6. Magnitude & Scale
The Moment magnitude scale (abbreviated as
MMS; denoted as MW) is used to measure the
size of earthquakes in terms of the energy
released.
The scale was developed in the 1970’s to succeed
the 1930’s-era Richter magnitude scale (ML)
Richer scale is improved form of Marcalli scale.
8. Tectonic Plates
Tectonic plates are large plates of rock
that make up the foundation of the
earth's crust.
There are ten major plates on the earth
and many more minor ones.
The plates are most famously known
for being the source of Earthquakes.
9. Pakistan Tectonic Plates
• Pakistan overlaps
with the Indian and
the Eurasian tectonic
plates.
• Sindh and Punjab lie
on Indian plate.
• Balochistan and
Khyber Pukhtunkhwa
lie within the Eurasian
plate.
Source: www.ecogeodb.com
12. Earthquake Details
Magnitude 7.8
Saturday, October 08, 2005 at 08:52:37
Date/Time
AM
Location Muzafferabad, AJK
Depth 26 km (16.2 miles)
105 km (65 miles) NE of ISLAMABAD,
Distance
Pakistan
Source: www. earthquake.usgs.gov
16. Losses
87,000 Dead (According to World Bank
Report)
100,000 injured
171,884 houses completely demolished
4 Million people homeless in 1,083 villages
of Azad Kashmir
In Kashmir, the districts of Muzaffarabad,
Bagh and Rawlakot were the most affected.
Source: www.dripireland.org
17. Earthquake vs Tsunami
The adverse effects of this
earthquake are estimated
to be larger than those of
the Tsunami of December
2004
18. Reasons of Destruction
Stone masonry buildings (with poor bonding)
No horizontal bond beams were provided at
the levels of plinth, or roof
No vertical members of concrete or wood
were provided in walls
In some cases, certainly due to economic
constraints, the stones were observed to have
been laid even dry (no mortar at all) and the
gaps were filled by small pieces of stones
19. Reasons of destruction
Poor quality of concrete
used for fabrication of
blocks
Inadequate thickness of
walls (6 inch)
No integrity of the wall
in the transverse
direction
Weak connections at
corners
Inadequate lap splices
20. ERRA
The Govt. of Pakistan established the
Earthquake Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA) on
October 24, 2005 to take up the task of
rebuilding in the earthquake affected
regions.
It includes civil servants, armed forces
personnel and international
consultants.
ERRA’s mission was to “Convert this
Adversity into an Opportunity” by
reconstructing the lost and destroyed
facilities.
21. NDMA
National Disaster
Management Authority
(NDMA), is the lead agency
at the Federal level to deal
with Disaster Management
Activities.
In event of disaster,
Government Ministries &
Departments, Armed Forces,
NGOs, work through and
from NDMA to conduct one
window operation.
22. 2011 Earthquake, Pakistan
Magnitude 7.2
Date/Time Friday, January 19, 2011 at 01:23 AM
Location Dalbandin, Balochistan
Depth 84 km (52 miles)
45 kilometers west of Dalbandin in
Distance
Balochistan.
Source: www. earthquake.usgs.gov
23. 2005 vs 2011 Earthquake
2005 Earthquake was Disaster while 2011
Earthquake was Hazard.
2005- Magnitude 7.8 & Densely populated areas.
2011- Magnitude 7.2 but Sparsely populated areas.
2005- 80 000+ people died.
2011- No major loss.
HAZARD can become DISASTER, if earthquake
comes in Densely populated areas or near Coastal
Areas.
24. Constraints
Lack of latest equipments.
Lack of funding from Govt.
Lack of implementation of Seismic Building
Codes.
Lack of public awareness.
Lack of training programs and workshops.
Poverty
