Environmental Quality Concerns from Wildfire Residual Organic Compounds
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The National Fire Protection Association states that in 2014, there were 1,298,000 fires reported in the United States. With such staggering numbers it is no mystery why this has been a "Hot" topic for Prism Analytical Technologies to research and address. Though we have little to offer in the way of fire prevention, we can help to reduce the number of illnesses or symptoms experienced following the fire and smoke clean up. Alice Delia, Ph.D., Laboratory Director, has worked diligently to prepare multiple papers, presentations, and reporting options to help you cater to your clients' requests. Most recently, Alice had the privilege of participating in a Wildfire focused round table discussion during American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Expo (AIHce 2016).
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Environmental Quality Concerns from Wildfire Residual Organic Compounds
- 1. Residual Organic Compounds Wildfires: Resolution of Indoor Environmental Quality Concerns (RT-247) A. Delia, Ph.D. Prism Analytical Technologies, Inc.
- 2. Why Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)? โChemical data can add โฆ โChemical techniques/methods used are โฆ โChemical data consist of โฆ โChemical data can be used to โฆ
- 3. Chemical data can add โฆ Assessment of: โSmoke odor โ During Fire โ After Fire โPossible health effects โ Inferred from partial data โRemediation effectiveness EQUILIBRIUM
- 4. Chemical techniques used are โฆ โThermal Desorption (EPA TO-17) โCanister (EPA TO-15) โSolid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) โXAD for Semi-Volatiles โOn-Site (e.g., PID)
- 5. Why donโt these work? โSuitable for small range of compounds โPre-set list (e.g., TO-15/17) โUnique Fire VOCs not โmainstreamโ โConcentrations very low (sub-ppb)
- 6. Chemical data consists of โฆ Chemical Classes โ Hydrocarbons โข Aliphatic, cyclic, unsaturated โ Aromatics โข Single (e.g., benzene), PAHs โ Oxygenated โข Aldehydes โข Acids โข Esters โข Alcohols
- 7. Fire produces โฆ Schauer et al., EnvSciTech, 2001 n-alkanes branched alkanes n-alkenes branched alkenes alkynes diolefins cycloalkanes cycloalkenes aromatic hydrocarbons polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons phenol and substituted phenols guaiacol and substituted guaiacols syringol and substituted syringols aliphatic aldehydes aliphatic ketones olefinic aldehydes aromatic carbonyls dicarbonyls n-alkenoic acids resin acids Sugars (e.g., levoglucosan) PAH ketones other compounds Clark County, Exceptional Event Report, 2003 PM2.5 Organic carbon Elemental carbon Elemental Species โข Potassium โข Chloride CO CO2 Alkanes (C2-C10) Alkenes (C2-C9) Aromatics (BTEX) Oxygenated VOCs โข Methanol โข Formic acid โข Acetic acid โข Formaldehyde โข Acetaldehyde โข Acetone โข Acrolein (propenal) โข Furan โข 2-methyl-furan โข 3-methyl-furan โข 2,5-dimethyl-furan โข Benzofuran Ward, et al., J AWMA 2012 Phenol 2-methylphenol 4-methylphenol 2,4-dimethylphenol Naphthalene 2-methylnaphthalene Acenaphthylene Acenaphthene Dibenzofuran Fluoreneb Phenanthrene Anthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Tetrachloromethane Benzene Toluene Ethyl Benzene 1,4-Dimethylbenzene 1,2-Dimethylbenzene Isopropylbenzene n-Propylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Heitmann et al., Chemosphere 2009, 2011 Acetophenone Benzyl alcohol 4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde 2-Methoxyphenol 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol 2-Methylphenol 3-/4-Methylphenol Naphthalene Larson et al., Ann Rev Pub Health, 1994 Carbon monoxide Methane VOCs (Cz--CT) Aldehydes Formaldehyde Acrolein Propionaldehyde Butryaldehyde Acetaldehyde Furfural Substituted furans Benzene Alkyl benzenes Toluene Acetic acid Formic acid Nitrogen oxides (NO,NO2) Sulfur dioxide Methyl chloride Napthalene Substituted napthalenes Oxygenated monoaromatics Guaiacol (and derivatives) Phenol (and derivatives) Syringol (and derivatives) Catechol (and derivatives) Total particle mass Particulate organic carbon Oxygenated PAHs PAHs Pechan, Developing NEI-Commercial Cooking: Tech. Memorandum, 2003 VOC CO PM 10 PM 2.5 PM NAPHTHALENE BENZO[A]PYRENE ACENAPHTHYLENE FLUORENE PHENANTHRENE FLUORANTHENE PYRENE BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE INDENO[1,2,3-C,D]PYRENE ACENAPHTHENE ANTHRACENE BENZO[G,H,I,]PERYLENE PAH, TOTAL BIPHENYL BENZENE TOLUENE ETHYL BENZENE XYLENES STYRENE FORMALDEHYDE ACETALDEHYDE PROPIONALDEHYDE ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE PHENOL ACETOPHENONE O-CRESOL P-CRESOL DIBUTYL PHTHALATE 4-NITROPHENOL
- 8. TOO MUCH DATA! Hundreds to thousands of chemical compounds โMeasurement challenge โ Very volatile ๏ volatile ๏ semi-volatile organic compounds โ Inorganic compounds โBackground interference โ โOrdinaryโ chemical components already present โ Many sources share chemical relationship with fire โข e.g., Benzene, Formaldehyde
- 9. Narrow analyte selection Breakdown of cell structure Cellulose & Lignin โข Primary components of cell walls
- 10. Pyrolysis forms complex mixtures โฆ SyringolGuaicol Levoglucosan
- 11. Essential Criteria Universality VolatilityDetectability Identify commonalities in chemical emissions Necessary to establish dissipation timeline Selective Unambiguous Quantifiable
- 12. Making sense of data โฆ โEffect of fire and environmental conditions โNumber and type of indicators โVolatility range โ Mixture of light/moderate/heavy VOCs โ Slanted toward light or heavy VOCs โExtrapolate โ Current and long-term effects โ Actions to address contamination
- 13. Summary โChemical data provides more comprehensive evaluation โ Odor, health concern, remediation effectiveness โMany techniques and methods โ Need wide chemical range, selective, sensitive โThousands of chemical compounds โ Use of indicators โCriteria: Universal, Volatile Range, Detectable โ Account for fuel material, temperature, other reactions
- 14. Need Consensus โ Most suitable technique / method โ Core chemical fire indicators โ What indicates presence of fire & smoke โ What indicates completion of remediation โ Is there any way to indicate minimal risk for occupants
- 15. Resources โNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA) โU.S. Fire Administration โCDC NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards โEPA Air Toxics โAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) โNIH Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
- 16. Acknowledgements The great people at Prism Analytical Technologies! ๏ Katie Martin, MS (pending) ๏ Beth Vogel, MS ๏ Kendrith Rowland ๏ Steve Froelicher, Ph.D Dan Baxter โ Environmental Analysis Associates