2. Three central themes
• Dual-coding hypothesis – suggest that there
are two codes and two storage systems – one
imaginal the other verbal - Paivio
• Conceptual-propositional hypothesis –
proposes that visual and verbal information are
represented as abstract propositions about
objects & relationships – Anderson & bower
• Functional-equivalency hypothesis -
suggests that imagery and perception are
highly similar - Shephard & Kosslyn

3. Dual-coding hypothesis
• A major theoretical statement as to how information
is stored in memory.
• States that there are two coding systems – nonverbal
imagery process & a verbal symbolic process.
• E.g. a familiar & easily named picture is coded both
imaginally and verbally – although the verbal code
is aroused, it occurs after the imaginal code is
activated.
• Concrete words – coded both imaginally and
verbally.
• Abstract words is represented by a verbal code
only.