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‫جوشاکری‬ ‫در‬ ‫نومی‬‫و‬‫ارگ‬
‫جوشکاری‬(Welding)‫فلزی‬ ‫قطعات‬ ‫آن‬ ‫طی‬ ‫که‬ ‫است‬ ‫فرایندی‬(‫همجنس‬ ‫معموال‬)‫با‬
‫شوند‬ ‫می‬ ‫متصل‬ ‫هم‬ ‫به‬ ‫عامل‬ ‫دو‬ ‫هر‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫فشار‬ ‫یا‬ ‫گرما‬ ‫از‬ ‫استفاده‬.
‫از‬ ‫بیش‬80‫از‬ ‫است‬ ‫عبارت‬ ‫آن‬ ‫تر‬ ‫عمومی‬ ‫انواع‬ ‫از‬ ‫برخی‬ ‫که‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫جوشکاری‬ ‫فرایند‬ ‫نوع‬:
1)‫قوس‬‫الکتریکی‬(EAW)
2)‫جوشکاری‬‫الکترود‬ ‫قوس‬‫دار‬ ‫پوشش‬ ‫دستی‬(SMAW)
3)‫جوشکاری‬‫محافظ‬ ‫گاز‬ ‫با‬‫با‬‫شونده‬ ‫مصرف‬ ‫الکترود‬(MIG)
‫نشدنی‬ ‫مصرف‬ ‫الکترود‬ ‫با‬(‫تنگستن‬)(TIG)
4)‫جوشکاری‬‫پالسما‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫با‬(PAW)
5)‫جوشکاری‬‫پودری‬ ‫زیر‬
‫الکترود‬ ‫کابل‬ ‫الکترود‬ ‫انواع‬ ‫جوش‬ ‫دستگاه‬
‫برگشت‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زمین‬ ‫کابل‬ ‫الکترودگیر‬ ‫انبر‬ ‫چکش‬ ‫و‬ ‫برس‬
‫ها‬ ‫جوشکاری‬ ‫اغلب‬ ‫در‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫وسایل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ابزار‬:
1)‫فلزی‬ ‫دود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫فیوم‬ ‫شیمیایی‬(‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫زدگیها‬ ‫زنگ‬ ،‫ها‬ ‫روکش‬ ،‫فالکس‬ ‫مواد‬ ،‫الکترود‬ ‫فلز‬‫نگها‬)
‫بخارات‬ ‫و‬ ‫گازها‬(CO , NO , O3 , CO2)
‫کار‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫بهداشتی‬ ‫خطرات‬:
2)‫صدا‬ ‫فیزیکی‬ ‫خطرات‬
‫ها‬ ‫پرتو‬
‫گرما‬
‫الکترومغناطیسی‬ ‫های‬ ‫میدان‬
3)‫گرفتگی‬ ‫برق‬ ‫ایمنی‬ ‫خطرات‬
‫بلند‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫از‬ ‫سقوط‬
‫سوختگی‬
4)‫خطرات‬‫بیولوژیکی‬(‫ها‬ ‫باکتری‬ ،‫ها‬ ‫انگل‬ ،‫ها‬ ‫قارچ‬ ،‫ها‬ ‫ویروس‬)
5)‫ارگونومیکی‬ ‫خطرات‬(‫عضالت‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫تغییر‬ ،‫رفتگی‬ ‫در‬ ،‫کشیدگی‬‫و‬) ...
1)‫مهندسی‬ ‫های‬ ‫کنترل‬1.‫جایگزینی‬
2.‫تهویه‬
3.‫فیلتراسیون‬
4.‫موضعی‬ ‫تهویه‬
5.‫گذاری‬ ‫حفاظ‬
6.‫بهداشتی‬ ‫اعمال‬
‫کار‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫بهداشتی‬ ‫خطرات‬ ‫کنترل‬ ‫های‬ ‫روش‬:
2)‫چشم‬ ‫فردی‬ ‫حفاظت‬ ‫وسایل‬
‫گوش‬
‫تنفسی‬ ‫تجهیزات‬
‫کامل‬ ‫حفاظتی‬ ‫لباس‬
3)‫ای‬ ‫دوره‬ ‫غربالگری‬ ‫و‬ ‫معاینات‬
4)‫فنی‬ ‫های‬ ‫آموزش‬_‫بهداشتی‬ ‫و‬ ‫ای‬ ‫حرفه‬
(1‫اسکلتی‬ ‫خطرات‬_‫جوشکاری‬ ‫عملیات‬ ‫حین‬ ‫در‬ ‫رایج‬ ‫عضالنی‬
(2‫بدنی‬ ‫وضعیت‬(posture)‫جوشکاری‬ ‫حین‬ ‫در‬ ‫نامناسب‬
‫جوشکاری‬ ‫در‬ ‫ارگونومیکی‬ ‫های‬ ‫چالش‬ ‫ترین‬ ‫مهم‬:
‫ی‬ ‫نتیجه‬ ‫در‬ ‫جوشکاران‬ ‫جراحات‬ ‫ها‬ ‫آسیب‬ ‫از‬ ‫بسیاری‬،‫کشیدگی‬‫رفتگی‬ ‫در‬‫و‬‫عضالت‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫تغییر‬‫آن‬‫ها‬
‫میباشد‬.‫جوشکاران‬‫مجبورند‬ ‫اغلب‬‫که‬:
‫حرکت‬ ‫یا‬ ‫بردارند‬ ‫را‬ ‫سنگین‬ ‫تجهیزات‬ ‫و‬ ‫وسایل‬‫دهند‬.
