This document discusses the history of banking from an Asian perspective, beginning with King Solomon of Jerusalem around 930 BC. It claims that after his death, one of Solomon's wives took his vast wealth in gold to Java, establishing the royal courts of Solo. Over centuries, huge amounts of gold flowed to Java from China and Europe in exchange for spices. In 1000 AD, knights discovered something in Jerusalem's ruined temple that gave them power in Europe. They founded the Templar order with access to the Pope, and quickly became Europe's protector of wealth and pilgrims, establishing the first banking system.
This presentation deals with “History of the Banking Sector”, where in you will be introduced to the evolutionary steps of the Economic Civilization and various stages of development of the banking sector.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Banking originated in India in the early 1700s with the establishment of the Bank of Bombay in 1720 and the Bank of Hindustan in 1770. The first 'Presidency bank' was the Bank of Bengal, established in 1806. Over subsequent decades, the Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras were also established as Presidency banks. In the early 20th century, the Imperial Bank of India was formed through the amalgamation of the Presidency banks. The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 to regulate the banking sector. After independence in 1947, the State Bank of India was nationalized. Further nationalization occurred in 1969 with 14 major private banks being taken over by the government.
The banking industry in India is governed by the Banking Regulation Act of 1949. It began in the late 18th century and saw major developments post-independence including the nationalization of banks in 1969. Today it includes both public and private sector banks as well as foreign banks. The industry has grown significantly in size and now includes over 67,000 branches across the country. However, it also faces challenges such as a lack of expertise in new products, increasing competition, and the impact of global financial crises. New trends include a focus on customer centricity, staff efficiency, and greater use of technology.
This document provides an overview of the banking system in India. It defines banking and outlines the key laws and institutions that govern banking operations, including the Reserve Bank of India Act and the Banking Regulation Act. It describes the structure of banks in India, categorizing them as commercial banks, cooperative banks, and development banks. It provides details on the various types of commercial banks, cooperative banks, and development banks in India. It also summarizes the major functions and roles of the Reserve Bank of India in regulating the banking system.
The document provides an overview of the banking industry, including its evolution and history. It discusses how banking originated in temples and palaces as safe places to store gold and other valuables. It then outlines the emergence of early banks like merchant banks in medieval times and the formalization of banking within distinct buildings by the Romans. The document also summarizes the nature, trends, and federal regulation of the modern banking industry.
This document provides a history of banking and discusses the evolution of money and early banking practices. It traces the development of banking from ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and India where temples functioned as early banks by accepting deposits and lending money, to medieval Italian banks, to the establishment of modern banking systems and practices. Key developments discussed include the introduction of paper money in China, the establishment of some of the earliest modern banks in Italian city-states, and the origins of representative money and paper banknotes in Europe.
This document discusses the history of banking from an Asian perspective, beginning with King Solomon of Jerusalem around 930 BC. It claims that after his death, one of Solomon's wives took his vast wealth in gold to Java, establishing the royal courts of Solo. Over centuries, huge amounts of gold flowed to Java from China and Europe in exchange for spices. In 1000 AD, knights discovered something in Jerusalem's ruined temple that gave them power in Europe. They founded the Templar order with access to the Pope, and quickly became Europe's protector of wealth and pilgrims, establishing the first banking system.
This presentation deals with “History of the Banking Sector”, where in you will be introduced to the evolutionary steps of the Economic Civilization and various stages of development of the banking sector.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Banking originated in India in the early 1700s with the establishment of the Bank of Bombay in 1720 and the Bank of Hindustan in 1770. The first 'Presidency bank' was the Bank of Bengal, established in 1806. Over subsequent decades, the Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras were also established as Presidency banks. In the early 20th century, the Imperial Bank of India was formed through the amalgamation of the Presidency banks. The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 to regulate the banking sector. After independence in 1947, the State Bank of India was nationalized. Further nationalization occurred in 1969 with 14 major private banks being taken over by the government.
