The document discusses events and event-driven architecture in software. It begins by explaining what events are and how they can be modeled in code. It then describes how to refactor imperative code to extract events using an example of adding comments to blog posts. This improves the design by removing dependencies and applying patterns like observer and mediator. Finally, it discusses best practices like using explicit events/handlers, single responsibility, and inversion of control.

1. A Series of Fortunate Events
Matthias Noback
Twitter: @matthiasnoback

2. What are events, really?
Things that happen

3. They trigger actions

4. Just now...
Attendees arrived,
triggered me to turn on microphone,
which triggered you to stop talking,
which triggered me to start talking

5. Events in software
Events model what happened in a system

6. Other parts of the system
can respond to what happened

7. Imperative programming
Only commands
doThis();
doThat();
updateSomething($something);
return $something;

8. Extracting events
doThis();
// this was done
doThat();
// that was done
updateSomething($something)
// something was updated
return $something;

9. Starting position
class PostService
{
...
function addComment($postId, $comment)
{
$post = $this->fetchPost($postId);
$post->addComment($comment);
$this->save($post);
$this->logger->info('New comment');
$this->mailer->send('New comment');
}
}

10. Starting position
class PostService
{
function __construct(
Mailer $mailer,
Logger $logger
) {
$this->mailer = $mailer;
$this->logger = $logger;
}
function addComment($postId, $comment)
{
...
}
}

11. Making events explicit
class PostService
{
function addComment($postId, $comment)
{
...
$this->newCommentAdded();
}
function newCommentAdded()
{
$this->logger->info('New comment');
$this->mailer->send('New comment');
}
}

12. Dependency graph
PPoossttSSeerrvviiccee
Logger
Mailer

13. Design issues (1)
I don't think the PostService should
know how to use a Mailer and a Logger

14. Design issues (2)
I want to change the behavior of
PostService without modifying the
class itself

15. Fix the problems
By introducing events!
(later)

16. Observer pattern
Notify other parts of the application
when a change occurs
class PostService
{
function newCommentAdded()
{
foreach ($this->observers as $observer) {
$observer->notify();
}
}
}

17. Observer contract
Subject knows nothing about its
observers, except their very simple
interface
interface Observer
{
function notify();
}

18. Concrete observers
class LoggingObserver implements Observer
{
function __construct(Logger $logger)
{
$this->logger = $logger;
}
function notify()
{
$this->logger->info('New comment');
}
}

19. Concrete observers
class NotificationMailObserver implements Observer
{
function __construct(Mailer $mailer)
{
$this->mailer = $mailer;
}
function notify()
{
$this->mailer->send('New comment');
}
}

20. Configuration
class PostService
{
function __construct(array $observers)
{
$this->observers = $observers;
}
}
$postService = new PostService(
array(
new LoggingObserver($logger),
new NotificationMailObserver($mailer)
)
);

21. Before
PPoossttSSeerrvviiccee
Logger
Mailer

22. After
NotificationMailObserver
Observer
Observer
LoggingObserver
Logger
Mailer
PostService

23. Design Principles Party

24. Single responsibility
Each class has one small,
well-defined responsibility

25. Single responsibility
● PostService:
“add comments to posts”
● LoggingObserver:
“write a line to the log”
● NotificationMailObserver:
“send a notification mail”

26. Single responsibility
When a change is required, it can be
isolated to just a small part of the
application

27. Single responsibility
● “Capitalize the comment!”:
PostService
● “Use a different logger!”:
LoggerObserver
● “Add a timestamp to the notification mail!”:
NotificationMailObserver

28. Dependency inversion
Depend on abstractions, not on
concretions

29. Dependency inversion
First PostService depended on
something concrete: the Mailer, the
Logger.

30. PostService Logger
Mailer

31. Dependency inversion
Now it depends on something abstract:
an Observer

32. PostService
Observer
Observer

33. Dependency inversion
Only the concrete observers depend on
concrete things like Mailer and Logger

34. LoggingObserver
NotificationMailObserver
Logger
Mailer

35. Open/closed
A class should be open for extension and
closed for modification

36. Open/closed
You don't need to modify the class to
change its behavior

37. PostService
Observer
Observer Observer

38. Open/closed
We made it closed for modification,
open for extension

39. Event data
Mr. Boddy was murdered!
● By Mrs. Peacock
● In the dining room
● With a candle stick

40. Currently missing!
class LogNewCommentObserver implements Observer
{
function notify()
{
// we'd like to be more specific
$this->logger->info('New comment');
}
}

