Measurement of Power Two Wheeler's Eyeheight for Highway Design and Safety Considerations. Presented at TRB Annual Meeting 2013.

1. Powered two-wheeler rider
eye-height determination
Stergios Dimoulas, Basil Psarianos,
Constantinos Antoniou and Sophia Vardaki
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
92nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board
January 2013 - Washington, D.C.
!

2. !
Research motivation
2
¨ PTW rider eye-height affects rider
safety and highway design
¤ Vulnerable riders need to detect larger
number of possible hazards
¤ Vehicle angle/speed may affect rider eye-
height
¨ Limited research has been reported in
the literature (e.g. Davoodi et al., 2011)
¤ While there is extensive research in eye-
height determination for other vehicle types
(cars, trucks)
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

3. !
US fatality data (GAO, 2012)
3
¨ 5.4 million of motor-vehicle crashes in 2010
¨ 8.4 million of motorcycle registrations in 2010
¨ Decrease of passenger car fatalities
¤ (1991: 30.776, 2010: 22.187)
¨ Increase of motorcycle fatalities
¤ (1991:2.806, 2010: 4.502)
¨ Most vulnerable age group: 45-54
¨ PTW riders most vulnerable group
¤ 30 times more likely to die
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

4. !
Objective
4
¨ Investigate the parameters that affect PTW rider
eye-height
¨ Determine appropriate values
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

5. !
PTW rider eye-height
5
Depends on Influences
¨ Anthropometric Characteristics ¨ Sight Distance
¨ Type of PTW ¨ Road Design
¨ Riding Position ¨ Road Safety Levels
¨ Seat Height
¨ Load
¨ Weather Conditions
¨ Radius of Horizontal Curves
¨ Velocity
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

6. !
Methodology and data collection
6
Experimental design
Exploratory
Experimental setup Data
statistical
analysis
analysis
Selection of study areas
Extraction of measurements
Setup and data collection Analysis
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

7. !
Experimental design
7
Freeway
Type of Road Facility
Major Urban Arterial
Motorbike
Type of PTW
Scooter
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

8. !
Experimental design
8
Standard
Class of PTW Cruiser
Sport
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16/1/2013

9. !
Experimental design
9
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

10. !
Selection of study areas
10
• Road Speed & Classification
• PTW Traffic Volume & Traffic Conditions
• Horizontal & Vertical Alignment & Profile
Criteria
• Roadside Area Conditions
• Weather & Lighting Conditions
• Accessibility of the sites
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

11. !
Selection of study areas
11
OMORFOKLISIAS ATTICA
(VEIKOU) AVENUE TOLLWAY
Major Urban Arterial
Max Speed Limit 70km/hr
Suburban Freeway
Speed Limit 120km/hr
P1: Omorfoklisias (Veikou) Avenue
TRB 2013
P2: Attica Tollway 16/1/2013

12. !
Selection of study areas
12
ATTICA TOLLWAY
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

13. !
Selection of study areas
13
OMORFOKLISIAS
(VEIKOU) AVENUE
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

14. !
Extraction of measurements
14
MEASUREMENTS
AutoCAD Pinnacle
Φ2
Φ1 Φ2
PTW
Δy s S D Speed
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

15. !
Measurements
15
TRB 2013
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16. !
Measurements
16
TRB 2013
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17. !
Measurements
17
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

18. !
Eye−height distribution by type of motorbike Speed distribution by type of scooter
Attiki Odos Attiki Odos
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
●
Proportion <= x
Proportion <= x
18
0.6
0.6 ● Cruiser
Sport
● Cruiser
Standard
Standard
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
●
0.0
0.0
0 50 100 150 200
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Speed (kph)
Eye−height (m)
Eye−height distribution by type of motorbike Speed distribution by type of scooter
Veikou Veikou
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
●
Proportion <= x
Proportion <= x
0.6
0.6
● Cruiser ● Cruiser
Sport
Standard
0.4
Standard
0.4
0.2
0.2
●
0.0
0.0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 0 50 100 150 200
TRB 2013
16/1/2013
Eye−height (m) Speed (kph)

19. Speed distribution by type of motorbike ! Speed distribution by type of scooter
Attiki Odos Attiki Odos
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
19
●
Proportion <= x
Proportion <= x
Cruiser
0.6
●
0.6
Sport ● Cruiser
Standard Standard
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
●
0.0
0.0
0 50 100 150 200
0 50 100 150 200
Speed (kph)
Speed (kph)
Speed distribution by type of motorbike Speed distribution by type of scooter
Veikou Veikou
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
●
Proportion <= x
Proportion <= x
Cruiser
0.6
●
0.6
Sport
● Cruiser
Standard
Standard
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
●
0.0
0.0
0 50 100 150 200
TRB 2013
0 50 100 150 200 16/1/2013
Speed (kph)
Speed (kph)

20. !
PTW rider eye−height by road, PTW type and class
Motorbike Motorbike Motorbike Scooter Scooter
Cruiser Sport Standard Cruiser Standard
●
20
●
1.7 ● ●●● ●
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●● ● ● ●●● ● ●
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●
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1.6 ●
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AttikiOdos
●● ● ●
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1.5 ● ●●
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1.4 ●
1.3
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Eye height (m)
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1.2
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1.7
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1.6 ● ●● ●
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● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●
Veikou
1.5 ● ● ● ●
●● ●
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1.4 ●● ● ● ● ●● ●
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1.3 ●
1.2
100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150 100 150
Speed (km/h)
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

21. !
A simple model
21
Estimate Std.Error t-value
(Intercept) 1.596 0.004 360.1
RoadVeikou -0.083 0.005 -16.5
TypeScooter -0.045 0.005 -8.6
Sport -0.093 0.008 -11.8
Residual standard error 0.056 (533 d.o.f.)
2
R 0.444
Adjusted R2 0.441
F-statistic 142 (3 and 533 d.o.f.) / p-value <2.2E-16
!
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

22. !
Discussion and conclusion
22
Ø Minimum Representative Value of PTW Rider’s Eye-Height 1,250m
Ø Maximum Representative Value of PTW Rider’s Eye-Height 1,700m
Ø Minimum Representative Value of PTW Rider’s Eye-Height 1,250m >
Road Design Value 1,000m
Ø Difference between two studies
Ø Dimoulas et al. (2013): 1,250m, Davoodi et al. (2011):1,350m
Ø PTWs’ Operating Speed at Freeway V85 = 144km/hr
Ø PTWs’ Operating Speed at Major Arterial Urban V85 = 103km/hr
Ø PTW Rider’s Eye-Height is not influenced by the PTW velocity
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

23. !
Discussion and conclusion
23
Ø PTW Rider’s Eye-Height at Freeway > PTW Rider’s
Eye-Height at Major Urban Arterial
Ø Road Design
(horizontal curves)
TRB 2013
16/1/2013

24. Powered two-wheeler
rider eye-height determination
Stergios Dimoulas, Basil Psarianos,
Constantinos Antoniou and Sophia Vardaki
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
92nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board
January 2013 - Washington, D.C.
!