AB@8:30=0'!#!--)#0=4@68
;8AB@8:F0=63870A8;:0=;474;44=?40=0A;8AB@8:B4@A41CBA4;002A4:=
A414A0@ 2 !4C380= 4=4@68 B4@A41CB 38C107 4=9038 4=4@68 :0;@
A414A0@+! )420@00B40B8A?4@C1070=4=4@68;8AB@8:4=9038
4=4@68 :0;@ B4@A41CB 30?0B 38BC;8A:0= A410608 14@8:CB
2+!
!4B4@0=60=
+ 0AA0 08@ :6
! :0;@94=8A08@
:6H
:4=08:0= AC7C 08@ H
0B0B0= 23#.##/ 9
14@;0:C 98:0 B830: B4@9038 ?4@C1070= EC9C3
208@ A414;C B4@9038 ?4=6C0?0=
Contoh 8.15
K

125. Tokoh
Alessandro Volta, adalah Fisikawan
yang dilahirkan di Como, Italia. Dia
menciptakan electrophorus, yaitu
suatu alat untuk membangkitkan
listrik statis pada 1775 dan
menemukan gas metana pada 1778.
Dia ditetapkan sebagai profesor
untuk filsuf ilmu alam di Pavia.
Terinspirasi oleh temannya Luigi
Galvani, Volta menemukan bahwa
arus listrik dibangkitkan ketika dua
logam berbeda berada pada jarak
yang sangat dekat, dan
mengembangkan baterai listrik
pertama pada 1800. Namanya
diabadikan untuk satuan beda
potensial listrik, volt.
Sumber : www.allbiographies.com

126. Sumber: Femina, 1995
Sumber: Phywe
Osiloskop
(a)
220 2
(b)
Listrik Dinamis 193
Mari Mencari Tahu
=30 B4;07 4?4;090@8 0@CA ;8AB@8: A40@07 B460=60= ;8AB@8: A40@07
30=AC14@0@CA;8AB@8:A40@07A4@B0@0=6:080=A434@70=0B4@38@80B0A10B4@08
78=66038?4@;47=8;0830=F0=638A41CB34=60=@0=6:080=0@CAA40@07
@CA 30= B460=60= ;8AB@8: 1;0:10;8: 48;8:8 =8;08 F0=6 A4;0;C 14@
C107C107 B4@7030? E0:BC A420@0 ?4@838: 108: 14A0@ 0C?C= 0@07=F0
4A0@0= 0@CA 30= B460=60= 1;0:10;8: 38;010=6:0= 34=60=
A430=6:0=0@CA30=B460=60=A40@0738;010=6:0=34=60= 4E0A0
8=8 70?8@ A4C0 ?4@0;0B0= @C07 B0=660 38?4@0A8:0= 34=60= 4=4@68
;8AB@8: 0@CA 1;0:10;8: A4?4@B8 B0?0: ?030 #.$#2 =30 B4;07
4=64B07C8 107E0 ?4@14300= 4=30A0@ 0=B0@0 0@CA 1;0:10;8: 30= 0@CA
A40@07 030;07 ?;0@8B0A=F0
+=BC:4=64B07C8?;0@8B0A0@CA30=B460=60=A40@07F0=6A4;0;CB4B0?
30=0@CA1;0:10;8:F0=6A4;0;C14@C10730?0B386C=0:0=A8;A:?8A0;=F0
( 2-# 6 1!'*-1!-.# #4;0;C8 0;0B 8=8 9C60 3800B8 =8;08 5@4
:C4=A8 30= 14=BC: 64;10=6 F0=6 3870A8;:0= A430=6:0= C=BC: 4=6
C:C@ =8;08 B460=60= 30= :C0B 0@CA ;8AB@8: 30?0B 386C=0:0= D;B4B4@

127. 30= 0?4@44B4@

128. 2. Mengamati Tegangan Listrik DC dan Tegangan Listrik AC
+=BC: 4=6C:C@ B460=60= 30=

