1. Skill Development in
Rural Areas through
CBVT
National Congress on Skill Development &
Entrepreneurship – 2014 Mumbai
R. Narasimham
Chairman,
Expert Committee for Developing courses in
Vocational Rehab, Rehab Social Work etc…
(Rehabilitation Council of India)
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2. Introduction
 As per Census 2001 there is a varying
urbanization in different parts of the
country, leaving a 61.53% in the rural
areas.
 The problems faced by the disabled is
compounded by multifarious handicaps
such as hunger, disease, squalor,
illiteracy and a daily battle for the basic
necessities of life in the villages.
 Despite the difference in the
urbanization, a total of 74.8% of the
disabled population lives in the rural
areas.
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3. CBR a Necessity
• Community Based Rehab as understood today is a
necessity and not just a tool to get noticed by public for
several reasons.
• Most prominent among them being the lack of access
for the pwd living in rural and far flung areas.
• Services & skills for management of pwd are only
available in urban & at the most in district level towns.
• CBR is both simple & complex for the type of services
they render.
• Institutions have been providing episodic services on
medical intervention, family guidance & counseling, and
ability aids.
• The present paper looks at another important component
of economic rehab & empowerment of pwd living in the
rural & semi urban areas.
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4. What is CBR?
 CBR is in a way part of empowerment of the pwd living in far
flung areas.
 “CBR is a strategy within general community development for
rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities and social inclusion
of all children and adults with disabilities. CBR is implemented
through the combined efforts of people with disabilities
themselves, their families and communities, and the appropriate
health, education, vocational and social services” 8 – World
Health Organization (1994)
 "A strategy within community development for the
rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities and social
integration of all people with disabilities" - United Nations
 "CBR is a strategy for enhancing the quality of life of disabled
people by improving service delivery, by providing more
equitable opportunities and by promoting and protecting their
human rights” - Einar Helander, Expert on CBR
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5. CBR - How
• Many institutions follow community-oriented
approaches. Services are provided at the level of
community through an outreach clinic or camp
based approach.
• Program is guided by the institution and directed by
the availability of the resources. Mostly they are
disability specific.
• The patients and community are only the
beneficiaries. e.g. as and when appliances like
wheelchair, tricycle, or calipers become available,
they get distributed whether it is appropriate or not.
However, these strategies are inadequate to
respond to the needs and expectations of the
disabled and their community.
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Now the
Issues

6. Projected Population of pwd by 2016*
Projected Population
Disability
Locomotor
Visual
Impairment
Intellectual
Disabilities
(MR)
Speech
Impaired
Hearing
Impaired
Total
Male
Female
75,87,297 44,74,268
19,23,258 5,94,523
15,14,811
9,57,878
Projected Number of pwd assuming
70% live in Areas
Total
Male
Female
Total
Rounded
to millions
84,43,096 8.45
17,62,447
1.76
17,30,883
1,20,61,565 53,11,108 31,31,988
25,17,781 13,46,281 4,16,166
24,72,689 10,60,368
6,70,515
1.73
9,68,628
8,12,893
17,81,521
6,78,040
5,69,025
12,47,065
1.25
16,89,962 15,97,794
32,87,756 11,82,793 11,18,455
23,01,248
2.30
1,36,83,956 84,37,356 2,21,21,312
95,78,590 59,06,149
1,54,84,739
About 15
million
*Institute of Applied Manpower Research
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7. Literacy Levels of different categories
NSSO (2002) Study (Per 1000 )
Disability
Illiterate
Primary
Functional
Illiteracy
Middle
Secondary
& above
Mental
retardation
866
106
97.2%
24
3
Mental
Illness
591
215
80.6%
102
89
Blindness
773
141
91.4%
45
41
Low vision
738
172
91.0%
45
43
Hearing
646
231
87.7%
70
50
Speech
670
235
90.5%
57
38
Locomotor
447
292
73.9%
136
124
All
disabilities
547
254
80.1%
106
92
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8. Education & Skills of pwd
Education
VRC
Emp.
Exch.
0.4%
Camp in rural
area
40.3%
Illiterate
< 8th Std
9.9%
25.7%
12.7%
42.1%
Less than
8th
35.6%
13.1%
82.4%
8th to 10th
SSC +
14.5%
49.9%
21.8%
65.1%
6.2%
11.4%
Vocational
20.8% 30.2%
Skills
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NSSO
3.2%
1.9%8

