1. 1. Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the
uterus of a fetus or embryo, resulting in or caused by its death.
Types of Abortion:
 Spontaneous abortion (also known as miscarriage) is the expulsion of an
embryo or fetus due to accidental trauma or natural causes before
approximately the 22nd week of gestation
 Induced - A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in many ways. The
manner selected depends chiefly upon the gestational age of the embryo
or fetus, which increases in size as it ages. Reasons for procuring
induced abortions are typically characterized as either therapeutic or
elective. An abortion is medically referred to as therapeutic when it is
performed to:
• save the life of the pregnant woman;
• preserve the woman's physical or mental health;
• terminate pregnancy that would result in a child born with a congenital
disorder that would be fatal or associated with significant morbidity; or
• selectively reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks
associated with multiple pregnancy.
An abortion is referred to as elective when it is performed at the request of the
woman "for reasons other than maternal health or fetal disease."
2. Surrogate Motherhood - practice in which a woman (the surrogate mother) bears
a child for a couple unable to produce children in the usual way, usually because
the wife is infertile or otherwise unable to undergo pregnancy. In so-called
traditional surrogacy, thesurrogate mother is impregnated through artificial
insemination with the sperm of the husband. In gestational surrogacy, the wife’s
ova and the husband’s sperm are subjected to in vitro fertilization, and the
resulting embryo is implanted in the surrogate mother. Normally, in either
procedure, the surrogate gives up all parental rights, but this has been subject to
legal challenge.
3. Female genital cutting or mutilation is any procedure involving the partial or
total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital
organs "whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons."
4. Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) is a surgical technique leaving a male or
female unable to reproduce. It is a method of birth control. For non-surgical
causes of sterility, see infertility.
Common sterilization methods include:
• Vasectomy in males. The vasa deferentia, the tubes which connect the testicles
to the prostate, are cut and closed. This prevents sperm produced in the testicles
from entering the ejaculated semen (which is mostly produced in the seminal
vesicles and prostate).
• Tubal ligation in females, known popularly as "having one's tubes tied". The
Fallopian tubes, which allow the sperm to fertilize the ovum and would carry the
fertilized ovum to the uterus, are closed.

2. Other procedures that result in sterility:
• Hysterectomy in females. The uterus is surgically removed, permanently
preventing pregnancy and some diseases, such as uterine cancer.
• Castration in males. The testicles are surgically removed. This is frequently
used for the sterilization of animals, with added effects such as docility, greatly
reduced sexual behaviour, and faster weight gain (which is desirable in some
cases, for example to accelerate meat production).
5. Organ donation is the removal of the tissues of the human body from a person
who has recently died, or from a living donor, for the purpose of transplanting.
Organs and tissues are removed in a surgical procedure
Organ plantation is the moving of a organ from one body to another, or from a
donor site on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's
damaged or absent organ.
Types:
 Autograft
Transplant of tissue to the same person. Sometimes this is done with surplus tissue, or
tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more desperately needed elsewhere (examples
include skin grafts, vein extraction for CABG, etc.) Sometimes an autograft is done to
remove the tissue and then treat it or the person, before returning it (examples include
stem cell autograft and storing blood in advance of surgery).
 Allograft
An allograft is a transplant of an organ or tissue between two genetically non-identical
members of the same species. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts.
 Isograft
A subset of allografts in which organs or tissues are transplanted from a donor to a
genetically identical recipient (such as an identical twin). Isografts are differentiated from
other types of transplants because while they are anatomically identical to allografts,
they don't trigger an immune response.
 Xenograft and xenotransplantation
A transplant of organs or tissue from one species to another. An example are porcine
heart valve transplants, which are quite common and successful. The latter research
study was intended to pave the way for potential human use, if successful. However,
xenotransplantion is often an extremely dangerous type of transplant because of the
increased risk of non-compatibility, rejection, and disease carried in the tissue. This is a
very serious type of transplant.
 Split transplants

3. Sometimes a deceased-donor organ, usually a liver, may be divided between two
recipients, especially an adult and a child. This is not usually a preferred option because
the transplantation of a whole organ is more successful.
 Domino transplants
This operation is usually performed on patients with cystic fibrosis because both lungs
need to be replaced and it is a technically easier operation to replace the heart and
lungs at the same time. As the recipient's native heart is usually healthy, it can be
transplanted into someone else needing a heart transplant. That term is also used for a
special form of liver transplant in which the recipient suffers from familial amyloidotic
polyneuropathy, a disease where the liver slowly produces a protein that damages other
organs.
6. Sex Change Surgery is a term for the surgical procedures by which a person's
physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are
altered to resemble that of the other sex.
7. Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or
restoration of form and function. While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic
surgery also includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery,
microsurgery, and the treatment of burns
8. Sexual Deviation a type of mental disorder characterized by a preference for or
obsession with unusual sexual practices, as pedophilia, sadomasochism, or
exhibitionism.
9. Drug addiction is a dependence on a street drug or a medication. When you're
addicted, you may not be able to control your drug use and you may continue
using the drug despite the harm it causes. Drug addiction can cause an intense
craving for the drug. You may want to quit, but most people find they can't do it
on their own.
10. Alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is a disabling addictive
disorder. It is characterized by compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of
alcohol despite its negative effects on the drinker's health, relationships, and
social standing