129. 0:A8C + 30= B460=60=
?C=20::4?C=20:..F0=614@0A0;30@890@8=60=;8AB@8:$30?0B38;0:C:0=
34=60= 4=66C=0:0= A8;A:? A4?4@B8 ?030 #.$#2
C1C=6:0= B4@
8=0;0?4@44B4@30=!,,#*:4@0=6:080=A4?4@B8?030#.$#2
83C?:0= 34=60= 4=4:0= B1; / 0B8 0?0:07 90@C
?4@44B4@ 4=F8?0=6 *4=F0B0 90@C 0?4@44B4@ B830:
4=F8?0=6A40:0=0:0=B830:0300@CAF0=64=60;8@?030@0=6:080=+;0=68
?4@2100=B4@A41CB34=60=4=67C1C=6:0=0@CA@0=6:080=:4!,,#*B460=60=

130. ?030A8;A:?!4C380=?CB0@D;BA38D8A0;=F0?030?A8A8
0B8 64;10=6 B460=60= 38 ;0F0@ A8;A:? 0:0 0:0= B4@;870B 107E0
B460=60=14@C107A420@0?4@838:A4?4@B8?030#.$#2 #:8@0:8@0
:40B0A30= :410E07=30B4;074=64B07C8107E0B460=60=F0=6
?;0@8B0A=F0 A4?4@B8 64;10=6 030;07 B460=60= ;8AB@8: 1;0:10;8:
06080=0 98:0 0@CA F0=6 38;4E0B:0= 030;07 0@CA A40@07 8:0 =30
4=600B8 B460=60= A40@07 F0=6 3870A8;:0= @0=6:080= 0@CA A40@07 30=
10B4@08 4=66C=0:0= A8;A:? A4B4;07 =30 4=67C1C=6:0= 0@CA
:4270==4;90@C0?4@44B4@4=F8?0=630?C=?4@C1070=
B460=60=A40@07?030A8;A:?0:0=B4@;870B70=F030;0A0BC0@07A4?4@B8
?030 #.$#2 $
)4B4;074;0:C:0= ?4=600B0= 30@8 ?4@2100= B4@A41CB =30 30?0B
4=64B07C8 A49C;07 ?4@14300= 0=B0@0 B460=60= 30= B460=60=

131. 8AB@8:A40@0748;8:8B460=60=F0=6B4B0?A4B80?A00B30=6@058:B460=60=
Gambar 8.22
Mixer dan bor listrik dioperasikan
dengan energi listrik.
Gambar 8.23
Osiloskop
Gambar 8.24
a. Mengamati arus bolak-balik dengan
amperemeter DC dan osiloskop.
b. Mengamati arus searah dengan
amperemeter DC dan osiloskop.
=4@68;8AB@8:A0=60B38?4@;C:0=30;0:4783C?0=0=CA80=4@68;8AB@8:38@C07
=3014@0A0;30@8$=4@68;8AB@8:8=8380=B0@0=F014@0A0;30@8410=6:8B
8AB@8:*4=0608@*4@=07:07=304=34=60@410=6:8B8AB@8:
*4=060$C:;8@*C60A=3020@8;078=5@0A84=64=08410=6:8B8AB@8:
*4=060$C:;8@8=8*C;8A;078=5@0A8B4@A41CB30;0:4@B0A30=38:C?C;:0=
:4?0306C@C=30C=0:0=;071C:C1C:C38?4@?CAB0:00=A4:;070B0C304@07
:@0=8=B4@=4B30=4380;08=C=BC:4=20@88=5@0A8B4@A41CB
Galvanometer
Osiloskop
220 V R
220 V
Galvanometer
220 V R 0
220 2

132. =F014@C?060@8A;C@CAA430=6:0=;8AB@8:1;0:10;8:48;8:8B460=60=F0=6
14@C107C107 A4B80? A00B F08BC 14@14=BC: A8=CA830; 414@0?0 ?4@14300=
?@8=A8? ;8AB@8: A40@07 30= 1;0:10;8: 30?0B =30 ;870B ?030 #$-
5.$2253#/(,#*#/
0-#,#-*, #2#)
I 0F0@A8;A:?4=C=9C::0=
6010@B460=60=1;0:10;8:
I 8AB@8:

