This document analyzes energy consumption patterns in Haryana, Punjab, and three Hilly states - Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jammu and Kashmir. It finds that while the use of kerosene for lighting has significantly declined in these regions, its use for cooking remains substantial, especially in rural Haryana. LPG access also remains low in rural areas. The hilly states have generally fared better in reducing kerosene dependence compared to Haryana and parts of rural Punjab.

1. Energy access in Haryana, Punjab and the three Hilly States
• Delhi’s neighbouring states can be put in two categories, Punjab,
Haryana and the three Hilly states on one hand and UP, MP and
Rajsthan on the other.
• We will first take a look at the two states Haryana and Punjab
followed by the three hilly states Himachal, Uttarakhand and J&K.
• These states show a very different energy consumption pattern
compared to the group of BIMARU states .

2. Kerosene as Source of Light in Urban Haryana
In Urban Haryana, use of Kerosene for lighting has declined considerably
between 2001 and 2011 as seen in the map below with a majority of sub
districts reporting less than 4% household reporting such a use.
< 4%
4% - 8%
> 8%
< 4%
4% - 8%
> 8%

3. In Rural Haryana, units where more than 18% households used kerosene for lighting
(shown in red) has declined considerably while sub districts reporting less than 4%
household reporting such a use (green) has gone up substantially covering north
eastern Haryana.
Kerosene as Source of Light in Rural Haryana
< 9%
9% - 18%
> 18%
< 9%
9% - 18%
> 18%

4. What about Kerosene as Fuel for Cooking?
• Interestingly, the use of Kerosene as fuel for Cooking has been
low in Haryana.
• This is so both for rural area as well as for urban area with less
than 4% households in urban areas while in rural areas most
units less than 2% households report use of kerosene.
• However, the low use of kerosene as fuel for cooking purposes is
not necessarily on account of high use of LPG but a substantial
use of sources of fuel like cow dung, wood and agricultural
residue.

5. In Urban Haryana, Cow dung Cake is still used by a significant number of
households (>5% shown in yellow and >15% in red) and the change between 2001
and 2011 Is rather marginal). This necessitate a closer look at the fuel mix to see if
the reduction in use of Kerosene is due to increased use of LPG/Bio gas or other
unclean fuel.
Cow dung Cake as Fuel used for Cooking in Urban Haryana
< 5%
5% - 15%
> 15%
< 5%
5% - 15%
> 15%

6. The same holds for Rural Haryana where Cow dung Cake is still used by more than
1/5th households (shown in red). The change between 2001 and 2011 is again
marginal). This necessitate a closer look at the fuel mix which will be done below
during the state by state analysis.
Cow dung Cake as Fuel used for Cooking in Rural Haryana
< 20%
20% - 20.2%
> 20.2%
< 20%
20% - 20.2%
> 20.2%

7. It is important to emphasize this point since the LPG coverage in rural Haryana,
remains low. The number of sub-districts where less than 1/3rd households use LPG
(red & yellow) remains large while sub – districts where > 33% households use LPG
remains low (shown in green).
LPG as Fuel used for Cooking in Rural Haryana
< 20%
20% - 33%
> 33%
< 20.2%
20.2% - 33%
> 33%

8. It is important to look at the fuel mix for Haryana Rural and Urban. The
pie charts below give the break up of households and % by use of
different sources of fuel.
Fire-wood, 1,015,402 ,
34%
Crop residue, 623,040 ,
21%
Cowdung cake, 582,273 ,
20%
Coal,Lignite,Charcoal,
2,336 , 0%
Kerosene, 11,611 , 1%
LPG/PNG, 716,262 , 24%
Electricity, 909 , 0%
Biogas, 8,344 , 0%
Any other, 1,100 , 0%
No cooking, 4,776 , 0%
Fuel sources for cooking Haryana (R)

9. The contrast between the rural and the urban is obvious
Fire-wood
213,411 12% Crop residue 41,978 3%
Cowdung cake 87,967 5%
Coal,Lignite,Charcoal 2,685
0%
Kerosene 35,679 2%
LPG/PNG 1,359,663 78%
Electricity 475 0%
Biogas 3,378 0% Any other 1,886 0%
No cooking 4,779 0%
Fuel sources for cooking Haryana (U)

10. What about Punjab?
•In Punjab, the use of Kerosene for lighting has drastically reduced.
•In urban Punjab there are hardly any sub-districts where more than
3.5% households use Kerosene except Dhar Kalan (7.8%), Anandpur
Sahib (5.3%) and surprisingly Amritsar (3.9%)
•In rural Punjab too there are no sub-districts where more than 5%
households use kerosene for lighting except in Fajilka (6.7), Abohar
(8.1) and Ajnala (6.8).
•It is worth examining whether these outliers represent any
siphoning of Kerosene.
WHAT ABOUT KEROSENE AS FUEL FOR COOKING?