9. Survey of DDRCs
 In a Status survey conducted in 50 DDRCs on a stratified
sampling method covering all the States/ UTs in the country for
the Min. of SJE, I had the opportunity to visit more than 30 DDRCs
and compiled information through other experienced Rehab
Professionals who covered the other 20 DDRCs
 It is found that the DDRCs have made a dent in reaching the rural
disabled at grass root level.
 Study has found that on an average 1697 pwd per year per DDRC
were provided with different types of services during 2002 – 2007
 A total of 97,757 with a statistical average of about 19551.4 ability
aids per year have been distributed at an average of 3910.3 per
Centre per year.
 The largest constituent of beneficiaries is those receiving Hearing
Aids followed by Others (mostly Calipers, crutches, special shoes
etc...) and then Tricycles.
 Hardly a total of 1,634 out of 3,81,748 constituting an insignificant
percentage of the total pwd covered have been provided with
vocational services. There is@ Nat Congneed in this area
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Districts
covered in
the Study

10. Beneficiaries of DDRCs in the
Country of
Educational Status
Beneficiaries
Vocational Training
Education
Illiterate
Number
%age
64
32.5
4
2.1
81
41.1
149
75.7
Secondary
22
11.2
Sr Secondary
15
7.6
6
4%
2%
3.0
Literate
<8
Less than 8th
Graduate
Post
Graduate
Above
Secondary
5
92%
2.5
48 @ Nat 24.3
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197
2%
10
None Acquired Skil s B. Ed Others

11. School Dropout rates in
Tamilnadu*
Level
Primary School
(5th Std)
Now (2007)
10 years ago
2.7%
15.85%
5.22%
32.54%
High School
42.55%
63.87%
+2
69.45%
81.40%
Middle School
(8th Std)
*Muthukumaran
Committee
Even now only 30.55% go for higher
education among non – disabled.
We deal with adults who left schools
10 years ago – the 81.4%
Workout for the pwd with reference to
the Literacy levels –
NSSO study reports only 9.2% go
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beyond + 2

12. Vocational Rehabilitation
Vocational training & employment are the final
and most vital component of social inclusion of
the pwd.
The Ministry of Labour is mandated to carry out
these tasks among the population with as many
as 5200 ITIs providing training in 128 technical
and non technical trades with an annual intake of
about 7.5 lakhs.
There are 21 Vocational Rehabilitation Centres
for Handicapped (VRCs) in the country. Other
than these, penetration of skill training has been
limited to sporadic efforts by the NGOs
All these VRCs are in urban areas but they do
carry out outreach services.
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13. Outreach Programs
 Needless to say most of the Services for the pwd are
in urban areas and the services to the rural areas are
provided through Outreach Services.
 Conducting Outreach Programs or under the name of
Community Based Rehabilitation is not new. As early
as the early 1940s, the Christian Medical College &
Hospital at Vellore in South India has been taking
their medical & preventive services to the rural areas
in a radius of more than 50 miles, focusing mainly on
communicable diseases & Leprosy which was
endemic in that area then.
 Subsequently NGOs working with the disabled also
started the CBR work, but confined it to the disability
they served and services are confined to basic
techniques of therapy.
 The concept of CBR in Vocational Rehabilitation was
started in VRC Delhi (Estt 1971) in 1974 and is now a
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regular feature of its services in all VRCs.
Evaluation in
progress at
Bijwasan
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14. Concept Development
 Finding that the Rehab Camps yielded only limited success a new
skill development program to train the disabled was initiated
 The Author had opportunity to introduce community based
vocational training (CBVT) while working in Ahmedabad at Pirana
( 18 Kms) in 1989.
 A customized skill development program was developed in
assembling and repair of 2 – Band Radios. (That was the Market
then) 10 persons with Locomotor disabilities were included. The
program was coordinated by the Dargah authorities
 Since then several such programs were conducted by the Author
in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
 Now all the VRCs carry out CBVT programs as part of their regular
service.
 Over 250 modules have been developed. This is not an
exhaustive list but covers many traditional, urban and rural based,
technical, non technical, animal husbandry, poultry, farm
equipment and agricultural operations.
 Education is not a constraint. Training is provided suited to
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abilities.

15. Concept
 The concept works on the premise that a job does not
necessarily require long term training, but skills could
be acquired in certain operations of the Job.
 Even certain components of the Job/ Job operations
can provide a livelihood
 Even the highly qualified people use only a few of the
theoretical and practical knowledge and skills
acquired by them during their education or
professional training.
 The long term training and higher education may help
them in gaining better access and immediate
placement in a better status in a job.
 However, since most of the pwd are less educated and
live in inaccessible areas, it is necessary that the pwd
are given vocational training in marketable skills.
 Specific skills suited to the local employment market
are developed and training is provided in one of the
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operations of an occupation.