133. C30738B@0=A8A8:0=
30@8?410=6:8B:4@C07@C07
I @CA30=B460=60=

134. 48;8:8
B460=60=0:A8CB460=60=
?C=20::4?C=20:B460=60=
A4A00BB460=60=@0B0@0B030=
=8;08454:B85
I 0F0@A8;A:?4=C=9C::0=
6010@B460=60=A40@07
I 8AB@8:AC;8BC=BC:44=C78
:41CBC70=?0A:0=30;09C;07
14A0@
I @CA30=B460=60=

135. 70=F0
48;8:8=8;08454:B85=F0
4A0@=F00@CA30=B460=60=1;0:10;8:30?0B3800B834=60=0D4B4@
@CA30=B460=60=F0=638BC=9C::0=0;0B8=84@C?0:0=70@60454:B85=F0
;0@8B0A ;8AB@8:

136. F0=6 3870A8;:0= 30@8 90@8=60= $ 14@C?0 6@058: A8
=CA830; 34=60= @4:C4=A8 G
@CA 454:B85 30?0B 38@CCA:0= A410608 14@8:CB
Contoh 8.16
untuk Anda
194 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
#$ 0:A
K

137. 34=60= 20@0 F0=6 A00 C=BC: B460=60= 454:B85 #$ 0:0= 38?4@;47 ?4@
A000=
#$#$
#$ 0:A
K

138. #$-
414@0?04@14300=@8=A8?8AB@8:)40@0730=;0:0;8:
0@8?4=600B0=4;0;C8A8;A:?AC1CD4@B8:0;380BC@
?030 B460=60=

139. ,2 A430=6:0= A4;0=6 E0:BC
4=C=9C::0=A2):0;0A4B80?:B0:48;8:8C:C@0=
2L
2
*4=BC:0=
0 B460=60=0:A8C
1 5@4:C4=A8AC14@
#7#$
0 0306010@B4@1020B460=60=?C=20:..030;07
2%;47:0@4=0A:0;0D4@B8:0;

140. ,20:0
T
Vpp
1 cm
1 cm
penahan
kabel netral
Informasi
Cara menghubungkan kabel
pemanas air dapat dilakukan
sebagai berikut. Ketiga lubang pada
steker, yaitu dua ujung terminal
pemanas masing-masing
dihubungkan ke kutub positif dan
negatif, dan kabel lain berwarna biru
menuju netral.
kabel
berarus
kabel ditanahkan
sekring
Information for You
To connect wires of water heater can
do as below. Three hole on the plug,
that is two edge heater terminals
connect to positive and negative
poles and other blue wires toward
neutral.

