Digital Humanities Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
1. Digital Humanities Research, Europeana
and The Embedded Semantic Research
Library:
A Vision for KU Leuven's
Library System (and for others?)
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin / School of Library and Information Science
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
stefan.gradmann@ibi.hu-berlin.de
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
2. Overview
Lots of context:
Container → Content → Context: Libraries approaching
the End of the Gutenberg Galaxis in the context of the
emerging Linked Data Web
The Europeana Data Model (EDM) in this context
EDM (and RDF) as enabling Digital Humanities Research
An agenda for the Embedded Semantic Research
Library:
Opportunities: Content based and context driven
services
Required Cultural Changes: Terms and thinking to get
rid of
A Triple Win
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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3. Container → Content → Context
Libraries approaching the end of the
Gutenberg Galaxis
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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4. Long before the Parenthesis:
Alexandria
Librarians:
Zenodotus
Callimachus
Erathosthenes
…
Scholars and /
or Poets
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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5. Before the Parenthesis: St. Gall
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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6. The Gutenberg Parenthesis Opens …
Dissociation of container and content
in the print paradigm
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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7. Dissociation of Roles in the
Gutenberg galaxy
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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8. Catalogue Based Library
Functional Axioms (1)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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9. Catalogue Based Library
Functional Axioms (2)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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10. Catalogue Based Library
Functional Axioms (3)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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11. Catalogue Based Library
Functional Axioms (4)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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12. Library Functional Principles (2)
Mediating access to information objects via
catalogues
Mediating links as pointers from metadata to objects
Objects are part of a library collection
An object to be used within a library typically is part of
this library's collection
Internal processing logic: focus on
objects as information containers,
not so much on the content of these containers
and accordingly cataloguing is focussed on container
attributes
Functional macro-primitives are ingestion, storage,
description and retrieval of information containers
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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13. … and closes again
The end of the print paradigm
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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14. Web Based Scholarly Working Continuum ...
… a triple paradigm shift: Beyond Documents
Decreasing functional determination by traditional cultural techniques
Disintegration of the linear / circular functional paradigma
Erosion of the monolithic document notion in hypertext paradigms
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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15. Ted Nelson's Xanadu:
radicalised Hypertext ...
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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16. The Web of Documents
Information
Management:
A Proposal
(TBL, 1989)
... twice
extended:
•in syntax
•in scope
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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17. Resources and Links
in the Document Web
We have HTTP URIs to identify resources and links between
them – but we are missing a few things!
What kinds of resources are 'Louvre.html' and 'LaJoconde.jpg'?
A machine cannot tell.
Humans can: we recognize implied context!
How exactly do they relate to each other?
A machine cannot tell.
Humans can: again we recognize implied context!
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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18. Syntactically Extending the
Document Web (1)
We add a syntax for making statements on resources:
RDF triples
We add a schema language (RDFS) with elements such as
classes (chair' as instance of chairs),
hierarchies of classes and properties (chairs are a subclass of
furniture, 'teaches' is a sub-property of 'communicates')
inheritance (communication based on language → teaching also is)
support for basic inferencing, deterministic logical operations
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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19. Syntactically Extending the
Document Web: RDF (2)
And thus are able to establish structures in triple
aggregations resulting in lightweight domain ontologies:
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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20. Extending the Web in Scope:
The Web of Things … (slightly Mistaken)
What's wrong
with this picture?
Taken from Ronald Carpentier's
Blog at
2007/08/08/1-2-3/
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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21. … and the Way we extend the Web in
scope to make it a 'Web of Things'
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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24. And a lot of Bubbles
as of last Year
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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25. Google entering the Floor
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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26. Modelling Object Representations as RDF
Aggregations generates new questions ...
B
Where do resource
A aggregations 'start'?
Where do they 'end'?
And what constitutes
document
boundaries??
And which node was
connected to which
one at a given
C time???