16. Objectives
 Provide vocational training suited to local
employment market in one of the operations in a
job profile through short term program
 Training in these skills is best conducted by
community members who, with minimal assistance,
can easily transfer their skills and knowledge to
people with disabilities.
 Creation of micro and macro income-generation
opportunities:
 Help pwd access micro and macro incomegeneration activities, including obtaining financial
credit through existing systems.
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17. Administrative aspect
 Preliminary contacts with local NGO/ CBO and encourage
them to conduct a Camp to screen suitable pwd training.
 Study employment opportunities available in the area,
general educational attainment in the community,
availability of training facilities, skilled workers /
craftsman and other infrastructure
 Skills required to suit local market and can be acquired in
a period of not more than 3 months identified
 pwd who can undergo the identified skill training are
selected. Selection based on physical and intellectual
abilities. Education may not be the sole criterion, even
though it may be one of them.
 Syllabus with weekly and daily targets of skills to be
achieved should be worked out.
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18. Adm - Contd
 Select a local trainer/ skilled person/ artisan . Orient him
through the regular trainer of the Institute in the
management of the disabled, and techniques of transfer of
skills.
 Persuade the local N.G.O. to provide space to conduct the
training for the period, pay honorarium to the local trainer
and where feasible meet the cost of raw material required.
 Provide all technical know-how in the conduct of the
training and also Tools and Equipment, Scholarship,
conducting the test and certification.
 Provide post-training follow up to ensure placement
services either in the form of wage paid employment or
self-employment or any other Supported Employment
 Also arrange either through donations or otherwise Toolkits to those completing theNat Cong
training and also ability aids.
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19. Success Stories
Skill Training in House Wiring & repair of
domestic appliances – Dahanu Rd –
Locomotor & Hearing impairments
Training in Children’s garments – Amravati
– Locomotor & Hearing Impairments
Training in Radio Assembly – Wada –
Locomotor disabilities
Training in manufacture of Sanitary Pads
and screen Printing – Bhiwandi
Intellectual Impairment
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20. Post Training rehab
During a survey carried out after
about one year it was found almost
83% were found engaged in economic
activities.
Some were formed into Self Help
Groups to take up production work
Group Self employment opportunities
were created and required assistance
provided
Specific training suited to local
employers were provided.
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21. Group Employment – Devanahalli,
Bangalore Rural dist
Collaboration: Panchayat/ Block Dev Office
No trained: 15 persons (Including 5 girls)
No. of hours: 120 hrs
Content: House wiring, fitting of fans,
assembling decorative bulbs, use of amplifiers
and other related work
Output: 6 assisted in finding jobs with local
contractors
Another Six helped to form a group. Group
Loan was procured for setting a Central Call
Centre for electrical repair, hiring of
Amplifiers, lighting for marriages/ functions
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22. Self Help Group, Kaiwara, Kolar Dist
• Collaborator: NABARD, MS Ramiah Medical
College, Kaiwara Samsthanam
• No. Trained: 20
• No. of hours: 120
• Content: book binding, manufacture of note
books, envelopes, spiral binding and rubber
stamp making
• Space & Infrastructure facilities by Kaiwara
Samsthanam & M.S. Ramiah Medical
College
• Result: Formed Self Help Group. Machinery
was provided by NABARD for initial start
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23. Modular Employment Skills
• Dte Genl of Emp & Trg have identified more than 250
skills which can be acquired in 60 to 500 hrs under the
Skill Development Program of the Govt.
• While some of them can be accessed by the pwd also,
major issue is disability, distance and destitution.
• Almost all the Training Programs are in urban areas
and the skills are also in urban based occupations –
technical & non technical
• The time frame provided is not adequate for some of the
skills especially for pwmr
• Skill training program for pwd especially for the rural
and less literate has to be custom made
• Repetition of the same training program may be avoided
unless there is scope for economic rehabilitation.
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24. Conclusion
 Services, especially vocational, are available in the rural areas also
for the pwd. There are weaknesses and constraints in delivery.
 Rehab professionals have to make spl efforts to swim along and
gain access to these services.
 We can organize CBVT programs in addition to the present educative
and therapeutic services rendered in the CBR
 CBVT has to be tailored to suit employment market in the area and
learning constraints of each group of disability.
 It should not be static. The examples of syllabus portrayed
are suggestive and should be tailored to the needs of local
market.
 Present Employment Modular Skills, though good to some
extent are repeated ad nauseum and are not accessible to
pwd because of distances, disability & destitution
 Majority of these training programs are conducted by
Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) or other similar
organizations.
 The Institutions working for pwd may work in collaboration
with them to design syllabus@for Cong CBVT programs
these
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25. Community
Ownership
Participating pwd
Pervasive
Attitude
Strengthen
families
CBR Worker
Internal &
External
Resources
Perfect CBVT Program
Stimulus
Multi sectoral
Linkages
Select
appropriate
vocational skill
Skill Training
Employment/ Self
Employment
Opportunities
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Referral
Services
Assistive
Technology
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26. CBVT in Flower Bouquet - VRC Guwahati
•
•
•
Number: 16 (Male & Female)
Duration: 1 Month (120 hrs)
Eligibility: 6th Standard, Edu not a constraint
Disability : Locomotor & Hearing Impairment.
Emp. Potentiality: Self Employment
TOOLS & RAW MATERIAL
Chisel , Knife, Bamboo Basket ( Different Varieties), Flowers
(Varieties), Paste, Thermacol,
Objective:
Operations
Bunches and Bouquets, Flower Basket, Flower Vase, Life size
bouquet
Skills:
Concept on Floral Supplies and Equipment , Wire and Taping
Technique , Floral Design Forms, Round Bouquet-Silk, Care and
Handling of Fresh Flowers, Floral Containers, Flower and
Foliage(Plant) Identification, FloralCong
Pricing, Showpiece with Fresh
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Flowers