‫کار‬ ‫مناسب‬ ‫نا‬ ‫موقعیت‬ ‫در‬ ‫طوالنی‬ ‫مدت‬ ‫به‬‫کنند‬.
‫نگه‬ ‫دست‬ ‫در‬ ‫زیاد‬ ‫مدت‬ ‫به‬ ‫را‬ ‫جوشکاری‬ ‫سنگین‬ ‫ابزار‬‫دارند‬.
‫عوارض‬ ‫جمله‬ ‫از‬‫اسکلتی‬_‫عضالنی‬‫جوشکاری‬ ‫عملیات‬ ‫در‬ ‫کار‬ ‫با‬ ‫مرتبط‬:
1)‫وضعیت‬‫بدنی‬ ‫های‬‫نامطلوب‬‫در‬ ‫خصوص‬ ‫به‬‫های‬ ‫قسمت‬‫کمر‬ ‫و‬ ‫مچ‬
2)‫بلند‬‫تجهیزات‬ ‫کردن‬‫سنگین‬3)‫طوالنی‬ ‫مدت‬ ‫به‬ ‫استاتیک‬ ‫های‬ ‫فعالیت‬ ‫انجام‬
1)‫استفاده‬‫برای‬ ‫راحتتر‬ ‫و‬ ‫سبکتر‬ ‫جوشکاری‬ ‫تجهیزات‬ ‫از‬‫حمل‬
‫ارگونومیک‬ ‫عوارض‬ ‫حذف‬ ‫و‬ ‫جوشکاری‬ ‫در‬ ‫ارگونومی‬ ‫ارتقای‬ ‫جهت‬ ‫مناسب‬ ‫های‬ ‫روش‬:
2)‫استفاده‬‫بیشتر‬ ‫انعطاف‬ ‫قابلیت‬ ‫با‬ ‫تر‬ ‫سبک‬ ‫های‬ ‫کابل‬ ‫از‬(‫کمتر‬ ‫سختی‬)
3)‫استفاده‬‫کابل‬ ‫دارنده‬ ‫نگه‬ ‫وسایل‬ ‫از‬(‫ها‬ ‫باالنسر‬)
4)‫استفاده‬‫سقفی‬ ‫های‬ ‫جرثقیل‬ ‫از‬
5)‫استفاده‬‫چرخش‬ ‫قابلیت‬ ‫دارای‬ ‫و‬ ‫باالبر‬ ‫میزهای‬ ‫از‬
(1‫امکان‬ ‫صورت‬ ‫در‬ ‫کمر‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫در‬ ‫کار‬ ‫ی‬ ‫قطعه‬ ‫دادن‬ ‫قرار‬
(2‫میزهای‬ ‫از‬ ‫استفاده‬‫باالبر‬(‫میز‬‫ارتفاع‬ ‫تنظیم‬ ‫قابلیت‬ ‫با‬)
(3‫شدن‬ ‫خم‬ ‫کاهش‬ ‫منظور‬ ‫به‬ ‫تر‬ ‫ایمن‬ ‫بدنی‬ ‫وضعیت‬ ‫حفظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫های‬ ‫میز‬ ‫از‬ ‫استفاده‬
‫زمین‬ ‫روی‬ ‫جوشکاری‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫حین‬ ‫در‬ ‫کمر‬
‫نا‬ ‫بدنی‬ ‫های‬ ‫وضعیت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ناشی‬ ‫ارگونومیک‬ ‫عوارض‬ ‫کاهش‬ ‫یا‬ ‫حذف‬ ‫برای‬ ‫هایی‬ ‫روش‬
‫کار‬ ‫حین‬ ‫در‬ ‫مناسب‬:
‫ایستاده‬ ‫جوشکار‬ ‫برای‬ ‫جوشکاری‬ ‫میز‬ ‫طراحی‬:
‫نشسته‬ ‫جوشکاری‬ ‫برای‬ ‫کاری‬ ‫میز‬ ‫طراحی‬:
‫تابستان‬ ‫ساختمانی‬ ‫جوشکاری‬ ‫کارگاه‬93
Ergonomics in welding

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Ergonomics in welding