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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27. Aggregations and Context:
Calculating Closeness
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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28. … and new opportunities: Triple
Sets and Reasoning
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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29. ... based on 'Documents' as
Aggregations of RDF-Triples (1)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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30. 'Documents' as Aggregations
of RDF-Triples (2)
<nanopublication id="0">
<assertion>
<subject>NG_000007.3:g.70628G>A</subject>
<predicate>has variant frequency</predicate>
<object>0.25%</object>
</assertion>
<condition>Sardinian</condition>
<provenance>
<dateofcreation>March 24, 2011</dateofcreation>
<lastedit>March 24, 2011</lastedit>
<evidenceType>empirical</evidenceType>
<authorID>Giardine et. al.</authorID>
<curatorID>unresolved</curatorID>
<registrantID>Mons et. al.</registrantID>
<PMID>6695908</PMID>
<PMID>1428944</PMID>
<PMID>1610915</PMID>
<DOI>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.785</DOI>
<linkout>http://globin.bx.psu.edu/cgi-bin/hbvar/query_vars3?
mode=output&display_format=page&i=239</linkout>
<linkout>http://phencode.bx.psu.edu/cgi-bin/phencode/phencode?
build=hg18&id=HbVar.239</linkout>
</provenance>
<nanopublication id="0">
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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31. The use of Inferences
Citation: van Haagen HHHBM, 't Hoen PAC, Botelho Bovo A, de Morrée A, van Mulligen EM, et al.
(2009) Novel Protein-Protein Interactions Inferred from Literature Context. PLoS ONE 4(11): e7894.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007894 / Example provided by Jan Velterop
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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32. Data = Publication
Distinction data vs. publication will get increasingly
obsolete in semantic publishing environments …
… at least in the STM sector.
The move into semantic publication will be much
slower in the SSH because of
fuzzy and unstable terminology
fuzzy linking semantics hard to formalise consistently
close relation between complex document formats and
scholarly discourse
Current examples are mostly from the medical and
bio-medical area as a consequence
We are exploring potential of change in the SSH in
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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33. → Visualise and Explore
Cultural Context
Mapping the Republic of Letters:
https://republicofletters.stanford.edu/#maps
Or again a Finnish example (Kultuurisampo):
http://www.kulttuurisampo.fi/kulsa/historiallisetKartat.shtml
Or again the graph of writers and thinkers and
how they are connected:
http://zoom.it/Vj6F (is this one really useful?)
→ http://mariandoerk.de/edgemaps/demo/
Or, finally: KUL vs. UCL:
http://www.visualdataweb.org/relfinder/relfinder.php
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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34. Graph of Thinkers
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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35. Graph of Philosophers
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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36. KUL vs. UCL
Imagine including the digitized archive
Of KUL in this picture!
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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37. The Europeana Data Model (EDM)
in the LoD Context
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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38. EDM – what is it?
And what not?
EDM is the metadata model in the course of
replacing the ESE …
… a model for making statements about digital
representations of cultural heritage objects
… a model for contextualising such representations
EDM is not an object model (but might be combined
with object and process models)!
EDM is an RDF based graph model
EDM enables modeling of objects and context and
thus knowledge generation
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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39. EDM: Classes
CIDOC CRM E5 hierarchy
could be pruned here
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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40. EDM: Properties
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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41. Mona Lisa: French Ministry of
Culture
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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42. Metadata Record in EDM
Digital
Representations
Proxy
Aggregation
Cultural Heritage Object
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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43. Semantic Enrichment
ens:Agent: persons or organizations ens:TimeSpan: time periods or dates
ens:Place: spatial entities skos:Concept: entities from KOS
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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44. Event-Centric Modeling
Preserving and exploiting original data also means being compatible
with descriptions beyond simple object level (→ CIDOC CRM!)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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45. Complex Objects
Part-whole links for
complex (hierarchical)
objects
Order among parts of
objects
Derivation and
versioning relations
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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46. Les Fleurs du Mal: UNIMARC
http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37367035f
000 nam 22 450
001FRBNF373670350000003
009http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37367035f
039 $oGEA$a000288182
100 $a19920409d1857 m y0frey50 ba
1010 $afre
102 $aFR
105 $a||||z 00|||
106 $ar
2001 $aˆLes ‰fleurs du mal$bTexte imprimé$fpar Charles Baudelaire
210 $aParis$cPoulet-Malassis et De Broise$d1857
215 $a248 p.$d19 cm
676 $a841.8$v22
686 $a840$2Cadre de classement de la Bibliographie nationale française
700 |$311890582$aBaudelaire$bCharles$4070
801 0$aFR$bBNF$c19920409$gAFNOR$2intermrc
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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47. Les Fleurs du Mal: Gallica
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k70861t
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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48. Les Fleurs du Mal: Digitised
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k70861t.textePage.f1
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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49. Les Fleurs du Mal: EDM
Digital
Representations
Semantic
Context
Aggregation
Proxy
Cultural Heritage Object (CHO)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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50. What can you use it for:
De arte venandi cum avibus
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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51. De Arte Venandi … (1)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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52. De Arte Venandi … (2)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
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53. De Arte Venandi … (3)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
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54. De Arte Venandi … Subgraph 1
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55. De Arte Venandi … (4)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
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56. De Arte Venandi … (5)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
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57. De Arte Venandi … Subgraphs
1+2
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
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58. De Arte Venandi … (6)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
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59. De Arte Venandi … (6)
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60. De Arte Venandi … (6)
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61. De Arte Venandi …
done 'right'
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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62. De Arte Venandi …
there's more!