41. Event object
class CommentAddedEvent
{
public function __construct($postId, $comment)
{
$this->postId = $postId;
$this->comment = $comment;
}
function comment()
{
return $this->comment;
}
function postId()
{
return $this->postId;
}
}

42. Event object
We use the event object
to store the context of the event

43. From observer...
interface Observer
{
function notify();
}

44. … to event handler
interface CommentAddedEventHandler
{
function handle(CommentAddedEvent $event);
}

45. Event handlers
class LoggingEventHandler implements
CommentAddedEventHandler
{
function __construct(Logger $logger)
{
$this->logger = $logger;
}
public function handle(CommentAddedEvent $event)
{
$this->logger->info(
'New comment' . $event->comment()
);
}
}

46. Event handlers
class NotificationMailEventHandler implements
CommentAddedEventHandler
{
function __construct(Mailer $mailer)
{
$this->mailer = $mailer;
}
public function handle(CommentAddedEvent $event)
{
$this->mailer->send(
'New comment: ' . $event->comment();
);
}
}

47. Configuration
class PostService
{
function __construct(array $eventHandlers)
{
$this->eventHandlers = $eventHandlers;
}
}
$postService = new PostService(
array(
new LoggingEventHandler($logger),
new NotificationMailEventHandler($mailer)
)
);

48. Looping over event handlers
class PostService
{
public function addComment($postId, $comment)
{
$this->newCommentAdded($postId, $comment);
}
function newCommentAdded($postId, $comment)
{
$event = new CommentAddedEvent(
$postId,
$comment
);
foreach ($this->eventHandlers as $eventHandler) {
$eventHandler->handle($event);
}
}
}

49. Introducing a Mediator
Instead of talking to the event handlers
Let's leave the talking to a mediator

50. Mediators for events
● Doctrine, Zend: Event manager
● The PHP League: Event emitter
● Symfony: Event dispatcher

51. Before
PostService
LoggingEventHandler::handle()
NotificationMailEventHandler::handle()

52. After
PostService EventDispatcher
LoggingEventHandler::handle()
NotificationMailEventHandler::handle()

53. In code
class PostService
{
function __construct(EventDispatcherInterface $dispatcher)
{
$this->dispatcher = $dispatcher;
}
function newCommentAdded($postId, $comment)
{
$event = new CommentAddedEvent($postId, $comment);
$this->dispatcher->dispatch(
'comment_added',
$event
);
}
}

54. Event class
Custom event classes should extend
Symfony Event class:
use SymfonyComponentEventDispatcherEvent;
class CommentAddedEvent extends Event
{
...
}

55. Configuration
use SymfonyComponentEventDispatcherEvent;
$dispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
$loggingEventHandler = new
LoggingEventHandler($logger);
$dispatcher->addListener(
'comment_added',
array($loggingEventHandler, 'handle')
);
...
$postService = new PostService($dispatcher);

56. Symfony2
● An event dispatcher is available as the
event_dispatcher service
● You can register event listeners using
service tags

57. Inject the event dispatcher
# services.yml
services:
post_service:
class: PostService
arguments: [@event_dispatcher]

58. Register your listeners
# services.yml
services:
...
logging_event_handler:
class: LoggingEventHandler
arguments: [@logger]
tags:
- {
name: kernel.event_listener
event: comment_added
method: handle
}

59. Events and application flow
Symfony2 uses events to generate
response for any given HTTP request

60. The HttpKernel
$request = Request::createFromGlobals();
// $kernel is in an instance of HttpKernelInterface
$response = $kernel->handle($request);
$response->send();