The banking industry in India is governed by the Banking Regulation Act of 1949. It began in the late 18th century and saw major developments post-independence including the nationalization of banks in 1969. Today it includes both public and private sector banks as well as foreign banks. The industry has grown significantly in size and now includes over 67,000 branches across the country. However, it also faces challenges such as a lack of expertise in new products, increasing competition, and the impact of global financial crises. New trends include a focus on customer centricity, staff efficiency, and greater use of technology.
This document provides an overview of the banking system in India. It defines banking and outlines the key laws and institutions that govern banking operations, including the Reserve Bank of India Act and the Banking Regulation Act. It describes the structure of banks in India, categorizing them as commercial banks, cooperative banks, and development banks. It provides details on the various types of commercial banks, cooperative banks, and development banks in India. It also summarizes the major functions and roles of the Reserve Bank of India in regulating the banking system.
The document provides an overview of the banking industry, including its evolution and history. It discusses how banking originated in temples and palaces as safe places to store gold and other valuables. It then outlines the emergence of early banks like merchant banks in medieval times and the formalization of banking within distinct buildings by the Romans. The document also summarizes the nature, trends, and federal regulation of the modern banking industry.
This document provides a history of banking and discusses the evolution of money and early banking practices. It traces the development of banking from ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and India where temples functioned as early banks by accepting deposits and lending money, to medieval Italian banks, to the establishment of modern banking systems and practices. Key developments discussed include the introduction of paper money in China, the establishment of some of the earliest modern banks in Italian city-states, and the origins of representative money and paper banknotes in Europe.
Banking originated in India in the late 18th century with the Bank of Hindustan and General Bank of India. The State Bank of India, formed in 1955 from three banks merging in 1921, is the oldest and largest bank still in existence today. Banking in India went through several eras - under colonial rule from the 1820s-1940s, it was primarily private banks. In 1949, the Reserve Bank of India was established and 14 largest commercial banks were nationalized in 1969. Six more banks were nationalized in 1980. Liberalization in the 1990s allowed new private banks to open.
Bartering and commodities like cattle and seeds were some of the earliest forms of money. Cowry shells were used as currency in China in 1200 BC, while metal tools were used as early metal currency in China around 1000 BC. Silver became used as currency imprinted with rulers' faces in 500 BC Turkey. Paper money originated in China between the 9th-15th centuries before disappearing, while gold became the standard currency backed by weight in 1816 Britain and 1900 America. Modern currency has evolved to coins and paper notes, with future forms potentially including payment cards and microchips in jewelry.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
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There are several types of banks in India. The main types are scheduled banks, which must meet certain criteria to be included in the second schedule of the RBI Act, and non-scheduled banks. Scheduled banks can be further divided into public sector banks that are majority owned by the government, private sector banks owned by private individuals, foreign banks registered abroad but operating in India, and cooperative banks established under the Cooperative Credit Societies Act. Other bank types include regional rural banks focused on rural agriculture financing, and the State Bank of India which was formed when the government took over the Imperial Bank of India.
The document provides information on banking in India. It defines banking as accepting deposits that are repayable on demand for the purpose of lending and investment. It discusses the key functions of commercial banks like accepting deposits and lending. It also outlines the banking system in India, including the roles of the Reserve Bank of India and State Bank of India. Major trends in the banking sector include the rise of electronic payments and digital banking services like internet banking, mobile banking, and real-time fund transfers.
This document discusses innovations in the Indian banking industry through increased adoption of information technology. It outlines how IT has transformed banking transactions and systems, providing benefits like anytime banking from anywhere. Recent technological products discussed include ATMs, electronic funds transfer, mobile banking, and more. While IT adoption has improved access and services, it also presents challenges for banks around choosing the right channels, managing investments and costs, introducing technologies in rural areas, and ensuring security.
The document defines money and describes its key functions. Money serves as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, and a standard for deferred payment. It can also act as a store of value, though inflation can weaken this function. Money is further classified as commodity money, which derives value from the materials itself, and token money, which represents value but has no intrinsic worth. Examples of each type are provided.
The document discusses various definitions and concepts related to money:
1. It outlines traditional, Friedman's, and Gurley-Shaw definitions of money which increasingly broaden the scope of money to include near-money assets.
