18. Conventional Sialography
Defined as radiographic demonstration of major salivary
glands by introducing a radiopaque contrast medium into
their ductal system.
Stones & strictures.
First - 1902
The preoperative phase
The filling phase.
The emptying phase.
19. Preoperative phase:
scout radiographs.
Position of radiopaque obstruction.
Position of normal anatomical structures.
Exposure factors.
23. Simple injection technique:
oil based /aqueous contrast media .
Gentle hand pressure till tightness /discomfort is felt.
Parotid – 1 ml,submandibular – 0.8 ml.
Simple & cheap.
Arbitary pressure - under or over filling due to patient
response.
24. Hydrostatic technique
Aqueous contrast media – overhead reservoir under
force of gravity.
Simple ,inexpensive.
Pt lying position and position for filling phase
radiographs.
25. Continuous infusion pressure monitored
technique:
Aqueous contrast media and ductal pressure monitored.
No damage/overfilling of gland.
Independent of pt response.
Complex equipment.
Time consuming.
26. Emptying phase:
Removal of cannula & pt asked to rinse.
Lemon juice aids in excretion.
Emptying phase radiographs.
28. Contrast agents in sialography
Iodine based
Ionic aqueous solution
Diatrizoate(urografin).
Metrizoate(triosil).
Non ionic aqueous solution
Iohexol (omniopaque).
Oil based solution
Iodized oil (lipiodol)
Water insoluble organic iodine compounds(pantopaque).
29. Indications:
1)The presence of calculi
2)To assess extent of ductal & glandular destruction.
3)To determine the extend of glandular breakdown and
crude assessment of function.
Contraindication:
1)Allergic to iodine compounds.
2)Acute infections
3)Calculus close to the ductal opening.
30. The main pathological changes are:
Ductal changes associated with –
Calculi
Sialodochitis (ductal inflammation).
Glandular changes associated with –
Sialadenitis.(glandular inflammation).
Sjogren syndrome.
Intrinsic tumours.
37. CBCT imaging
Useful for evaluating structures in & adjacent to
salivary gland
Cannot resolve soft tissue densities.
Minimal calcified sialolith well depicted.
Three D visualization possible.
38.
39. CBCT SIALOGRAPHY IMAGING
3D reconstruction can be performed and the ductal
architecture viewed in all possible dimensions.
Information about measurements and location of
sialoliths.
Highly reliable technique for identifying both
radiopaque as well as radiolucent sialoliths and ductal
strictures.
Less exposure dose and cost effective.
41. Computer tomography
Useful for evaluating salivary
gland pathology,adjacent
structures and proximity to
facial nerve.
Calcified structures are
visualized.
Abscess – hypervascular wall is
evident.
Definition of cystic walls and
contents.
Osseous erosions and sclerosis
are visualized.
47. MR sialography
MRI with evoked
salivation.
Lemon juice – stimulate
salivation.
Reveal ductal morphology
accurately ,sialolith
identification
Alternative to conventional
sialography.
48.
49.
50. Advantages
Ionizing radiation not used.
Excellent soft tissue details.
Differentiate benign & malignant.
Identify facial n.
Images in all planes.
Co- localization with PET scans.
MR sialography – no contrast.
MR spectroscopy – differentiate tissues by chemical
constituents.
In acute stage & cannulation not possible.
55. Advantages
Ionisation radiation not used.
Good imaging of superficial masses.
Differentiates solid & cystic masses.
Different echo signals from different tumours
Blood flow assessment using colour doppler.
Identify radiolucent stones.
Lithotripsy of salivary stones.
Ultra sound aided fine needle aspiration.
Intraoral US possible with small probes.
Differentiates intra and extra glandular masses.
57. Scintigraphy (Nuclear medicine, PET)
Functional study of salivary glands.
Iv injection of technetium 99m pertechnetate –
concentrated in and excreated by glandular structures
(salivary, thyroid,mammary ).
Appearance in ducts max. 30 to 45 min.
Sialagogue administered to evaluate secretory capacity.
major salivary glands studied at once.
High diagnostic sensitivity but lacks specificity.
Pathosis – increased/decreased/absent radionuclide
uptake.
58. • PET – greater resolution .
• Not used as such.
•Increased uptake of
radioisotope in right
parotid.
59. Sialendoscopy
Sialendoscopy is a
relatively new procedure
that allows endoscopic
transluminal
visualization of major
salivary gland ductal
system and offers a
mechanism for
diagnosing and treating
both inflammatory and
obstructive pathology
related to ductal system
66. Bacterial sialadenitis
Sialography contraindicated in acute infections.
Chronic cases – Sialectasia
(sac like acinar areas).
Abscess - seen in
MDCT,US,MRI.
67. Sialodochitis
Ductal sialadenitis.
Sialography – sausage string appearance (interstitial
fibrosis).
Seen in MRI.
Scintigraphy & CT not indicated.
68. Autoimmune Sialadenitis
Sialography is helpful.
Early stage – punctate (<1 mm) & globular (1-2 mm)
collection of contrast media – sialectasia.
Cavitary sialectases - larger & irregular suggestive of
advanced stage.
MRI – multiple punctate sialectases.
US – multiple hypoechoic areas.
69.
70. Sialadenosis
It is a non neoplastic,noninflammatory
enlargment of parotid gland.
Sialography - enlargement /normal appearance.
CT & MRI – straightforward depiction but are
nonspecific.
71. Cystic lesions
Ultrasound - cyst are sharply marginated and echo
free areas.
Well circumscribed ,high signal areas on T 2 weighted
MRI.
72.
73. Benign tumors
Well defined radiolucency - in CT & MRI.
Contrast agents in CT - >radiopaque due to increased
vascularity of tumor.
MRI - for submandibular gland neoplasm due to
superior soft tissue resolution.
USG – benign masses are less echogenic than
parenchyma.
Sialography – ball in hand.
74. Pleomorphic adenoma
MDCT – sharply circumscribed ,round homogenous
lesion with high density than adjacent tissue.
MRI - dark in T 1 weighted images, intermediate in
proton density weighted images & homogenous high
intensity in T 2 weighted images.
Signal voids – calcification present.
83. Conclusion
Imaging of the salivary glands uses many different
modalities .
no established absolute algorithm as to which study
should be performed.
Depends upon the radiologist preference.
84. References
1)Oral Radiology Principles and Interpretation.Stuart
White,Micheal Pharoah.
2)Salivary gland disorders.Eugene Myers,Robert Ferris.
3)Oral and Maxillo facial radiology. Freny Karjodkar.
4)Textbook of colour atlas of salivary gland
pathology.Eric Carlson,Robert Ford.
5)Atlas of oral diagnostic imaging.Tomomitsu Higashi.
6) Taneja et al. Salivary gland imaging.IJMDS.
7)Yousem et al.Major salivary gland imaging.Radiology.