141. Tantangan
untuk Anda
Listrik Dinamis 195
..
2L

142. ,2
,
*460=60=0:A8C=F0030;07
+)1
,,
.. 038B460=60=0:A8C=F0030;07,
1 4@83430;06@058:
2):0;07@8G=B0;A20:0
2LA2

143. A

144. A
@4:C4=A8AC14@030;07
$

145. G
Contoh 8.17
)41C07@0=6:080=F0=6387C1C=6:0=34=60=AC14@;8AB@8:1;0:10;8:38C:C@34=60=
D;B4B4@30=4=C=9C::0=0=6:0 ,4@0?0:0770@600:A8CB460=60=1;0:
10;8:AC14@*C;8A:0=?C;0?4@A000==F098:05@4:C4=A8=F0 G
#7#$
8:4B07C8
#$ ,$ G
0 $8;08B460=60=0:A8C0:A3878BC=634=60=4=66C=0:0=?4@A000=
14@8:CB
0:A #$
0:A ,
1 4@A000=B460=60=38?4@;4734=60=4=66C=0:0=?4@A000=14@8:CB
maks V sint
A8=
2
Contoh 8.18
)41C07@0=6:080=0@CA1;0:10;8:48;8:870@60B460=60=A4106085C=6A8E0:BC
F08BC A8= 28BC=6;07
0 B460=60=0:A8C 4?4@834
+)11 B460=60=?C=20::4?C=20: 55@4:C4=A8$
..2 B460=60=454:B85 6B460=60=A4B4;072
A
#$3 5@4:C4=A80=6C;4@
#7#$
8:4B07C8
4@A000=B460=60=A4106085C=6A8E0:BC
A8= 2
%;47:0@4=0B460=60=4@C?0:0=5C=6A8A8=CA830;B4@7030?E0:BC0:0?4@A000=
B460=60=30?0B38BC;8A:0=
A8=2
+
@03A
0 *460=60=0:A8C,B4@9038?030A00BA8=2
0:0+ ,
1 ..+ ,
,
2 #$
+
, ,
Persamaan tegangan bolak-balik
suatu rangkaian listrik
memenuhi persamaan
V = 314 sin 50 V.
Tentukan tegangan rata-rata
yang dihasilkan sumber tersebut.

146. 3 @03A
4

147. A
3. Pemasangan Listrik di Rumah Tangga
030CC=F00@CA;8AB@8:F0=638A0;C@:0=:4@C07@C0714@0A0;
30@8 90@8=60= $ 34=60= 4=66C=0:0= 0@CA 30= B460=60= 1;0:10;8:

148. *070?0=0AC:=F00@CA;8AB@8:30@8B80=690@8=60=:4@C07030;07
A410608 14@8:CB
@CA;8AB@8:0AC::0;8?4@B004;0;C8
','0!3'2
0#)#0
0B0C ?410B0A 30F0 F0=6 14@5C=6A8 410B0A8 30F0 0:A8C F0=6
386C=0:0= ;0;C :4 :-7 4B4@ :B0: A4:@8=6 30= 0:78@=F0 :4 A4C0
?4@0;0B0= ;8AB@8:
03030A0@=F0 ?410B0A 30F0C=BC:410B0A8 :C0B0@CA0AC::4
A4B80? @C07 38B4=BC:0= 14@30A0@:0= ?44A0=0= 9C;07 30F0 F0=6
381CBC7:0=
)?4A858:0A8:C0B0@CAF0=6B4@A4380180A0=F0C;0830@8
8:0 ?410B0A 30F0 14A0@=F0
30= B460=60= ;8AB@8: 38
@C07 ,30F00:A8CF0=60A8730?0B386C=0:0=030;07
L
, E0BB=80@B8=F0A4C0?4@0;0B0=;8AB@8:F0=638?0:08A420@0
14@A000= B830: 1;47 4;41878 E0BB 8:0 ?40:080= 30F0 ;8AB@8:
;4187 14A0@ 30@8?030 E0BB :C?0@0= ?4CBCA 30F0 0:0= 4=4@80
0@CA 14@;4187 A478=660 A420@0 B0B8A A0:;0@ ?030
4=9038 ''
)4:0@0=6210=3078BC=698:0?030
B4@20B0B=8;080@CA14@0?0
BB0; 30F0 ?4@0;0B0= ;8AB@8: 38 @C07 060@ 4=20?08 50:B@ :400=0=
)0:;0@ ?410B0A 30F0 0:0= BC@C= A420@0 B0B8A :4B8:0 B4@9038
7C1C=60= A8=6:0B :@A;4B8=6 ;8AB@8: 30= 4=60:810B:0= 0@CA ;8AB@8:
B4@?CBCA )4;0=9CB=F0 0@CA ;8AB@8: 70@CA 4;4E0B8 A4:@8=6 C=BC: 4=9060
:400=0= 414@0?0 ?4@0;0B0= ;8AB@8: 387C1C=6:0= A420@0 B4@?8A07 :4
A4:@8=6=F0 0A8=60A8=6 F0=6 B4@30?0B ?030 :B0: A4:@8=6 CB00
)4:@8=6 $31# B4@1C0B 30@8 A4CB0A :0E0B B41060 B8?8A 30= 0:0= 4=9038
?0=0A :4B8:0 0@CA 4=60;8@ 4;0;C8=F0 )4:@8=6 0:0= B4@10:0@ :4C380=
?CBCA 98:0 38;4E0B8 0@CA 14@;4187
)4:@8=6 10=F0: 386C=0:0= ?030 @0=6:080= ;8AB@8: A4?4@B8 ?030 18;
A4?430B@?4A0E0B@03830=B4;4D8A8)4B80?A4:@8=648;8:8=8;08:C0B
0@CAF0=6B4;0738B4B0?:0= 8A0;=F0