2. It describes the three main functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
3. Theories of neutrality and non-neutrality of money are discussed in relation to prices, interest rates, and economic output in the short and long run.
4. Quantity theories of money like Fisher's equation and the Cambridge cash balance approach link the money supply to the price level and value of money through demand for real cash balances
In India, commercial banks are the oldest, largest and fastest growing financial intermediaries. They have been playing a very important role in the process of development. In 1949 RBI was nationalized followed by nationalization of Impearl Bank of India (New State Bank Of India) in 1995.
Financial sector is treated as to be the back bone of the economy. The quality in the working of financial sector truly impacts the profitability of the banks which as a whole impacts the economy and GDP of a country. Thus, it is important to explore the impact of reforms on the profitability of Indian banks. The paper focuses on the impact of reforms on profitability of Indian banks. This research will evolve the performance of financial institutions only after 1998 and in the wake of Narsimham Committee II.
The study is micro economic in nature and seeks to analyze the productivity of banking systems. Here an attempt has been made to examine the impact of reforms. The impact of reforms on the profitability of Indian banks has been examined on the basis of following parameters: Interest income to total assets, Operating Profit to Total Asset, Return on Asset and Return on Advances. More importantly such analysis is useful in enabling policymaker to identify the success or failure of policy initiative or alternatively highlight different strategies undertaken by banking firms which contribute to their success. Here an attempt has been made to examine the impact of banking reforms on profitability of Indian banking industry.
GROWTH PHASE IN INDIAN BANKING SECTOR
In over five decades since dependence, banking system in India has passed through five distinct phase, viz.
(1) Evolutionary Phase (prior to 1950)
(2) Foundation phase (1950-1968)
(3) Expansion phase (1968-1984)
(4) Consolidation phase (1984-1990)
(5) Reformatory phase (since 1990)
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
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Money exists as IOUs recorded in a money of account chosen by national governments. As sovereign issuers of currency, governments define the money of account, impose taxes requiring payment in that currency, and spend in the currency they issue. This establishes a hierarchy where the government's money is most senior and other debt instruments in the economy leverage that sovereign currency.
Money serves three main purposes: as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade beyond bartering, as a unit of account to compare the values of different goods and services, and as a store of value to maintain purchasing power over time. To be considered money, an item must have six key characteristics - it must be durable, portable, divisible, uniform, have a limited supply, and be widely acceptable for transactions.
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
Money can take various forms and serves several functions including as a medium of exchange, measure of value, and store of value. The money supply is categorized into different levels including M1 (currency and demand deposits), M2 (near money), and M3 (broad money). Money demand is influenced by transaction, precautionary, and speculative motives. The quantity theory of money posits that changes in the money supply will impact the price level in an economy. Banks play an important role in the financial system, with central banks responsible for currency issuance and monetary stability and commercial banks accepting deposits and providing loans.
The document discusses different aspects of monetary systems including:
1) It defines money and lists its key properties and functions such as being a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.
2) It outlines different types of money including commodity money, convertible paper money, inconvertible paper money, bank deposits, and electronic money.
3) It explores the demand for money and identifies three motives for holding money: transactions demand, precautionary demand, and speculative demand. Interest rates are a major factor in determining the amount of money people hold.
Banks are for-profit institutions that earn money through services like savings accounts and loans, while credit unions are non-profit cooperatives owned by members. Savings accounts provide interest income and have an annual percentage rate typically around 1-2%. Compound interest is better than simple interest since it earns interest on both the principal and accumulated interest over time. Certificates of deposit offer higher interest rates than savings accounts but may charge penalties for early withdrawals. Checking accounts allow purchases, payments and cash withdrawals, while overdraft protection can cover purchases made with insufficient funds for a fee. Proper check writing and endorsement procedures help prevent fraud. Maintaining an accurate check register is important for tracking account balances and transactions.
This document provides an overview and outline of a banking management system project. It acknowledges the guidance provided by faculty members. The abstract describes the goals of defining and managing requirements to ensure customer needs are met. The introduction discusses the project objectives of authorizing users, locating accounts, and reducing clerical work. It also covers project benefits and scope such as accessing privileged banking and providing banking services. The system development life cycle stages are then outlined, including preliminary investigation, determining requirements, designing the system, development, testing, and implementation.
