The document discusses the early history and development of earthquake engineering from the late 19th century through the 1950s. Major events like the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, 1908 Messina earthquake, and 1933 Long Beach earthquake drove advances. Early pioneers developed concepts like seismic coefficients and response spectra. Building codes evolved from constant coefficients to account for building flexibility. The 1957 SEAOC committee aimed to develop a uniform national code addressing property damage.

1. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL

2. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
PRESENTATION # 2
BY :-
SUMERA KHALID
2K7F-MSC-STR-04
TO :-
DR. QAISAR UZ ZAMAN

3. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
INTRODUCTION
 Overview of the Early Years of EE
 Major Events Contributing to Its Growth until
1960
 The Evolution of Definition of EE
 Its Goal to the Present Time
 The Nature of the Earth Quake Problem
 The Factors That Can Create an Earth Quake
Preparedness

4. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
-The summary list of events.
-Developments and advances since 1960.
-Future challenges of EE.
.
INTRODUCTION( contd.)

5. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
 According to Hudson (1992),EE
at once a very old an very new subject .
BIRTH AND GROWTH OF EE IN THE EARLY
YEARS
authors to indicate date of start of EE
*Housner ,1984
*Usami, 1998
*Hudson , 1992

6. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Earthquakes in the United States,
1906 in san Francisco, California
in Italy, 1909 Messina.
Earthquake engineering started at the end
of the 19th
century “designing structures with a
few present of the weight of the structure as the
horizontal load.”
EVENTS IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY ,AND THE 1906 SAN
FRACISCO EARTH QUAKE AND ITS AFTERMATH.(contd.)

7. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Usami (1998) stated:
In the case of Japan ,I personally think the professional
practice of earth quake engineering began after a severely
damaging earthquake that struck Tokyo ….
EVENTS IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY ,AND THE 1906 SAN
FRACISCO EARTH QUAKE AND ITS AFTERMATH (contd…)
also
In 1914 ,Sano, Japanese engineer, developed a
quasi dynamic theory, which we now call the seismic
coefficient method ……….

8. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Earthquake engineering in Japan Sano's work,
“coefficient Methods for Designing earthquake Resistant
Houses”
ENGLISH ENGINEERS
EVENTS IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY ,AND THE 1906 SAN
FRACISCO EARTH QUAKE AND ITS AFTERMATH (contd…)
^Robert Mallet (a civil engineer),
^John Milne (a mining engineer)
^James Ewing and Thomas Gray (both Mechanical
engineers),

9. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Robert Mallet invented the word seismology,
……..shake-knowledge;
he also coined the term epicenter
EVENTS IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY ,AND THE 1906 SAN
FRACISCO EARTH QUAKE AND ITS AFTERMATH (contd…)
According to Housner (1984), "Robert Mallet can be
called the primeval earthquake engineer.”

10. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
San Francisco and northern California
earthquake
On April 18, 1906
(Mw 7.9).
 More than 430 km of the San Andreas Fault
was ruptured
(see Figure 1.1)
EVENTS IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY ,AND THE 1906 SAN
FRACISCO EARTH QUAKE AND ITS AFTERMATH (contd…)

11. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
FIGURE The 1906 San Francisco earthquake

12. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
According to Geschwind (1996).
Although engineers learned explicit lessons from
the 1906 earthquake, for the most part these
lessons did not concern the need for more
earthquake-resistant construction.
EVENTS IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY ,AND THE 1906 SAN
FRACISCO EARTH QUAKE AND ITS AFTERMATH (contd…)

13. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Charles Derleth, ) a professor (of structural
Engineering at the University of California ,1907
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
paper(Derleth, 1907):
"An attempt to calculate earthquake stress is futile-
Such calculations could lead to no practical
conclusions of value" (Housner, 1984).
EVENTS IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY ,AND THE 1906 SAN
FRACISCO EARTH QUAKE AND ITS AFTERMATH (contd…)

14. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
the Seismological Society of America (SSA)
October 1906,
Structural Association of San Francisco in June
1906.
EVENTS IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY ,AND THE 1906 SAN
FRACISCO EARTH QUAKE AND ITS AFTERMATH (contd…)

15. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
State Earthquake Investigation Commission
Reports
1908, detailed suggestions on proper construction of wooden
houses and occasional advice on how buildings might be
strengthened against earthquake.
1910, a theoretical discussion of the 1906 earthquake,H.F.
Reid (1910) presented the elastic-rebound theory of
earthquakes.
EVENTS IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY ,AND THE 1906 SAN
FRACISCO EARTH QUAKE AND ITS AFTERMATH (contd…)

16. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
1908 Messina (Italy) and 1923 Kanto (Japan)
Earthquakes
Messina (Italy) earthquake
December 28, 1908,
(magnitude 7.5)
loss of 83,000—to 120,000 lives.
According to Housner (1984),
this earthquake was responsible for the birth of
practical earthquake design of structures

17. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
The commission's report appears to be the first
engineering recommendation for earthquake-
resistant structures by means of the equivalent
static method.
The method apparently proposed by Prof. Panetti,
recommended designing
1st
story - a horizontal force = 1/2 the building weight
2nd & 3rd stories - horizontal force = 1/8 of the
building weight above.
1908 Messina (Italy) and 1923 Kanto (Japan)
Earthquakes (contd..)

18. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Kanto (Japan) earthquake
September 1,1923
magnitude 8.3
severe damage in Tokyo and Yokohama.
Establishment of the Earthquake Research
institute.
at the Imperial College of Tokyo
headed by Prof, Kyoji Suyehiro.
1908 Messina (Italy) and 1923 Kanto
(Japan) Earthquakes (contd..)

19. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Suyehiro
-development of the mining motion accelerographs.
As early as the 1920s Dr. Suyehiro clearly outlined
the type of accelerographs that would be needed
(Hudson, 1963).
1908 Messina (Italy) and 1923 Kanto (Japan)
Earthquakes (contd..)

20. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Santa Barbara, California
On June 29. 1925
magnitude 6.2
number of deaths was small
the damage was
considerable
(see figure 1.2).
1925 to 1933

21. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
The Santa Barbara City Council
on December 17, 1925
 a new building code with a clause requiring buildings to be
designed to withstand horizontal forces produced by either
earthquakes or wind (Geschwind, 1991)
Binder (1952) pointed out that the year 1925, in my opinion,
marks the real beginning of earthquake engineering studies and
research in the United States.
1925 to 1933(contd.)

22. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
earthquake preparedness in California
Bailey Willis, a professor emeritus of geology at Stanford
University.
a laboratory to do research on earthquake matters at
Stanford (Freeman, 1932; Blume, 1972; Geschwind, 1996).
a shaking table (Geschwind, 1996), built in 1927, with
Professor Lydik Jacobsen, of the mechanical engineering
department at Stanford, in charge.
Blume (1972) summarized the experiments carried out by
Jacobsen and his associates on the shaking table
1925 to 1933(contd.)

23. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
 Building period's measurements in the United States by
Elmer Hall (1912), an associate professor of physics at the
University of California at Berkeley
 (Blume, 1972). Japanese scientists measured wind-
induced building motions
 Hall's instrument was used to measure motion in six
Buildings in San Francisco.
1925 to 1933 (contd.)

24. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
United States was in 1927
earthquakes were recorded by the southern
California regional seismographic network,
seismologist Harry Wood was in charge. Wood
and Richter (a Caltech graduate in physics)
processed the vast amount of data produced by
the seismographs (Geschwind, 1996).
1925 to 1933(contd.)

25. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
In the early 1930s,
Richter devised a numerical scale for grading
instrumentally recorded earthquakes — the Richter
magnitude scales (Richter, 1935).
1925 to 1933(contd.)

26. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
In 1932, Freeman’s book “Earthquake Damage and
Earthquake Insurance”
Hudson (1992) stated, "This monumental work not
only includes just about everything known about
earthquakes at that time, but it is the Nearest thing
we have in print to a history of earthquake
engineering."
1925 to 1933(contd.)

27. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Similarly, Housner (1983) Stated, "I think that the
original accelerograph should have been called
the Freeman accelerograph in recognition of the
big contribution that he made."
also stated:
"I should like to talk today about the founding
father of the strong ground motion program in the
United States — John R. Freeman
1925 to 1933(contd.)

28. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
In 1929,- the Structural Engineers of Southern
California
In 1930 ,-Structural Engineers of Northern
California
Establishment of tin- Structural Engineers Associations
in Southern and Northern California

29. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
in 1927, with the cooperation of many engineers and
architects,
The Pacific Coast Building Officials Conference
adopted
the Uniform Building Code (UBC).
The provisions
the building should be designed for a lateral force
applied at each floor and roof level as a constant
percentage (7.5 U) 10%) of the total dead plus live
loads of the building above the plane.
Initiation of the Uniform Building Code

30. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
1925 to 1933(contd.)
Among prominent, scientists and engineers who
disseminate their views about Long Beach
earthquake and earthquake preparedness.
Caltech researchers
John Burwell
 Harry Wood
R.R. Martel

31. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
FIGURF- The 1933 Long Beach, California, earth quake –

32. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
most influential report about the Long Beach
earthquake was from a committee chaired by Robert
Milliken.
1925 to 1933(contd.)
This earthquake was a major turning point in the
field of earthquake-resistant design (EQ-RD) and
construction in California.

33. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Binder and Wheeler (1960),
2 California State laws were passed:
(a) the Field Act,
1925 to 1933(contd.)
(b) the Riley Act
concept of response spectra
introduced by Maurice Biota ,
the concept of response spectra was not used in
a specific way in building codes until 1952

34. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
The use of a constant coefficient C in the design
base shear for buildings, V = CW,
was adopted in the appendix of the 1927 UBC and in
the local codes until 1943.
In 1937 Los Angeles County sponsored an
investigation to be conducted by Caltech in
collaboration with Stanford University and U.S.
Coast and Geodetic Survey to determine
improvements in seismic requirements of the Los
Angeles Building Code (LABC) (Binder, 1952).
Progress in Formulating Building Codes:
1933 to 1959

35. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
The design requirements of a constant lateral
force coefficient did not provide a uniform degree
of earthquake protection throughout the varying
heights of all buildings.
The report emphasized replacing a constant factor
with one based on equivalent acceleration that
would take into account some important dynamic
considerations (Binder, 1952).
Progress in Formulating Building Codes:
1933 to 1959( contd..)

36. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
 Thus, building flexibility associated with number
of stories was introduced
 Some of the findings were adopted into the LABC
in January 1943
 the 1946 edition of the UBC was basically the
same as the 1943 LABC (Binder and Wheeler,
1960).
Progress in Formulating Building
Codes: 1933 to 1959( contd..)

37. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
1957 the Seismology Committee of the Structural
Engineers Association of California (SEAOC).
develop a uniform code to resolve the differences in
several codes used in seismic areas of the United
States and California
Progress in Formulating Building Codes:
1933 to 1959( contd..)

38. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
OBJECTIVES
the development of a seismic code that would
confine its provisions to limiting the extent and type
of property damage ,
a commentary on the code known as a Manual of
Practice should complement it.
Progress in Formulating Building
Codes: 1933 to 1959( contd..)

39. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Date Code or provisions
1927 First seismic design appendix in U11C: V =
CW (C = 0.075 to 0.10}
1933 Los Angeles City Code: V =CW (C - 0.08).
First enforced seismic code
1943 Los Angeles City Code: V = CW (C = 60) /
(N+4.5)), N > 13 stories
1952 ASCE.-SEAONC: C = K1/T1 (K1= 0.015 to
0.025)
1959 SEAOC: C = KCW (C = 0.05 / (T1"))
A summary of the key changes in these provisions
before 1960 is provided in Table 1.1.

40. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
The origin of the EERI
Advisory Committee on Engineering Seismology (ACES).
 1947 by a small group of individuals
 San Francisco to advise the U.S. government on
earthquake issues such ns -strong motion
instrumentation (Blume, 1994).
 The ACES elected
 Lydik Jacobsen as the chairman.
 Col. William Fox vice chairman
 John Blume as the permanent secretary.
Establishment of the Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute (EERI)

41. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
members of the ACES
R.R. Martel and George Housner.
ACES members formed a non profit organization in
1949 “ the earthquake Engineering Research
Institute (EERI)”.
first time the name earthquake engineering
was used, at least officially, in the first meeting of
the EERI in San Francisco on April 2.1949,
Establishment of the Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute (EERI) (contd..)

42. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Today, EERI members are from all over the
world.
EERI sponsored two historically important EE
conferences
The Symposium on Earthquake and Blast
Effects on Structures was held in 1952 at the
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).
C. Martin Duke, a professor at UCLA, chaired
the EERI committee.
Establishment of the Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute (EERI) (contd..)

43. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
The other important conference was the World
Conference on EE (WCEE) (later called the First
WCEE), held in 1956 at Berkeley, California.
The conference was sponsored by both the EERI
and University of California at Berkeley (UCB).
Historical Conferences in 1952 and 19569(contd..)

44. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
The second WCEE was held in Japan in 1960
World Conferences held every four years
have successfully brought together many EE
researchers, practitioners and public officials.
English language books on structural analysis
and design for dynamic loads induced by earthquake
ground motions started to be published in 1950s
Historical Conferences in 1952 and 19569 (contd..)

45. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
For example, Structural Design for Dynamic Loads
by Norris et al. (1959),
books on EQ-RD
Finally, starting the late 1960s, books on just EE
started to be published. For example, books by
Borges and Rivera (1969) and Siegel (1970)
Applications of Structural Dynamics to EE, Before
1960(contd..)

46. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
in 1972 the journal Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics (EESD) was established as
the official journal of the IAEE.
excellent publications
by:
Freeman (1932), Geschwind (1996), Housner
(1983, 1984), Hudson (1988, 1992), Bolt (1996),
Roesset and Yao (2002) Einashai (2002) ,Lee et
al. (2003).
Establishment of the International Association fo
Earthquake Engineering, 1960

47. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
This section presents
 Evolution of The- Definition of EE and Its Goal
 Nature of Earthquake Problems
 Factors That Can Create an Earthquake
Disaster
 Earthquake Disasters and the Importance of
Preparedness
 Definition, Assessment and the Steps Involved
in Controlling Seismic Risk
 Multidisciplinary Nature of EE.
The Evolution of EE Since 1960

48. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
definitions for EE:
Okamoto (1973) -"In earthquake engineering a
wide range of knowledge that Includes geophysics,
geology, seismology, vibration theory, structural
dynamics, materials dynamics, structural
engineering and construction techniques are
necessary. More specifically, earthquake
engineering is the application of this knowledge to
the single objective of building structures that arc
safe against earthquakes”..
The Evolution of EE's Definition and Goal

49. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Housner (1984) —
"Earthquake engineering broadly encompasses all
non-technical, as well as technical efforts directed
toward minimizing the harmful effects of
earthquakes."
The Evolution of EE's Definition and Goal

50. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Clough (1992) —
"Earthquake engineering-is a scientific discipline
dedicated to providing at reasonable cost an
acceptable level of seismic safely in the design of
buildings, lifeline systems, and other special
structures."
The Evolution of EE's Definition and Goal

51. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Hudson (1992) —
"Earthquake engineering embraces a very wide range of
activities — social, economic, political, scientific and
technical. All these aspects contribute to the overall goal of
earthquake engineering — to prevent earthquakes from
becoming disasters”
Berterof 1992) —
"Earthquake engineering is the branch of engineering that
encompasses the practical efforts to reduce, and ideally lo
avoid, earthquake hazards."
The Evolution of EE's Definition and Goal

52. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
the nature of the earthquake problem and
particularly the resultant damages.
For example, Press (1984) stated,
"Earthquakes are a very special type of natural
hazard in the sense that they are very rare, low-
probability events, whose consequences, when
they do occur, are very large in terms of
destruction and suffering”
Nature of Earthquake Problems, Disaster and
Preparedness

53. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
combination of the factors for earthquake disaster:
• Severity of the earthquake ground motion (EQGM).
This depends on,
 the earthquake magnitude,
 source-to-site distance
 direction of fault rupture propagation,
 local site conditions
 depth to basement rock.
Nature of Earthquake Problems, Disaster and
Preparedness

54. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
• The size and distribution of the population and
economic developments.
• The degree of earthquake preparedness,
including comprehensive earthquake risk
mitigation programs and their implementation.
Nature of Earthquake Problems, Disaster and
Preparedness

55. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Earthquake preparedness should be emphasized
To prevent an earthquake from becoming a disaster
comprehensive earthquake risk reduction program
proper efforts to implement the program;
main goal of EE
to control the built environment to reduce seismic risks in our
urban and rural areas to socio-economically acceptable
levels
Nature of Earthquake Problems, Disaster and
Preparedness

56. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Bertero (1992, 1997, and 2002),
assessing and controlling seismic risk at any
given site requires at least the following:
1. Estimating the seismic activity at the site. This
requires identification of all seismic sources.
2. Predicting EQGMs (preferably all six
components) that could significantly contribute to
the seismic risk.
Definition, Assessment and Control of
Seismic Risk

57. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
3. Evaluating whether the EQGMs could induce any
of the following potential hazards in the site or the
surrounding region: surface fault ruptures, tsunamis,,
landslides, floods.
4. Predicting whether the predicted EQGMs could
induce ground failure, that is, liquefaction,
settlement, subsidence, deferential compaction, loss
of bearing and shearing strength and lateral
spreading.
Definition, Assessment and Control of
Seismic Risk

58. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
5. Assessing the performance of the facility system under direct and
indirect efforts, of the predicted EQGMs and estimating the degree or
damage and losses.
6. Evaluating the possibility of the following incidents; fire. Flood,
release of hazardous materials, environmental impact and other
consequences that could affect the built environment.
7. Conducting a cost-benefit analysis of seismic upgrading and
replacing existing hazardous facilities.
Definition, Assessment and Control of
Seismic Risk

59. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
The modern goal of EE
control the seismic risks to socio-economically
acceptable levels.
Solution to The problem of seismic risk reduction=
Research accompanied by the
necessary technological developments
implementation of the knowledge in practice.
Multidisciplinary Nature of EE

60. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
 There is a need for multidisciplinary groups of
researchers, practicing professionals, users,
owners, government officials, insurance industry
representatives, and so forth, to develop and
ensure the implementations of reliable and
suitable policies arid strategies
Multidisciplinary Nature of EE

61. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
• Advances in computer technology have greatly
facilitated structural analysis and structural
dynamics for EE applications..
• Advances in EQ-RD and EQ-RC.
• Construction of the first large U.S. shaking table
• Establishment of major EE research centers in
the United States and development of significant
research
Recent Events/ Developments and Future
Challenges of EE

62. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
•Establishment of several important
experimental facilities to conduct EE
research
Cornell University UCB, UCSD, UCD, University at Buffalo
(SUNY), University of Michigan, University of Minnesota,
University of Nevada at Reno, University of Texas at Austin,
University of Washington, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Lehigh University, Nist , PCA RPI.
Recent Events/ Developments and Future
Challenges of EE

63. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
• Establishment of the Applied Technology
Council (ATC) in 1971, ATC 3-06 "Tentative
provisions for the development of seismic
regulations for buildings,"
• Establishment of California Universities for
Research in Earthquake Engineering (CUREE)
Recent Events/ Developments and Future
Challenges of EE

64. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
• NRC reports prepared by the NAE's Committee
on Earthquake Engineering Research in 1962,
1982 and 1989 formulated research programs that
later were supported by the NSF.
• In 2001 the NSF funded the George E. Brown.
Network for EE Simulation (NEES).
• In 2003, NRC published a report titled
"Preventing earthquake disasters" that
discusses a research agenda for NEES.
Recent Events/ Developments and Future
Challenges of EE

65. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Publication of proceedings of the WCEE and other regional
and national EE conferences around the world
Publications of books, monographs and reports
include reports published by ATC, EERC, EERI, FEMA,
MAE, MCEER NCEER, PEER, SEAOC, USGS
• Advances in engineering seismology
•Advances in innovative strategic and technologies to
control the response of facilities to EQGMs
Recent Events/ Developments and Future
Challenges of EE

66. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
Advances in EE have been
extremely impressive.
Great lessons about the nature of earthquakes,
characteristic of ground motion, performance of
geotechnical, structural, non- structural and lifeline
systems during earthquakes,their social and
economical impacts.
Closing Remarks

67. THE EARLY YEARS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
AND ITS MODERN GOAL
The objectives of such studies should be
 to find out what happened, why it happened,
and how to prevent the observed undesirable
performance of facilities in future earthquakes.
 outcome of such studies should be
Improvement of existing seismic code and
development of new and simple but reliable
provisions.
Closing Remarks