61. Kernel events

62. kernel.request
● Route matching
● Authentication

63. kernel.controller
● Replace the controller
● Do some access checks

64. kernel.view
● Render a template

65. kernel.response
● Modify the response
● E.g. inject the Symfony toolbar

66. kernel.exception
● Generate a response
● Render a nice page with the stack trace

67. Special types of events
● Kernel events are not merely
notifications
● They allow other parts of the
application to step in and modify or
override behavior

68. Chain of responsibility
Some sort
of request
Handler 1 Handler 2 Handler 3
Some sort
of request
Some sort
of request
Response

69. Symfony example
I've got an exception!
What should I tell the user?
Listener 1 Listener 2 Listener 3
Exception! Exception!
Response

70. Propagation
class HandleExceptionListener
{
function onKernelException(
GetResponseForExceptionEvent $event
) {
$event->setResponse(new Response('Error!'));
// this is the best response ever, don't let
// other spoil it!
$event->stopPropagation();
}
}

71. Priorities
$dispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
$dispatcher->addListener(
'comment_added',
array($object, $method),
// priority
100
);

72. Concerns

73. Concern 1: Hard to understand
“Click-through understanding” impossible
$event = new CommentAddedEvent($postId, $comment);
$this->dispatcher->dispatch(
'comment_added',
$event
);

74. interface EventDispatcherInterface
{
function dispatch($eventName, Event $event = null);
...
}

75. Solution
Use Xdebug

76. Concern 2: Out-of-domain concepts
● “Comment”
● “PostId”
● “Add comment to post”
● “Dispatcher” (?!)

77. We did a good thing
We fixed coupling issues

78. But this guy, Coupling,
has a sister
She's called Cohesion

79. Cohesion
● Belonging together
● Concepts like “dispatcher”, “event listener”, even
“event”, don't belong in your code

80. Solutions (1)
Descriptive, explicit naming:
● NotificationMailEventListener becomes
SendNotificationMailWhenCommentAdded
● CommentAddedEvent becomes CommentAdded
● onCommentAdded becomes
whenCommentAdded

81. Solutions (1)
This also hides implementation details!

82. Solutions (2)
Use an event dispatcher for things
that are not naturally cohesive anyway

83. Solutions (2)
Use something else
when an event dispatcher causes low cohesion

84. Example: resolving the controller
$event = new GetResponseEvent($request);
$dispatcher->dispatch('kernel.request', $event);
$controller = $request->attributes->get('_controller');
$controller = $controllerResolver->resolve($request);

85. Concern 3: Loss of control
● You rely on event listeners to do some really
important work
● How do you know if they are in place
and do their job?

86. Solution
● “Won't fix”
● You have to learn to live with it

87. It's good

88. exercise
control
Inversion of control
give up
control!

89. Just like...
● A router determines the right controller
● The service container injects the right
constructor arguments
● And when you die, someone will bury your
body for you

90. I admit, inversion of control can be scary

91. But it will
● lead to better design
● require less change
● make maintenance easier

92. PresentationFinished
AskQuestionsWhenPresentationFinished
SayThankYouWhenNoMoreQuestions

93. Symfony, service definitions, kernel events
http://leanpub.com/a-year-with-symfony/c/symfony-camp
Pay even less ;)

94. Class and package design principles
http://leanpub.com/principles-of-php-package-design/c/symfony-camp
Get a $10 discount!

95. Design patterns
● Observer
● Mediator
● Chain of responsibility
● ...
Design Patterns by “The Gang of Four”

96. SOLID principles
● Single responsibility
● Open/closed
● Dependency inversion
● ...
Agile Software Development by Robert C. Martin

97. Images
● www.ohiseered.com/2011_11_01_archive.html
● Mrs. Peacock, Candlestick:
www.cluecult.com
● Leonardo DiCaprio:
screenrant.com/leonardo-dicaprio-defends-wolf-wall-street-controversy/
● Book covers:
Amazon
● Party:
todesignoffsite.com/events-2/to-do-closing-party-with-love-design/
● Russell Crowe:
malinaelena.wordpress.com/2014/04/18/top-8-filme-cu-russell-crowe/

98. What did you think?
joind.in/12541
Twitter: @matthiasnoback