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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63. De Arte Venandi …
there's more (2)!
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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64. De Arte Venandi …
there's more (3)!
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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65. An Opportunity for the Library ...
… and what it needs to do to be up to it
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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66. “What do you do with a million
books?” (G. Crane)
Digitisation and semantic publishing result in
growing quantity
increased complexity
Well beyond scholarly processing capacity (=reading
faculty)
Scientists and Scholars will badly need help in three
areas:
Semantic abstracting, named entity recognition
for “strategic reading” (Renear)
Contextualisation of information objects
Robust reasoning and inferencing yielding digital
heuristics
=> Opportunities for Research Libraries!
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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67. Ceci n'est pas une bibliothèque
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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68. Ceci n'est pas une bibliothèque
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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69. Catalogue
The card catalog
in the nave of
Sterling Memorial
Library at Yale
University.
Picture by Henry
Trotter, 2005.
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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70. Catalogue Entry: MARC Record
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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72. Change Thinking,
Change Terminology!
Libraries will serve research as part of the Linked
Open Data web – or else risk becoming insignificant.
For operating this change we definitely need to change
terminology and underlying thinking patterns:
Aggregation
Catalogue
Document
Graph
Discovery
Holdings Information
Knowledge
'Record' Context
Link
Library Search Navigation
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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73. From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs':
old terms – new terms (1)
Reverse
Proportional!
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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74. From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs':
old terms – new terms (2)
Reverse
Proportional!
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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75. From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs':
old terms – new terms (3)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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76. From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs':
old terms – new terms (4)
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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77. Sticking to empty metaphors ...
"What's in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet."
(Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2))
Why then do we stick to emptied metaphors?
… because they constitute identity (a very bad reason!)
… because they guarantee institutional persistency (a
fallacy!)
… because we are afraid of substantial changes and believe
in things changing only once we use new terms
(dangerously childish!)
… or simply because we do not have new terms yet?
Let us then start looking for them!
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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78. Lessons learned in Europeana
We have learned some of these
lessons in Europeana
– we dropped the brand “EDL” very
early
– we decided not to have a 'catalogue'
We know that the current portal
is not enough
– we devised the RDF based
Europeana Data Model (EDM)
– we are gradually migrating to EDM
based operations
– we make Europeana part of the
Linked Open Data cloud
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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79. An Aggregation ...
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80. … some context
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
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81. … more context
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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82. … and the Big Picture:
Object and Semantic Data Layer
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Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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83. EDM and Linked Open Data
Context Data
•DBpedia
•GND
•Geonames
•LCSH
•…
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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84. A Triple Win
Europeana wins
Becoming a prime resource for digital humanities
scholars
Winning a new and clearly focused customer group
Digital humanists win
Gaining a prime resource on the WWW
Gaining new research methods based on semantic
technologies
Librarians win
With a new profile, a new identity
Back in content and knowledge generation business
On a par with scholars again
All libraries? All librarians??
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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85. Suggested Reading
Gregory Crane (2006): What Do you Do with a Million Books? In: Dlib
Magazine, Vol. 12, March. (http://bit.ly/JhzF90)
Gutenberg Paranthesis Research Group / University of Southern
Denmark: Position Paper (http://bit.ly/JjGKb6)
David Parry: Burn the Boats/Books. Presentation to Digital Writing and
Research Lab, Austin. (http://bit.ly/JYLlJV)
David Shotton (2009a): Semantic Publishing. The coming revolution in
scientific journal publishing. Learned Publishing Volume 22, No 2, 85–
94, April 2009; doi:10.1087/2009202
David Shotton et al. (2009b): Adventures in Semantic Publishing:
Exemplar Semantic Enhancements of a Research Article (http://bit.ly/IgT5Km)
Barend Mons, Jan Velterop: Nano-Publication in the e-science era
(http://bit.ly/IISMGt)
Alan Renear, Carol Palmer (2009): Strategic Reading, Ontologies and the
Future of scientific Publishing. In: Science, August 2009, p. 828 – 832.