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdfcoingabbar
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
Banking originated in India in the late 18th century with the Bank of Hindustan and General Bank of India. The State Bank of India, formed in 1955 from three banks merging in 1921, is the oldest and largest bank still in existence today. Banking in India went through several eras - under colonial rule from the 1820s-1940s, it was primarily private banks. In 1949, the Reserve Bank of India was established and 14 largest commercial banks were nationalized in 1969. Six more banks were nationalized in 1980. Liberalization in the 1990s allowed new private banks to open.
Bartering and commodities like cattle and seeds were some of the earliest forms of money. Cowry shells were used as currency in China in 1200 BC, while metal tools were used as early metal currency in China around 1000 BC. Silver became used as currency imprinted with rulers' faces in 500 BC Turkey. Paper money originated in China between the 9th-15th centuries before disappearing, while gold became the standard currency backed by weight in 1816 Britain and 1900 America. Modern currency has evolved to coins and paper notes, with future forms potentially including payment cards and microchips in jewelry.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
There are several types of banks in India. The main types are scheduled banks, which must meet certain criteria to be included in the second schedule of the RBI Act, and non-scheduled banks. Scheduled banks can be further divided into public sector banks that are majority owned by the government, private sector banks owned by private individuals, foreign banks registered abroad but operating in India, and cooperative banks established under the Cooperative Credit Societies Act. Other bank types include regional rural banks focused on rural agriculture financing, and the State Bank of India which was formed when the government took over the Imperial Bank of India.
The document provides information on banking in India. It defines banking as accepting deposits that are repayable on demand for the purpose of lending and investment. It discusses the key functions of commercial banks like accepting deposits and lending. It also outlines the banking system in India, including the roles of the Reserve Bank of India and State Bank of India. Major trends in the banking sector include the rise of electronic payments and digital banking services like internet banking, mobile banking, and real-time fund transfers.
This document discusses innovations in the Indian banking industry through increased adoption of information technology. It outlines how IT has transformed banking transactions and systems, providing benefits like anytime banking from anywhere. Recent technological products discussed include ATMs, electronic funds transfer, mobile banking, and more. While IT adoption has improved access and services, it also presents challenges for banks around choosing the right channels, managing investments and costs, introducing technologies in rural areas, and ensuring security.
The document defines money and describes its key functions. Money serves as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, and a standard for deferred payment. It can also act as a store of value, though inflation can weaken this function. Money is further classified as commodity money, which derives value from the materials itself, and token money, which represents value but has no intrinsic worth. Examples of each type are provided.
The document discusses various definitions and concepts related to money:
1. It outlines traditional, Friedman's, and Gurley-Shaw definitions of money which increasingly broaden the scope of money to include near-money assets.
2. It describes the three main functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
3. Theories of neutrality and non-neutrality of money are discussed in relation to prices, interest rates, and economic output in the short and long run.
4. Quantity theories of money like Fisher's equation and the Cambridge cash balance approach link the money supply to the price level and value of money through demand for real cash balances
In India, commercial banks are the oldest, largest and fastest growing financial intermediaries. They have been playing a very important role in the process of development. In 1949 RBI was nationalized followed by nationalization of Impearl Bank of India (New State Bank Of India) in 1995.
Financial sector is treated as to be the back bone of the economy. The quality in the working of financial sector truly impacts the profitability of the banks which as a whole impacts the economy and GDP of a country. Thus, it is important to explore the impact of reforms on the profitability of Indian banks. The paper focuses on the impact of reforms on profitability of Indian banks. This research will evolve the performance of financial institutions only after 1998 and in the wake of Narsimham Committee II.
The study is micro economic in nature and seeks to analyze the productivity of banking systems. Here an attempt has been made to examine the impact of reforms. The impact of reforms on the profitability of Indian banks has been examined on the basis of following parameters: Interest income to total assets, Operating Profit to Total Asset, Return on Asset and Return on Advances. More importantly such analysis is useful in enabling policymaker to identify the success or failure of policy initiative or alternatively highlight different strategies undertaken by banking firms which contribute to their success. Here an attempt has been made to examine the impact of banking reforms on profitability of Indian banking industry.