149. Gambar 8.25
Arus listrik disalurkan oleh
jaringan PLN.
)41C07A4B@8:0
- ,0:0=38;4=6:0?834=60=A41C07A4:@8=6 8:0A4:@8=6F0=6
B4@A438014@=8;08

150. 30=

151. 14@0?0:07=8;08A4:@8=6F0=60:0=38?8;87
#7#$
!C0B0@CAF0=638?4@;C:0=A4B@8:0030;07
-
,
kawat sekring
tutup logam
196 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
)4:@8=6F0=6386C=0:0=70@CAA438:8B;418714A0@30@8?030
A478=660F0=638?8;87
030;07A4:@8=614@=8;08
Sumber: Young Scientists, 1997
Contoh 8.19
5 $
G
6 A8= 2 A8=
,
Gambar 8.26
Sekring
tutup logam
tabung kaca
Kata Kunci
• tegangan listrik searah
• tegangan listrik bolak-balik
• energi listrik
• daya listrik
• osiloskop
• transmisi daya listrik

152. meteran
lampu
Listrik Dinamis 197
40A0=60= A49C;07 ;0?C 38 @C07 A4108:=F0 387C1C=6:0= A420@0
?0@0;4; A4?4@B8 #.$#2 30= #.$#2 060@ A4B80? ;0?C
4=30?0B B460=60= F0=6 A00
saklar dua
arah
60 W 15 W 100 W
5 A
sekring
sumber tegangan
PLN 220 V
Gambar 8.28
Contoh diagram kabel listrik di rumah
saklar saklar
kotak
sekring
stop
kontak
sakelar
stop
kontak
Gambar 8.27
Pemasangan lampu secara paralel.
pusat
pembangkit
listrik
transmisi
tegangan
tinggi
generator
pabrik
transformator transformator
tiang listrik
rumah
gardu listrik
Gambar 8.29
Bagan transmisi daya listrik jarak jauh
Tes Kompetensi Subbab F
2+#,#/-#)%#-#.$5,5-#4*)#/
)41C07A4B@8:0;8AB@8:34=60=A?4A858:0A8 - ,
38?0A0=6?0301430?B4=A80;
,30=38=F0;0:0=
A4;00
4=8B8BC=64=4@68;8AB@8:F0=6B4@?0:08
A4B@8:0B4@A41CB
030A41C07?40=0A;8AB@8:B4@20=BCA?4A858:0A8
:-
,*4=BC:0=
0 14A0@=F04=4@68F0=63870A8;:0=A4;004=8B
1 :C0B0@CA;8AB@8:F0=64=60;8@

153. 4A0E0B*,@0B0@0B038=F0;0:0=90B80?70@8=F0 8:0
?4A0E0B*,387C1C=6:0=B460=60= ,0@CAF0=6
4=60;8@030;07 8:070@60?4@:-7(?
B4=BC:0= 70@60 4=4@68 ;8AB@8: F0=6 386C=0:0= C=BC:
4=F0;0:0=*,A4;00A41C;0=
1C;0=

154. 70@8
4;0A:0=0?0F0=6380:AC334=60=
0 70@60454:B85:C0B0@CA30=B460=60=1;0:10;8:
1 70@600:A8C:C0B0@CA30=B460=60=1;0:10;8:
2 70@60@0B0@0B0:C0B0@CA30=B460=60=1;0:10;8:
)C14@ B460=60= 0@CA 1;0:10;8: 14A0@=F0
,
)41C07A4B@8:0;8AB@8:34=60=7010B0= 387C1C=6
:0= :4 AC14@ B460=60= B4@A41CB 8BC=6;07 =8;08
454:B85=8;080:A8C30==8;08@0B0@0B0C=BC:
0 B460=60=AC14@
1 0@CAF0=64=60;8@
0@86010@6@058:14@8:CBB4=BC:0=;07
0 0@CA0:A8C
1 0@CA454:B85
2 5@4:C4=A8=F0
8:0A4:@8=6F0=6B4@A438014@=8;08

