3.
Virus [ Burnhilde, Lansing & Leon]
Contaminated water / food
Affinity for motor (muscle) nerves
Kills / Injures motor nerves
Results in weakness / paralysis
3
4.
There are four recognized stages:
Acute Paralysis and/or weakness
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Neurological Stability
Post Polio Syndrome / Sequelae
4
5.
A Neurological condition
New symptoms many years after acute polio typically 30-50 yrs.
New symptoms appear after a period of
neurological stability
Major sxs- New weakness, loss of function, intense
fatigue, pain in muscles / joints
5
6. Confirmed history of polio
Partial or fairly complete neurological and functional
recovery after the acute episode.
Period of at least 15 years with neurological and functional
stability
Two or more of the following health problems occurring
after the stable period:
Extensive fatigue
Muscle and or joint pain
New weakness in muscles previously affected or unaffected
New muscle atrophy
Functional loss
Cold intolerance
No other medical explanation found
Halstead LS. 1991
6
7.
The frequency of PPS ranges between 15%-80%,
Natural history data from post-polio clinic in Houston, Texas. A =
birth; B = onset of polio; C = maximum recovery; D = onset of new
health problems; E = time of evaluation; F = death. (Halstead, L. S. and
Rossi, C. D 1987)
7
8.
The pathological changes that cause the
symptoms of PPS are not well understood
There are four different theories on the cause of
PPS:
Disintegration of overused motor units
Reactivation of Polio virus
Immune system dysfunction
Neural loss due to ageing
8
9. Accelerated natural ageing
Falling nerve to muscle motor unit ratio
Inflammation and active immune response
Co-morbidity:
Orthopaedic problems
Radiculopathy and entrapment neuropathy
Respiratory failure
General medical problems
PPS is more likely with
Increasing age;
The more severe the initial weakness was
The more time that elapses after the attack of polio
9
11.
Higher age at onset of poliomyelitis
The association with other diseases may indicate
that a chronic physical stress, particularly in
already weak motor units, can contribute to the
development of signs and symptoms of PPS
Poor Socio-economic conditions (Ragonese P et
al)
Individuals who had polio exhibit "Type A"
behavior and experience chronic stress (Richard
L. Bruno et al)
11
12. Theories:
Remaining healthy
motor neurons can no
longer maintain new
sprouts
Decompensation /
chronic denervation
and reinervation
process.
Denervation exceeds
reinervation
Dalakas, M. C., et al 1985
12
13.
Motor neuronal loss
due to reactivation of a
persistent latent virus.
Infection of the polio
survivor’s motor
neuron by a different
enterovirus
Loss of strength
associated with
aging, in already
weakened muscles
Dalakas, M. C., et al 1985
13
14. Common
Fatigue
New Weakness
Decreased endurance
Muscle & joint pain
Loss of function
Less common
Muscle atrophy
Respiratory problems
Swallowing problems
Cold intolerance
Sleep apnoea
Gait disturbance
Climbing Stairs
Dressing
(Activities that require
repetitive muscular
contraction)
Julie K Silver, Anne C Gawne 2004
14
15.
Post Polio Fatigue
Central (evolved from CNS)
▪ Difficulty regarding cognition, concentration, memory
attention, maintaining wakefulness (because of the
affectation of RAS, Basal Ganglia etc..)
Peripheral (evolving from the peripheral nerves i.e.,
the motor unit.)
▪ Muscle weakness
According to Schanke and Stanghelle (2001),
physical, peripheral fatigue was greater problem for
the patients than mental, central Fatigue
15
16.
Extremely prevalent in PPS
Deep aching pain
Myofascial pain syndrome / Fibromyalgia
Small number of patients have muscle
tenderness on palpation
Julie K Silver, Anne C Gawne 2004
16
17.
Weakness and Functional Loss.
focal neurological disease such as a radiculopathy, focal
compressive neuropathy, or spinal cord lesion and
medical causes of neuropathy such as diabetes, thyroid
disease, uremia, alcohol, toxins, and, uncommonly, heredi
tary neuromuscular disease.