11. Punjab’s record in reducing use of kerosene as fuel for cooking in urban areas seems to be
excellent. In most sub districts less than 3% (Green) and in some 3-6% (Yellow) households
use it but parts of Amritsar, Kapurthala, Ludhiyana and Fatehgadh Saheb need further
scrutiny particularly Payal (10.5%) and Amloh (20.7%). Even in rural Punjab except for a
couple of sub districts usage of kerosene is very low (<6%).
Kerosene as Fuel used for Cooking in Urban Punjab
< 3%
3% - 6%
> 6%
< 3%
3% - 6%
> 6%

12. Can this be attributed to increased use of LPG?
In urban areas perhaps partly so. The maps below show that sub-districts where
more than 75% households use LPG has increased significantly with hardly three
sub-districts where this is below 40%.
LPG as Fuel used for Cooking in Urban Punjab
< 44%
44% - 67%
> 67%
< 58%
58% - 75%
> 75%

13. Rural Punjab needs to catch up much more. The maps below show that in
a number of sub-districts less than 33% households use LPG even though areas
where more than 33% (yellow) and 50% green) households use LPG has increased
considerably.
LPG as Fuel used for Cooking in Rural Punjab
< 33%
33% - 50%
> 50%
< 33%
33% - 50%
> 50%

14. In the Hilly state of Himachal Pradesh the use of Kerosene has reduced considerably
even in the rural area between 2001 and 2011 while in urban areas except Una and
Kasauli there are no places where more than 5% households are dependent on
kerosene for lighting. The reasons are not far to seek as can be seen from the
enviable track record of electrification in next slide.
Kerosene as Source of Light in Rural Himachal Pradesh
< 4.8%
4.8% - 10%
> 10%
< 5%
5% - 10%
> 10%

15. Most areas in Himachal can boast of more than 85% households using electricity for
lighting except Spiti where this percentage is below 75%. Himachal Pradesh can
aspire therefore to be a trend setter in the country in providing electricity to all the
households.
Electricity as Source of Light in Rural Himachal Pradesh
< 75%
75% - 83%
> 83%
< 75%
75% - 83%
> 83%

16. Even for cooking the use of Kerosene as a fuel is
considerably low in Himachal Pradesh both in rural and
urban areas.
While in the rural area it is only in Kalpa in Kinnaur district where
more than 10% households use kerosene as fuel for cooking, there
are 4 such urban sub districts where this happens; Naina Devi
(14.6%) in Bilaspur, Baddi (18%) and Kasauli (12.6%) in Solan and
Seoni (12.6%) in Simla.
It is worth examining whether these outliers represent any siphoning
of Kerosene.
Interestingly, in Spiti hardly 1% households use Kerosene as fuel for
cooking and it may be worthwhile to make Spiti kerosene free
through solar home lighting programme.
Along with Himachal Pradesh let us also take a look
at the other two Hilly states – Uttarakhand and J&K

17. Rural Uttarakhand has done well in reducing the dependence on kerosene as source
of lighting. The range of households dependent on kerosene has reduced from 14%
- 72% in 2001 to a range of 2.8 – 40.6 in 2011. But it does lag behind Himachal
Pradesh significantly with number of sub district units where the dependence
continues to be more than 20% (shown in red).
Kerosene as Source of Light in Rural Uttarakhand
< 10%
10% - 20%
> 20%
< 10%
10% - 20%
> 20%

18. However, the story in urban Uttarakhand is different.
Barring Udhamsing Nagar and the Poornagiri sub-district in
Champawat (9%) no where else more than 5%
households depend on kerosene for lighting purposes.
Here again, solar light has not been able to claim the
space occupied by kerosene.
It will be instructive to see what the state has achieved in
terms of reducing the dependence on kerosene as a fuel
for cooking.

19. Uttarakhand seems to have done remarkably well in
reducing use of kerosene as fuel for cooking purposes.
In urban Uttarakhand in 2011 there is hardly any sub-
district where more than 10% households depend on
kerosene as fuel.
In rural areas the usage of kerosene is even less, below
3% household depend on it.
This does not mean however, that low use of kerosene
corresponds to high use of LPG as we will see during the
state level analysis.

20. Rural J&K has reduced the dependence on kerosene as source of lighting between
2001 and 2011. However there are a number of sub-districts where more than 25%
households are dependent on Kerosene for lighting. In urban areas however, there is
hardly any sub-district where such dependence is above 10%. Solar home lighting
definitely has a scope in replacing kerosene in the state as has indeed been done in
a number of sub districts successfully. The need is to saturate the solar home
lighting coverage.
Kerosene as Source of Light in Rural Jammu and Kashmir
< 10%
10% - 25%
> 25%

21. In urban J&K the dependence on kerosene as fuel for cooking has declined
considerably between 2001 and 2011 with very few sub districts where more than
6% households are dependent on it and none where this dependence exceeds 12%
(shown in map below). In rural areas hardly 2-3% households use kerosene as fuel
(Map not shown).
Kerosene as Fuel used for Cooking in Urban Jammu and Kashmir
< 3%
3% - 6%
> 6%

22. All the three hilly states have thus faired well in terms of reducing
dependence on kerosene whether for lighting or as a fuel for
cooking.
While Punjab has faired well too, the same can not be said of
Haryana particularly in use of kerosene as fuel for cooking.
Delhi has thrown up some unusual results particularly high use of
kerosene and firewood as fuel for cooking. Delhi needs to emerge as
the ‘ideal’.
In this group of states we are not including UP, which needs to be
bracketed with Bihar, MP and Rajsthan.
Before looking at these states let us first see the contrast with the
southern states.