Viracocha was the supreme god in Inca mythology who was considered the creator or primordial deity. He was described as a tall, bearded white man who came from the sea and civilized people. According to legends, Viracocha established order and created humanity, but grew displeased with his creation and caused a great flood. After the flood subsided, he divided the world into four parts and departed by walking across the sea. Archaeological evidence shows many important Inca sites may be aligned along the supposed path taken by Viracocha, suggesting he had a significant role in Inca religious beliefs and culture. However, the true nature and origins of the deity Viracocha remain unclear and debated among scholars
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Inti (in quechua the sun)
1. Although it was Inti (in quechua:
the Sun), the generator of life for
hundreds of generations of Native
Americans, the Creator, and
therefore the Absolute God, was, in
the Andean world, Viracocha
(pronounced: viracocia).
When they entered in the palace of the Coricancha were
delighted to see such magnificence and wealth, but did not
know that the three most important objects for the Andean
people, two of them representatives of Viracocha, the Supreme
God, had already been taken away.
These object were: the golden chain of Huascar, depicting the
two-headed snake, or Yawirka, the great golden sun disc (with
the face of Viracocha in the center), and an anthropomorphic
statue, also representing the Andean God, called Punchau
(energy of the Sun).
When about twenty years later, the Spanish scholar Cieza de
Leon arrived to the ruins of Tiahuanaco, the elderly Aymará of
the area described their God as a great civilizing hero, creator
and reformer of the world, whose name was Viracocha.
Others Spanish writers, as Juan Diez de Betanzos and
Sarmiento de Gamboa, who studied the Andean legends after
spending years talking with the elders of the plateau, near the
banks of Lake Titicaca, described Viracocha as an
anthropomorphic being, who appeared at the Island of the Sun
(Lake Titicaca), during the era of Purun Pacha (the silence after
the storm).
2. The myth says taht at that time only the soul of the jaguar (in
Aymara: Titi), dominated the immense Andean valleys. But
Viracocha, who appeared on the island of the Sun was tall,
strong, white, with flowing blond hair and beard. He had come
to establish order, create, rebuild, and civilize.
He had immense power: he could make it rain, smooth
mountains, diverts rivers. He created the heavens and the
Earth. He gave birth to giants, called Runa Waris, whose
founder, Pirua, gave its name to the whole Peru.
He ordered the giants to worship the Wari, a mythical being
with the body of a Macrauchenia (a large mammal that was
real, resembling an archaic horse), with the nose of a cat (Titi),
and the wings of a condor.
The giants erected the first temples in order to worship
Viracocha, Wari, and the Sun (Willka, in Aymara).
According to the beliefs recompiled by Sarmiento de Gamboa,
the giants were disrespectful of Viracocha, who retaliated by
unleashing a flood (One Pachaci).
According to Blas Valera the primordial name of God was Illa
Tiki, which in Aymara means "original light". The name
Viracocha instead was conferred only later, when he
disappeared in the sea of Tumbes (Vira, fermentation; cocha,
body of water).
After the flood, the Creator divided the world into four parts,
and forged humans, which separated into four peoples who
departed from the center, or from Lake Titicaca (Titi, jaguar,
kaka, fish). His three disciples, who had the task of creating
animals, plants and flowers, were: Manco (legislator), Colla and
Tokay.
At this point the legend continues with a journey of Viracocha
tothenorth-west. He arrived to the site of Raqchi, and he
suffered the indignity of its inhabitants, who refused to hear
him and cast him out, throwing stones. Viracocha retaliated by
raining fire on Raqchi,...
3. (During the Incan era in Raqchi was then erected a magnificent
temple dedicated to Viracocha),.....(who were looking for the
Punchau statue).
The path of Viracocha continued north-west and reached what
is today Cusco, then continued along a straight path until the
sea near Tumbes. In those beaches where waiting for him his
disciples, and Viracocha walked on the water, and walked away
with his followers in the immensity of the ocean.
The legend of Viracocha has unleashed in recent decades the
most hotly debated among historians. Some have even come
to argue that the Andean God was none other than
Jehovah, which ended in the creation of the New World.
Others, using the full name Kon Tiki Viracocha Illa, argued that
it was simply the "Creator of the world".
Who was really Viracocha? Perhaps a man, endowed with
magical powers and regarded by his followers as the Absolute
God? Or maybe a man, endowed with supernatural powers
who, like Jesus, was considered the son of God?
Some scholars even consider Viracocha as a descendant of
Nordic peoples who accidentally arrived to Lake Titicaca.
The scholar of Andean mythology Mary Scholten (1926-2007),
expressed, in his book “The route of Viracocha” (1977), who,
during his trip, Viracocha started the foundation for future
cities, which were built later.
The researcher proved the existence of a large cross square
(Chacana), whose center was fixed in Cusco (perhaps because
Sacsayhuaman is one of the oldest archaeological site in
America?).
The geometric design was divided in half by a line forming an
angle of 45 degrees to the equator. This line, called Capac Ñan,
was the path taken by Viracocha.
Scholten (who based his research on the book of 1613
4. “Relacion de antiguedades deste reino del Peru”, whose author
was Santa Cruz Pachacutic Yamqui Salcamayhua), verified that
Tiahuanaco, Copacabana, Pukara, Raqchi, Cusco
(Sacsayhuaman), Ollantaytambo, Machu Picchu, Vitcos and
Cajamarca are all archaeological sites "aligned" according to
the path followed by Viracocha, from Tiahuanaco to Tumbes.
Do note that a perpendicular line with the "path of Viracocha",
which starts from Tiahuanaco heading to the north-east,
touches the Atlantic Ocean near the island of Marajo, the
estuary of the Amazon. Perhaps the place where Viracocha
arrivedtoSouthAmerica?
According to the Bolivian researcher Freddy Arce, the cross
square would have its center in Tiahuanaco and its study would
be important to identify the location of Paititi, which
corresponds, in his own interpretation, to its north-east angle.
Maria Scholten gave special importance to the diagonals of the
cross. In his article “The path of Viracocha”, Freddy Arce points
out that the word "diagonal", is translated “Chekhalluwa”,
which also means “truth” in Quechua.
Whatever the true origin of Viracocha, in fact it is very strange
that many archaeological sites of the ancient Andean world are
aligned in such a mysterious way.
YURI LEVERATTO
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