155. 30=

156. ;4=6:0?8;07 B014; 14@8:CB C=BC:
4=4=BC:0==8;08A4:@8=6F0=60:0=386C=0:0=
2#-#4#/ #8#
0?C
*4;4D8A8
4=64@8=6@01CB
40=660=6@B8
4@4:;8AB@8:
(#/(#/
!
,2*/(
10
waktu(s)
I(A)
F0=6 4=60;8@ 30;0 AC0BC ?4=670=B0@
A4B80? A0BC A0BC0= E0:BC
Rangkuman
@CA ;8AB@8: 030;07 C0B0= 30@8 ?B4=A80;
B8=668 :4 ?B4=A80; @4=307 !C0B 0@CA
;8AB@8: 383458=8A8:0= A410608 0B0= ;8AB@8:
Sumber: Jendela Iptek, 1997

157. #4=C@CB C:C %7 14@1C=F8 B460=60=
0B0C1430?B4=A80;0C0BC?4=670=B0@;8AB@8:
A410=38=634=60=0@CA;8AB@8:F0=64=60;8@
4;0;C8?4=670=B0@B4@A41CB4@10=38=60=
=F0A4;0;C:=AB0=F0=638A41CBA41060870
10B0=

158. 010B0= AC0BC @4A8AB@ 14@60=BC=6 ?030
?0=90=6 ;C0A ?4=0?0=6 30= 7010B0=
94=8A 010B0= 94=8A 1070= 14@60=BC=6
?030 AC7C
Peta Konsep
,;B4B4@ %A8;A:?
010B0=
198 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
38C:C@ 34=60= ?4@44B4@
94=8A=F0
3894;0A:0= ;47
C:C
!8@27755
38C:C@ 34=60=
3878BC=6 34=60=
C:C
%7
*342*,*/#.*3
4?4;090@8
@CA8AB@8:
B4@9038 ?030
(0=6:080=
*4@BCBC?
:?=4==F0
38?4=60@C78 ;47
)C14@
*460=60=
38?4=60@C78 ;47
4=8A C0A )C7C
38A41CB
0=90=6
010B0=
4=8A
*460=60=
3878BC=6 34=60=
3878BC=6 34=60=
C:C !8@27755 4=F0B0:0= 107E0
9C;07 0@CA ;8AB@8: F0=6 0AC: ?030 AC0BC
B8B8: ?4@2010=60= A00 34=60= 9C;07 0@CA
;8AB@8: F0=6 :4;C0@ 30@8 B8B8: 2010=6 B4@A41CB
C:C !8@27755 4=F0B0:0= 107E0
9C;07 0;9010@ ?4@C1070= B460=60= F0=6
4=64;8;8=68 AC0BC @0=6:080= B4@BCBC? ;?
A00 34=60= =;
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentunya Anda dapat
membuat rangkaian sederhana dan menganalisisnya
menggunakan Hukum Kirchhoff. Dapatkah Anda
mengidentifikasi alat-alat listrik di rumah yang
menggunakan listrikAC dan DC? Materi manakah yang
masih Anda anggap sulit? Diskusikan materi tersebut
dengan teman-teman Anda atau dengan guru Fisika
Anda.
Refleksi

