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Israelstine 242 presentation
1. Israelstine 242
Brief Background on UN Security Council Resolution 242
- adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on
November 22, 1967, in the aftermath of the Six Day War
- preamble refers to the "inadmissibility of the acquisition
of territory by war and the need to work for a just and
lasting peace in the Middle East in which every State in
the area can live in security."
2. Basic demands
● (i) Withdrawal of Israel armed forces from
territories occupied in the recent conflict;
● (ii) Termination of all claims or states of
belligerency and respect for and
acknowledgment of the sovereignty, territorial
integrity and political independence of every
State in the area and their right to live in peace
within secure and recognized boundaries free
from threats or acts of force.
3. Whose borders?
● What do the maps tell us?
● What does geography show us?
● Is there an underlying pattern?
● The South African experience – why is
Meterology, Geology, Hydrology an important
element in this conflict?
4. Canaan/Israel/Palestine
● Canaan before the Hebrews
● Israel in Early times
● The Duel Kingdom
● Herodian & Roman Palestine
● Palestine under the Caliphs
● Crusader Palestine
● Turkish Palestine
● British Mandate Palestine
● Modern Israel -1948 borders (47/49), 1967 borders
5. 242 cartographic images
Canaan before the Hebrews - Canaan had been a collection of city-states, tributary to the Egyptian
Pharoah, as attested to in the Tel- El Amarna tablets. The breakup of the Egyptian empire beginning
about 1500 BCE made possible the invasion of the Hebrews. The map shows the probable location
of cities in Canaan about 1200 BCE
6. Israel in early times
According to Hebrew tradition, 12 tribes entered Cana'an from Egypt and conquered it, led by
Moses. Historical evidence from the Amarna tables suggests that there were already 'apiru' (probably
Hebrews) in Canaanites in the time of Egyptian rule, some possibly with names such as "yakubu-el"
(Jacob). The biblical account allots different parts of the land to the twelve tribes as shown in the
maps. Soon after, a kingdom was established, first under Saul and then under David. The right-
hand map shows the borders of the kingdom of David (about 1000 B.C.E. ) and other nations. The
maps are necessarily conjectures based on biblical narrative and supporting archeology.
7. The Duel Kingdom
The Dual Kingdom and Palestine in the Time of Jesus - After the death of King
Solomon, Israel split into two kingdoms. Eventually, both the kingdom of Israel,
and later that of Judea, with its temple in Jerusalem, were overrun by invaders.
The Persians restored the Judean kingdom and allowed the Jews to rebuild
their temple. This kingdom fell to Greek and later Hellenic-Syrian domination
when Alexander the Great conquered Persia.
In 164 BCE the Hasmonean Kingdom of Judea revolted and became semi-
independent of Syria. It was protected by a treaty of friendship with Rome.
However in 61 Pompei conquered Jerusalem, and from then on Israel or
Palestine was subordinate to Rome. Parts of it were nominally independent
under the rule of local kings of the line of Herod the Idumean.
8.
9. Herodian & Roman Palestine
Maps of Herodian and Roman Palestine - Herod build many towns and fortifications (including
Massada and Heordion) and extensively remodelled the temple in Jerusalem. After the first Jewish
rebellion and fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD, large numbers of Jews were exiled. Jerusalem was
eventually rebuilt as Aelia Capitolina. After the failure of the revolt of Bar-Kochba in 133, there were
more exiles and ruined towns. On the ruins of Israelite and Canaanite towns, the Romans built new
ones, populated partly by inhabitants of neighboring lands. The land was divided into several
districts, of which Palestine was only one. The Negev (southern district), generally excluded from
these divisions was inhabited by the Nabateans, an Arab trader nation that made a notable desert
civilization in cities such as Avdat (in modern Israel) and Petra (in modern Jordan). The whole area
between the desert and the sea was known, later in the Roman Empire, as the Christian Patriarchate
of Jerusalem, though this was not a Roman administrative division.
10.
11. Maps of Palestine under Caliphs
Map of Palestine under the Caliphs - Christian Palestine fell first to the Persians, in 614. It was
reconquered briefly in 629 by Heraclius. However, with the rise of Islam, the Middle East, and with it
Palestine - Israel - Canaan - was conquered by Arabs. Jerusalem fell in 640. The Land was divided
into a Southern Jund (district) of Filastin with a capital in Al-Lud (later in Ramleh), and a northern
Jund of Al Urdunn with its capital in Tabariyeh (Tiberius).
12. Crusader Palestine
Beginning in 1095, the crusaders conquered Palestine and the surrounding areas. Initially savage
toward Muslims and Jews, crusader rule eventually seems to have brought a measure of good
administration before it was eventually eliminated by Salah-e-din and his successors.
13. Turkish Palestine
Palestine changed hands several times among Moslem conquerors, the last of whom were the
Turks. As shown in the map, the land was divided into three administrative areas. These divisions
became important in assessing the meaning of promises in the Sykes-Picot agreement and
Husayn-MacMahon letters.
17. Meteorology
● Israel's climate ranges from temperate to
tropical, with plenty of sunshine. Two distinct
seasons predominate: a rainy winter period
from November to May; and a dry summer
season which extends through the next six
months. Rainfall is relatively heavy in the North
and center of the country, with much less in the
northern Negev and almost negligible amounts
in the southern areas.
20. Hydrology
●
Aquifers of the Region
● Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza are part of the Jordan River Watershed and
utilize three primary aquifers: Coastal, Mountain, and Northern.
● The Cenomanian-Turonian Mountain Aquifer system underlying and largely
recharged from the West Bank is by far the most important source of water in
this area. The aquifer system is highly permeable due to its geological nature.
The Coastal Aquifer extends from Gaza in the south to Mount Carmel in the
north along some 120 km of Mediterranean coastline. The width of the aquifer
varies from 3-10 km in the north to about 20 km in the south, where it
constitutes the chief resource of water for Gaza. The depth to groundwater in
Gaza ranges from 60 m in the east to 8 m or less near the shore.
22. Mountain Aquifiers
● The mountain aquifers supply:
● Yarkon-Tanninim Aquifer This supplies Israel with about 340 million
cubic meters of water annually, which are used by the Jerusalem-Tel-
Aviv area. Palestinians use about 20 million cubic meters a year.
● Nablus-Gilboa Aquifer This supplies Israel with about 115 million cubic
meters a year, largely for agricultural irrigation in the kibbutzim
(communes) and moshavim (cooperative settlements) in Galilee.
● The Eastern Aquifer This supplies about 40 million cubic meters
annually to the Israeli settlements in the Jordan Valley, and about 60
million cubic meters to the Palestinians.
23. ● The Israel-Palestine Aquifers are supplied by numerous ground- and surface- water
sources from throughout the region. The figure to the left illustrates the source, and
sink, of the water as it passes through the region.
●
● As part of the limited water resource of the region, quality becomes as important as
quantity. If aquifers are drained too quickly they threaten to pull in seawater and
drastically increase the salinity of the water. In addition, as population grows in the
region the potential for contamination of the water supplies to due polution or
purely over abundance of infrastructure.
●
● As is apparent in the diagram, there is a very important chain of interdependency
that forces the various nation-states to acknowledge their impact on downstream
water quality and quantity.
●
● The National Water Carrier of Israel was created to disseminate water stored in the
Lake Kinneret reservoir to the southern regions.