Thank you for your patience and attention
DH Research, Europeana and The Embedded Semantic Research Library
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann, Cortona, January 18, 2013
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Editor's Notes
Europeana intends to connect to the Linked Open Data community. In the Linked Open Data cloud we find many more knowledge sources like Dbpedia, Geonames, or Library of Congress Subject Headings. Europeana wants to use them to further contextualize and enrich the objects in its information space. At the same time Europeana wants to make its own data available to other communities. The EDM is crucial for realizing this vision. [ LOD cloud July 2009 ]
Hier könnte ein Exkurs zu RTP Doc ansetzen, wenn ich mehr als 20 Minuten Zeit hätte
Mona Lisa as described and depicted by the French ministry of culture (Directions des musees de France)
This is the metadata record of the French ministry of culture modeled in EDM. Each bubble represent a resource. In the bubble you have the class of the resource (its type) in italics and beneath the URI of the resource which identifies it. The arrows are the semantic links (the properties) between the resources. If there are two properties then the one below is the sub-property of the other one with a more specific meaning. First we have the Aggregation node which groups together all information pieces delivered by the Ministry. It aggregates the node representing the physical object “Mona Lisa”, the digital representations of the Mona Lisa, and the proxy node which is specific to a given provider, and is used to represent the description of the provided object, as seen from the perspective of that specific provider. This is how every metadata record provided to Europeana will look like in its basic form. Why manage central nodes for provided objects? The ORE model says so: an ORE proxy has to be proxy for some "view- independent" resource. Users are looking for (real world) objects (the painting Mona Lisa) and not for the specific view on it of Louvre, or Jaconde (of which they normally do not know anyway). So the approach is: Find the object first (PhysicalThing) and then proceed to the specific views on it. This is also the LOD approach.
Europeana wants to contextualize and enrich its objects by linking them to resources which contain additional knowledge. This enables richer functions, such as query expansion (e.g., using alternatives for a creator's name), recommendation of objects using semantic relations between them (objects created by connected artists), etc. This is the same Proxy from the slide before but now all the string values are converted to resources and typed. For example the subject of the painting Mona Lisa “femme” is now a resource typed as a concept and with the english and french spelling of the concept attached taken from a KOS in the Semantic Data Layer. And in the same KOS we could also properly find the broader term for this concept. Furthermore we could semantically align the concept femme with the concept femme in the Wikipedia (LOD cloud) and take all the information available there for this specific subject, including the many translations of the term itself. To increase the data value of its objects.
What we looked at so far can be understood as object-centric modeling. The second general modeling approach is event-centric which tries to tell a story about the object’s history. For this purpose EDM provides a simple “event-centric core” of one class and three properties: ens:Event: hub for event descriptions ens:wasPresentAt, holding between any resource and an event it is involved in; ens:happenedAt, holding between an event and a place; ens:occurredAt, holding between events and the time spans during which they occurred. This is to give you an impression of what is possible without going into details.
This is a (more or less fictional) example of three records about a translation of Edgar Allan Poe’s “ The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ” to french: Record from BNF about an edition from 1868 Record from Gallica about an edition from 1868 (which offers a digital version of the book online: this the WebResource) Record from BNF with an edition from 2007 A few things I want to point out: Two records about the same thing and both point to the same object of interest, the 1868 edition. The user will look for this edition and not for the specific view of Gallica or BNF on this edition. So this node is the point of entry from which a user will proceed to a specific view on the object. It is also apparent now why Proxies for the descriptive metadata are helpful: Because this way we can keep the two views on the 1868 edition distinct. Finally the link „isDerivativeOf“ is an example of an inter-object link. So, for example, if a user found the 2007 edition he will be also hinted to the digital version of the 1868 edition in Gallica. With respect to FRBR one could start discussing now what and where is the work, expression, manifestation, and item here. Although the development of the EDM has been inspired by FRBR it is not implemented yet. That will happen after 2011.
First a few words about the envisioned information architecture of Europeana: This is how the information space of Europeana will be restructured : At the “bottom” we have the objects which are provided to Europeana. Above we have the “Semantic Data Layer” which is new. It contains various kinds of KOSs with knowledge about people, places, concepts, and so on. These concepts are linked to the objects below and thereby contextualize and enrich them.
Europeana intends to connect to the Linked Open Data community. In the Linked Open Data cloud we find many more knowledge sources like Dbpedia, Geonames, or Library of Congress Subject Headings. Europeana wants to use them to further contextualize and enrich the objects in its information space. At the same time Europeana wants to make its own data available to other communities. The EDM is crucial for realizing this vision. [ LOD cloud July 2009 ]