159. 0 1 2
R(ohm) R(ohm)
9
18
10
a 6
3 b
Listrik Dinamis 199
*-*)-#)3#-#)3#45+#7#$#/8#/(1#-*/(41#4%#/,2+#,#/-#)1#%#$5,5-#4*)#/
010B0=;8AB@8:30;0AC0BC:0E0B030;070
10B0=8=80:0=4=9038
0 98:0?4=0?0=6=F03860=30:0=
1
98:0?0=90=6=F03860=30:0=
2 98:0AC7C=F03860=30:0=
3
98:090@890@8=F03860=30:0=
4 98:03804B4@=F03860=30:0=
030@0=6:080=A4?4@B8
6010@66;10B4@08,
30=7010B0=30;0
=F0
!C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@?0307010B0=

160. 030;07
0
3
1 4
2
3 4
)49C;07:0E0B30@81070=F0=6A0048;8:8
3804B4@A00B4B0?8?0=90=6=F0 B830:A00 8:0
38;0:C:0=?4=6C:C@0=7010B0=:0E0BB4@A41CB
30= 70A8;=F0 38BC0=6:0= 30;0 6@058: 7 0:0=
24=34@C=6A4?4@B8
0 R(ohm)
1 2
0 I(A)
3 4
0
5
4
2 3
0
1 A 5 A
1
2
2
3
2

161. 4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
!C0B0@CAF0=6A430=638C:C@14A0@=F0
030;07
0

162. 3
1
4
2
)C0BC 0?4@44B4@ 14@7010B0= 30;0 8:0
0?4@44B4@8BC38?0A0=6?030AC14@B460=60=
,
F0=6 48;8:8 7010B0= 30;0 B4@=F0B0
4=C=9C::0= 0@CA 8:0 AC0BC 7010B0=
38?0A0=6?0@0;4;?0300?4@44B4@8BC0?4@44B4@8BC
0:0=4=C=9C::0=0@CA30;0
0 3

163. 1
4
2
C1C=60=A0BC0=14@8:CBF0=614=0@030;07
0
0?4@4
9C;4
34B8:
1
=4EB= D;B
2C;1 7
2
2C;1
D;B
34B8:
4
0?4@4
34B8:
2C;1
3
D;B =4EB=
4B4@ 2C;1
)C0BC?4@2100=;8AB@8:38;0:C:0=34=60=4=6C107
C107 7010B0= ?030 1430 ?B4=A80; F0=6 B4B0?
@058:7C1C=60=:C0B0@CA30=7010B0= 70A8;
?4@2100=B4@A41CB38BC=9C::0=;476@058:
I(A)
R(ohm)
I(A)
R(ohm)
I
R
I
R
I
R
I
R
I
R
I(A)
I(A)
3
3 3 3
3
(0=6:080=7010B0=A4?4@B8
?0306010@4=670A8;:0=
7010B0=BB0;A414A0@
0

164. 3
1
4
2
801C077010B0=38
@0=6:08 A4?4@B8 6010@
14@8:CB
010B0=?4=660=B80=B0@0030=1030;07
0

165. 3
1 4
2
2 3
4 2
6
4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
!C0B0@CAF0=64;0;C8
7010B0= ?030
6010@B4@A41CB030;07
0
3
1 4
2

166. *4@A4380B860;0?C?890@F0=60A8=60A8=614@B0=30
,
- 30= AC14@ B460=60= , 60@
3870A8;:0==F0;0;0?C -;0?C;0?C8BC70@CA
387C1C=6:0=34=60=AC14@B460=60=34=60=20@0
0 3C0;0?C38ACAC=?0@0;4;
1 3C0;0?C38ACAC=A4@8
Tes Kompetensi Bab 8

167. 8 V 2 V 3 V
2 2
#7#$-#)124#/8##/$2*,54*/*%/(#/41#4
2 4
200 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X
010@14@8:CB8=84=C=
9C::0= AC0BC @0=6:08 0@CA
A40@07
4A0@ 7010B0= 30;0 0
030;07
2 B860;0?C38ACAC=A4@8
3 B860;0?C38ACAC=?0@0;4;
4 A0BC;0?C38ACAC=?0@0;4;34=60=3C0;0?C
;08=F0=638ACAC=A4@8
20
30
baterai
R = 2
I = 2 A
r
E = 20 V
5
6
12
R
8
G
80 1C07 ;0?C 34=60=
7010B0=A0038ACAC=A4?4@B8
?0306010@
030B460=60=AC14@
,
B4@=F0B0 4=670A8;:0= :C0B
L1 L2 L5
L3
L4+ –
V
0@CA 0?CF0=648;8:84=4@68;8AB@8:?0;8=6
14A0@A4B4;07
A030;07J
0 3
1
4
2