27. Syllabus for CBVT in Repairing
Of Domestic Appliances (Electrical)
Sl.
No
1.
Introduction to electricity.
1 week
2.
Safety ,precautions ,server tools, their uses.
1 week
3.
Typical graphical symbols for electrical diagrams.
1 week
4.
Types of electricity, define voltage, current and resistance,
Ohm’s law, electrical power, energy and their
measurements.
What is electrical circuit, types, use of switches, holders,
sockets and their types?
Different types of conductors, common types of electrical
wires and their uses
Colour codes of wires and types of wire joints.
Define cycle phase and frequency. Introduction to
multimeter, Ohmmeter, Ammeter and Volt meter.
Connecting and use of these meters.
Soldering practice.
What is earthing and why is it done.
Study of capacitors and fuse wire.
1 week
5.
6.
7.
8.
Topics
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Period
1 week
1 week
1 week
1 week
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28. Syllabus for CBVT in Repairing
Of Domestic Appliances (Electrical) - contd
9.
2 weeks
13.
Faults and Remedies:
a) Electrical Iron (simple, automatic)
b) Table fan and Table Lamp
c) Ceiling fan, regulator.
d) Domestic lights.
e) House wiring, replacing fuse etc.
Faults and Remedies:
a) Electrical Bell / switch.
b) Electrical heater, geyser.
c) Tube light, street light and
d) Staircase wiring.
Assembly of bulbs in series and parallel and running lights
decoration lighting.
Test the single phase and three phase motor for open circuit.
Short circuiting and testing of earth with the help of test Lamp
and with Multimeter.
Dismantling and assembly of a single phase A.C. Motor
14.
Dismantling and assembly of three phase motor.
1 week
15.
Revision and test
1.
16
TOTAL
10.
11.
12.
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1 week
1 week
1 week
1 week
week
28
15 weeks

29. Module on Stitching of bags – for pwmr
Sl
No
1
Skills to be developed
Pedaling the sewing machine
20
2
Pedaling with belt attached to Head
20
3
Fix Foot & Pedal (Move Paper Straight)
15
4
Move Cloth
15
5
15
7
Fix Needle & Stitch holes in paper & then cloth
(No thread)
Stitch Cloth with thread
(threading the needle by others unless the Trainee can do it)
Stitch bags
8
Stitch bags on motorized machines
15
9
Stitch body of nighties (No sleeves)
10
10
Revision & test
6
Number of Hours
20
15
5
Total
150
Since continuous stitching or pedaling will be initially uncomfortable it may be reduced to 4 hours
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per day, the rest of the day being used for money concepts & simulated shopping. From Exercise
6 onwards they will work for at least 6 hours per day just as they would, in a work setting with the
employer.

30. Amantramaksharam Nasti:
Nasti Moolam anaushadham:
Ayogyoh Purusho Nasti:
Yojakastatra Durlabhaha
Every letter a Mantra;
Every root a medicine;
No person is totally useless;
User is hard to locate
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31. R. Narasimham
Consultant
(Vocational Rehabilitation)
Chennai / Hyderabad
Phone: 040 – 4020 2698
Mobile: 98407 14181/ 80088 88747
Email- rnsimham@gmail.com
Website: www.aidthedisabled.org
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