GROWTH PHASE IN INDIAN BANKING SECTOR
In over five decades since dependence, banking system in India has passed through five distinct phase, viz.
(1) Evolutionary Phase (prior to 1950)
(2) Foundation phase (1950-1968)
(3) Expansion phase (1968-1984)
(4) Consolidation phase (1984-1990)
(5) Reformatory phase (since 1990)
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Money exists as IOUs recorded in a money of account chosen by national governments. As sovereign issuers of currency, governments define the money of account, impose taxes requiring payment in that currency, and spend in the currency they issue. This establishes a hierarchy where the government's money is most senior and other debt instruments in the economy leverage that sovereign currency.
Money serves three main purposes: as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade beyond bartering, as a unit of account to compare the values of different goods and services, and as a store of value to maintain purchasing power over time. To be considered money, an item must have six key characteristics - it must be durable, portable, divisible, uniform, have a limited supply, and be widely acceptable for transactions.
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
Money can take various forms and serves several functions including as a medium of exchange, measure of value, and store of value. The money supply is categorized into different levels including M1 (currency and demand deposits), M2 (near money), and M3 (broad money). Money demand is influenced by transaction, precautionary, and speculative motives. The quantity theory of money posits that changes in the money supply will impact the price level in an economy. Banks play an important role in the financial system, with central banks responsible for currency issuance and monetary stability and commercial banks accepting deposits and providing loans.
The document discusses different aspects of monetary systems including:
1) It defines money and lists its key properties and functions such as being a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.
2) It outlines different types of money including commodity money, convertible paper money, inconvertible paper money, bank deposits, and electronic money.
3) It explores the demand for money and identifies three motives for holding money: transactions demand, precautionary demand, and speculative demand. Interest rates are a major factor in determining the amount of money people hold.
Banks are for-profit institutions that earn money through services like savings accounts and loans, while credit unions are non-profit cooperatives owned by members. Savings accounts provide interest income and have an annual percentage rate typically around 1-2%. Compound interest is better than simple interest since it earns interest on both the principal and accumulated interest over time. Certificates of deposit offer higher interest rates than savings accounts but may charge penalties for early withdrawals. Checking accounts allow purchases, payments and cash withdrawals, while overdraft protection can cover purchases made with insufficient funds for a fee. Proper check writing and endorsement procedures help prevent fraud. Maintaining an accurate check register is important for tracking account balances and transactions.
This document provides an overview and outline of a banking management system project. It acknowledges the guidance provided by faculty members. The abstract describes the goals of defining and managing requirements to ensure customer needs are met. The introduction discusses the project objectives of authorizing users, locating accounts, and reducing clerical work. It also covers project benefits and scope such as accessing privileged banking and providing banking services. The system development life cycle stages are then outlined, including preliminary investigation, determining requirements, designing the system, development, testing, and implementation.
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdfcoingabbar
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
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The Rise of Generative AI in Finance: Reshaping the Industry with Synthetic DataChampak Jhagmag
In this presentation, we will explore the rise of generative AI in finance and its potential to reshape the industry. We will discuss how generative AI can be used to develop new products, combat fraud, and revolutionize risk management. Finally, we will address some of the ethical considerations and challenges associated with this powerful technology.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
The History of Banking in One Chart
1. The History of Banking
IN ONE CHART
1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
AnnualBankFailures
Year
A Chart About Bank Failures
There is no more powerful force in the U.S. bank industry than the credit cycle – the
undulating pattern of booms and busts that gave us the Roaring Twenties and the
Great Depression; the housing bubble and the Financial Crisis. Nothing better captures
the credit cycle’s savagery than the failures left in its wake. More than 17,000 banks
have gone under since 1865, equating to an annual average of 115.
3. 0
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
AnnualBankFailures
Year
The National Banking Acts of 1863 & 1864
The starting point for any conversation about bank history is the Civil War, or, to
be more precise, the National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864. These created the
bank system we know today by (1) monopolizing the printing of bank notes
(i.e., issuing money) by the federal government, and (2) providing a mechanism
through which banks could acquire national, as opposed to state, charters.