169. 4@70B8:0=@0=6:080=14@8:CB
8:00@CA;8AB@8:F0=64=60;8@
4;0;C8 7010B0=

170. 030;07
:C0B0@CAF0=6
4;4E0B8 7010B0=
030;07
0
3
1
4
2
4@70B8:0=@0=6:080=14@8:CB
*460=60=0=B0@0B8B8:30=
?030 @0=6:080= B4@A41CB
A
B
030;07,
0 , 3 ,
1
, 4
,
2 ,
)41C070:848;8:8 66;
,30=7010B0=30;0
8:00:88=8388A834=60=0@CA
B460=60=0=B0@0
:43C0B4@8=0;=F0030;07
0
, 3
,
1

171. , 4
,
2
,
0 3
1 4
2
0304;44=4;4:B@:880A4;00B4@9038@40:A8:880
0:0=B4@9038?4@C1070=4=4@684=90384=4@68
0 ;8AB@8::880 3 ;8AB@8::0;@
1 :0;@4:0=8: 4 :880:0;@
2 :880;8AB@8:
4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
8:0A4E0:BC387C1C=6
:0=34=60=10B4@08B4@
=F0B060;D0=4B4@4
=C=9C::0= 0=6:0 =;
0:0=8;087010B0=030;07
0 3
1 4
2
)4A4@0=640:08A4B@8:0;8AB@8:F0=614@BC;8A:0=
- ,)4B@8:0B4@A41CB38?0A0=6?030B460=60=
,A4;0090=4@68;8AB@8:F0=6B4@?0:08;47
A4B@8:0;8AB@8:8BC030;07
0 L
3 L
1

172. L
4
L
2
L
)41C071;0;0?C14@C:C@0=

173. , - 8:074=30:
38?0A0=6?030AC14@B460=60=
,34=60=30F0B4B0?
;0?C70@CA38@0=6:08:0=A4@834=60=7010B0=
0
3
1 4
2

174. *860?B=6:0E0BF0=6A00B410;30=A00?0=90=6
14@BC@CBBC@CBB4@1C0B30@814A8109030=B4106038
A01C=64=9038A0BC=B0@0:43C0C9C=6:0E0B3814@8
1430?B4=A80;
, 8:07010B0=94=8A0A8=60A8=6
030;07
K
L
K 30=
L
K
78BC=61430?B4=A80;0=B0@0:43C0C9C=6A4B80?:0E0B
4@70B8:0=6010@14@8:CB
0 8BC=6
30=

175. 1 4@0?001
1 8:07010B0=:0E0B?4@B00778BC=6
7010B0=?4=660=B8ACAC=0=:0E0B8=8

176. 4@70B8:0=@0=6:080=;8AB@8:?0306014@14@8:CB
8BC=6;07
30=

177. a b c
I2
4 5 I I3 1
32 V
15 V
10
d
C0 1C07 ;0?C ;8AB@8: 0A8=60A8=6 34=60=
A?4A858:0A8
,
-30=
,

178. -38ACAC=A4@8
30= 387C1C=6:0= :4 AC14@ B460=60=
,
*4=BC:0=
0 :C0B0@CAF0=64=60;8@30;0@0=6:080=
1 30F038A8?0A8?030;0?C
,
-
2 30F038A8?0A8?030;0?C
,

179. -
a
b
6 V
10 V
8 V
I3 I1
I2

180. *860 1C07 :0E0B 38ACAC= ?0@0;4; 4@10=38=60=
?4=0?0=6:4B860:0E0BB4@A41CB030;07
A430=6:0=?4@10=38=60=?0=90=6=F0
0 8BC=60@CA?030:0E0B:430=:4

181. 98:0:0E0B
?4@B00