Fatigue.
anemia, chronic infections, collagen disorders, thyroid
disease, diabetes, cancer, depression .
Pain.
osteoarthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, and myofascial pain
polymyalgia rheumatica, fibromyalgia, polymyositis, and
rheumatoid arthritis
17
18. Medical management
Evaluation
Confirmation of previous Paralytic Polio
Exclusion of other causes of new symptoms
Medications
No well-proven pharmacologic treatment for this
▪ Pyridostigmine – fatigue (effectiveness ?)
▪ Amantadine (Anti viral agent) effectiveness ?
▪ High dose Prednisone (no significant improvement in M
Strength, however a trend to an increse in isometric strength)
Other symptomatic management
18
19.
Rehabilitative
Interdisciplinary team
assessment
▪ Physician, OT, PT,
SLP,P&O, SW, Respiratory
Therapist
Goal setting
Treat ment Planning &
intervention
▪ Management of Weakness
▪ Management of Fatigue
▪ Management of Pain
For the assessment of Fatigue
19
20.
OT interventions are tasks or activities that
promote health and improve occupational
performance .
Role of OT in PPS
Exercise program that involves the U/E
Prevention of overuse injuries
Treatment of any existing arm problems
Education about the principles of energy
conservation
20
21.
Interventions are
Orthoses for the U/E (e.g. splints )
Assistive technology
Modifications at home and work
Lifestyle modification
Exercise program
Discharge and follow-up
MOYERS P et al .AJOT 53:251-289,1999
21
22.
Energy conservation techniques
Life style changes
Regular rest periods or naps during the day
Pacing (rest periods during activity)
Improvement of sleep ( e. g relaxation
techniques)
Avoidance of excessive fatigue
22
23.
Most effective treatments for pain include:
Heat
Massage
Gentle exercise
Education
Stretching
Orthoses and Walking aids
Re-education of Movement
23
24.
Post-polio syndrome is not life-threatening
unless there is severe pulmonary involvement
or a swallowing disorder.
The symptoms are manageable and with
proper measures quality of life can remain
good.
24
25. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Halstead LS. 1991. Assessment and differential diagnosis for
post-polio syndrome. Orthopedics. 14(11):1209.
Halstead, L. S. and Rossi, C. D., Post-polio syndrome: clinical
experience with 132 consecutive outpatients, in Research and
Clinical Aspects of the Late Effects of Poliomyelitis, Halstead, L. S.
and Weichers, D. O., Eds., March of Dimes Birth Defects
Foundation, 23(4), White Plains, NY, 1987, 13-26.
Halstead, L. S., Late complications of poliomyelitis, in
Rehabilitation Medicine, Goodgold, J., Ed., CV.
Mosby, Washington, D.C., 1988, 328-340.
Dalakas, M. C., Sever, J. L., Fletcher, M., Madden, D.
L., Papadopoulos, N., Shekarchi, I., and
Albrecht, P., Neuromuscular symptoms in patients with old
poliomyelitis: clinical, virological and immunological studies, in
Late Effects of Poliomyelitis, Halstead, L. S. and Weichers, D.
O., Eds., Symposia Foundation, Miami, FL, 1985, 73-90.
Julie K Silver, Anne C Gawne 2004 Post Polio Syndrome p 5 25
26.
Ragonese P, Fierro B, Salemi G, Randisi G, Buffa D, D'Amelio
M, Aloisio A, Savettieri G. Prevalence and risk factors of postpolio syndrome in a cohort of polio survivors. J Neurol
Sci. 2005 Sep 15;236(1-2):31-5.
Stress and "Type A" Behavior as Precipitants of Post-Polio
Sequelae: The Felician/Columbia Survey Richard L.
Bruno, PhD, and Nancy M. Frick, MDiv, LhD
26