4. 0
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
AnnualBankFailures
Year
The Gilded Age: The Civil War to the Panic of 1907
The Gilded Age, a term coined by Mark Twain, was a particularly volatile episode
in bank history. Thanks to rapid economic expansion fueled by the American industrial
revolution as well as lax regulatory oversight, bank failures became a common
occurrence. Two crises in particular, the Panics of 1873 and 1893, ignited full-blown
economic depressions.
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
AnnualBankFailures
Year
1913: Creation of the Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 in an effort to reduce, if not stop, the frequent
occurrence of banking panics. To this end, it was empowered to lend hard currency to
banks besieged by depositors withdrawing their money en masse. The theory was
that, by providing access to all the currency sound banks needed to meet withdrawal
requests, it would remove depositors’ incentive to run on banks in the first place.
6. 0
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
AnnualBankFailures
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Agricultural Depression of the 1920s
After World War I ended, the demand for American agricultural products plunged
throughout Europe. Farmers on the continent were again free to produce crops and
the warring parties no longer needed the profusion of supplies to feed their armies.
Prices for corn, tobacco, and other crops plummeted in the U.S., taking thousands of
small rural banks down too, as farmers could no longer afford to service their loans.
7. 0
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2,000
1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
AnnualBankFailures
Year
The Great Depression of the 1930s
Following a decade of excess throughout urban America, the stock market crashed in
1929. In an effort to calm global markets and maintain the international gold standard,
the Federal Reserve unwittingly aggravated the situation by raising interest rates and
cutting the money supply. The Great Depression followed, leaving more than 5,000
failed banks in its wake.
8. 0
500
1,000
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
AnnualBankFailures
Year
The Great Moderation: 1945-1975
Bank historians call the unusually quiet period from the end of World War II to the mid-
1970s the Great Moderation. Few banks failed over this stretch thanks to (1) increased
regulatory oversight under FDR’s New Deal legislation, (2) heightened conservatism
among bankers with firsthand experience of the Great Depression, (3) rapid economic
expansion following the war, and (4) the introduction of national deposit insurance.
9. 0
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
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The OPEC Oil Embargos of 1973 & 1979
OPEC’s twin oil embargoes in the 1970s, a response to America’s support for Israel in the
1973 Yom Kippur War, set off a series of events that changed banking forever. Most
importantly, high oil prices accelerated inflation, which then caused the Federal Reserve
to raise short-term interest rates to nearly 20%. This triggered a deep recession in 1974
and caused banks to hemorrhage net interest income.
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
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The 1980s: A Most Volatile Decade
The 1970s turmoil culminated in 3 distinct financial crises a decade later. (1) An energy
crisis fueled by high gas prices led to the first too-big-to-fail bank, Continental Illinois,
which was nationalized by the FDIC in 1984. (2) High funding costs from the Fed’s assault
on inflation yielded the S&L Crisis. (3) And the recycling of petrodollars from oil producers
into loans to Latin American governments caused the Less Developed Country Crisis.
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
AnnualBankFailures
Year
1990s: The “Mergers of Equals”
In an effort to make the bank industry more resilient to regional economic downturns
and the stiflingly high short-term interest rates of the 1980s, Congress deregulated the
industry by, among other things, allowing banks to operate across interstate lines on a
national basis for the first time in history. This sparked a wave of bank mergers – the
“mergers of equals” – that gave us the nationwide branch networks we know today.
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
AnnualBankFailures
Year
The Financial Crisis of 2008-09
On its own, the financial crisis of 2008-09 seems to pale in comparison to the severity
of the combined crises of the 1980s – to say nothing of the Great Depression. But because
it came on the heels of the 1990s merger wave, the banks that did fail were almost
unrecognizably massive compared to earlier periods. Thanks to imprudent bets on
subprime mortgages, more than 500 lenders have since ceased operations.
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1865 1885 1905 1925 1945 1965 1985 2005
Created by John J. Maxfield, The Motley Fool