2. History and Development Dissatisfaction with other methods Psychoanalysis is too slow Operant & Classical conditioning rules out black box Researchers begin to see cognition in their research (Dowd, 2004; Beck 1991) Environment & perception Children’s self-dialogue Common theme of distortion
3. What is CBT? Looks at distorted thoughts/behavior Not the past, not the unconscious Making positive changes to thoughts/behavior Challenging and disputing thoughts
5. Effectiveness Treats broad range of problems Depression, substance abuse, stress Integrative approach B-ism, constructivism, psychotherapy Various Tx methods Self-help groups, bibliotherapy, computer-based Heuristic Popularity
6. Current CBT Trend of common profiles Increased client awareness Continued research about how distortions develop Continued integration of other approaches (Beck 1992)
7. References Beck, A. T. (1991). Cognitive Therapy: A 30-Year Retrospective. American Psychologist, 46 (4), 368-375. Beck, A. T. (1993). Cognitive Therapy: Past, Present and Future. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61 (2), 194-198. Beck, A. T., & Haaga, D. A. (1992). The Future of Cognitive Therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 29 (1), 34-38. Corey, G. (2008). Theory and Practice of Group Counseling (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Dowd, E. T. (2004). Cognition and the Cognitive Revolution in Psychotherapy: Promises and Advances. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60 (4), 415-428. Minor, P. J. (2006, September 1). Some Reasons Why I Use REBT in My Private Practice and Personal Life. Retrieved April 24, 2011, from REBT Network: http://www.rebtnetwork.org/essays/personallife.html NACBT Online Headquarters. (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2011, from National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists: http://www.nacbt.org/whatiscbt.htm Nakate, S. (n.d.). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Techniques. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from www.Buzzle.com: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-cbt-techniques.html Petridis, P. A. (2009, April 10). Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) Efficacy: Fact or Fiction? Retrieved April 25, 2011, from soultherapynow.com: http://soultherapynow.com/articles/cbt-effectiveness.htmlBeck, Aaron T. "Cognitive Therapy: A 30-Year Retrospective." American Psychologist 46, no. 4 (1991): 368-375. Beck, Aaron T. "Cognitive Therapy: Past, Present and Future." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61, no. 2 (1993): 194-198. Beck, Aaron T., and David A.F. Haaga. "The Future of Cognitive Therapy." Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 29, no. 1 (1992): 34-38. Dowd, E. Thomas. "Cognition and the Cognitive Revolution in Psychotherapy: Promises and Advances." Journal of Clinical Psychology 60, no. 4 (2004): 415-428.
Editor's Notes
- Cognitive Psychology gradually evolved in the late 1900s directly on the tail of the computer being invented and used to analyze soldiers during and after the war-B-ism dismissed cognition (black box) as irrelevant due to OC & CC-Psychoanalysis was too slow.-B-ism was ineffective or only as effective thus proving the black box is relevant-Albert Bandura demonstrated environmental influences and perception play a huge role in behavior-Donald Meichenbaum noticed how some children have dialogue with themselves when faced with a task (about the task)-Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck noticed distorted thinking was a common theme of client issues-normally before the clients noticed them
-current automatic, biased negative/irrational/distorted thoughts/beliefs/schemas about self/past/future/world and how they are maintained and reinforced by the self and environment and working to change them and behaviors that accompany them
-therapists don’t try to discover why their clients have the distortions, merely teach them how to change the thoughts-Ellis developed Rational Therapy (later Rational-Emotive Therapy, then Rational-Emotive-Behavior Therapy) described as helping clients recognize & dispute distorted thoughts-Ellis developed A-B-C method-changing the Belief about an Activating event could change the Consequence-Broadened types of problems treatable-depression, anxiety, phobias, eating disorders, substance abuse and much more-even stress management w/o mental illness. Basically any mental or behavioral issue that may have cognitive distortions attached (just about every dysfunction known to man)-Constantly expanding to include many different methods and theories of psychology, i.e. behaviorism-Very heuristic, allows people to take responsibility and action in their progress
-some distortions are common across all disorders, some are specific to one disorder or type of disorder (anxiety comes with fear, depression comes with negative affect)-increased consumer awareness asks for more empirical data that the Tx prescribed for their illness is the best -experiment w/different types of Tx, i.e. self-help groups, bibliotherapy, computer-assisted-personality and social psych research aimed at empirical results can help learn how and why schemas develop and how they change with and without intervention-continue to use multiple approaches of psychotherapy and behavior therapies
