1. 1.4 Strategies for
National development
1. Economic strategies
2. Demographic strategies
3. Social strategies
2. 1. Economic development strategies
– Agricultural development
– Industrial development
– Case study:
• Industrial development in S. Korea
• KALAHI project in Philippines 2001
2. Demographic development strategies
– Population growth
– Case study:
• Population policy in China
3. Social development strategies
– Healthcare services and education
– Case study:
• Healthcare services & education in Singapore
• Parivartan Slum Networking Programme (mid 1990s) in
Gujarat, India,
• Hill Tribe Education Project (1998) in Thailand
3. In the following, we will learn:
1. What are the policies that can bring about
development?
2. How does each policy work?
3. What are some real-life examples?
4. How successful are the policies?
5. 1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES
• Measured by increase in GDP/ GNP per
capita.
• To increase GNP, countries need to
develop both agricultural and industrial
sector -> improve both quality and
quantity of goods.
1.Agricultural development
2.Industrial development
6. 1.1 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
• Low agricultural technology low
productivity
• Falling food prices look for high paying
jobs in urban areas result in labour
shortages in the farms
Low productivity → low yield →
economic development will be affected
7. 1.1 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
What can be done ?
• Develop the agricultural sector in rural
areas so that farmers will stay
• Government help farmers to increase
productivity
8. 1.1 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
GREEN REVOLUTION (1960s)
• Modern farming technology and scientific
research to develop high-yielding
seedlings
• Genetically engineered high yielding crop
varieties (HYVs) e.g. rice & corn
• Better irrigation method and use of
chemical fertilisers
• Used in India, Indonesia and Philippines
9. GREEN REVOLUTION
SUCCESS
• Increase in crop production increase
agricultural productivity
In the end, only rich farmers benefit
and did not bring about large scale
LIMITATIONS
economic development
• More expensive
– Set up irrigation system
– Large amount of pesticides needed as seedlings
are more vulnerable to pests and disease
• Need more water & chemical fertilisers to grow
well
10. 1.2 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Goal of many LDCS to change from an
agricultural economy to industrial economy
• Problems faced: Lack of skilled workers,
financial resources and strong competition from
other DCs
• LDCs sell off their raw materials to DCs to be
processed, at low prices
• DCs sell back to the LDCs the final products, at
higher prices What model/ theory
Core-Periphery
does it remind you
Model
of?
11. 1.2 Industrial Development
• What can be done?
– Efficient air, land & sea transport
network E.g. port of Singapore, Changi
International Airport
– Reliable power & water supplies
– Good telecommunications systems
– Sound financial & banking institutions
– E.g. Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) set
up in 1968 to manage industrial estates
13. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN
SOUTH KOREA
• GNP grew from US$100 in 1963 to US$22,045
in 2005
Key to succeed in Industrial Development is
• Relies largely on exports to improve economic
growth. E.g. cars, ships, electronics etc have
Skills & Technology transfer. Once you
the skills & technology, you don’t have to sell
Reasons for SUCCESS: DCs for processing. You
your raw materials to
1. Good geographical location tofinishedraw
can process & sell your own attain products
materials
2. Receiving financial & technical aids from Japan
and USA
3. Skilled & cheap labour
– Reduce dependency from foreigners through skill
development
15. Job Creation & Financial
Assistance
• UNDP 2000 noted that:
– 4.3 million poor families
– 75% of poor are indigenous people/ poor rural
farmers
– Wide rich-poor gap
• KALAHI project 2001
– Aim to improve SOL of poor
16. KALANI PROJECT 2001
• Develop informal sector, i.e. sale of hand-
made products
• Pro-poor policies implemented:
– Microfinance (i.e. small loans) for
entrepreneurs
– Interest-free loans for ultra-poor
– Private organisations provide financial aid
– Training & advice
• Skills training
• Leadership and self-employment training
17. Success Limitations
Benefited ~ 3 million Wide income gap still
people persists
600 000 agricultural jobs Current market is too
created small. Need to diversify
products & skills of poor
Provided jobs to about 1.7 to reach bigger markets.
million unemployed.
Insufficient volunteers to
offer microfinance & train
poor people.
20. 2. POPULATION GROWTH
• Rapid population increase – strains government
& country’s natural resources
• Limited resources left to improve quality of life,
income & living conditions
Hence, LDCs need to control their rate of
population growth
21. HOW TO DECREASE
POPULATION GROWTH?
• Family planning
educate couples of having fewer children,
contraception
• Improve healthcare
In LDCs, couple tend to have more children so
that some may survive to adulthood
Reduced infant mortality rate lower birthrates
• Educate the women
More career-minded marry later less
children
22. World Population
CHINA
INDIA
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population
24. POPULATION POLICY IN CHINA
• One-child policy in 1979
• Incentives:
– free education,
– better employment and
– more priority in purchasing house
• Raised marriageable age for men to 22 and
women to 20.
– Ask permission from authority when they want to get
married or have children
*Policy have been relaxed to allow 2 children per family
25. Success Limitations
Fertility rate reduced Difficult to implement in
from 6 in 1970s to 1.8 in rural areas.
2006.
Traditional mindsets
preferring sons to
daughters. Couples
continue to bear children
until they get a son.
Rise in social problems
due to issues like
infanticide.
27. 3. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES
• Impact on the quality of life of people in
the country
• 2 major aspects are
1.Health care
2.Education
28. 2.1 HEALTHCARE
• In LDCs – poor healthcare due to lack of
well-trained doctors & nurse
• Most doctors are in urban areas
• Recall: Good health is determined by…
– Clean water & sanitation
– Availability of healthcare services
– Balanced diet
29. Case Study 4: Parivartan Slum
Networking Programme (mid
1990s) in Gujarat, India.
Improving water supplies &
sanitation facilities
30. Parivartan Slum Networking
Programme (mid 1990s)
• 41% of population in Ahmedabad, state of
Gujarat live in slums and squatters.
• > 25% of population have not toilet
facilities
• Widespread extreme poverty
31. What was done?
• Collaboration between government (plan)
& local banks (finance $$$)
• Basic infrastructure built in slums. I.e.
access to clean water, underground
sewerage, & individual toilets & solid
waste collection
• Monthly monitoring meetings to review
work progress & discuss future plans
• People taught proper usage of new
facilities
32. Results
Improve supply of clean water, sanitation,
food supply healthier workers
increase productivity increase income
higher standard of living & quality of life
Development
33. Success Limitations
Reduction in spread of Many LDCs lack
diseases caused by bacteria in the financial
waste and contaminated water. resources to build
the basic
Benefited over 56 000 people infrastructure.
in over 40 slums. Has been
expanded to 59 more slums.
Decline in death rate from 6.9
to 3.7 per 1000 people
Improved SOL and brought
development.
34. 2.2 EDUCATION
Better education → greater career
opportunity for young people → higher
income level → better standard of living →
more development in country
35. Case Study 5: Hill Tribe
Education Project (1998) in
Thailand
Improving Education
Standards
36. Hill Tribe Education Project (1998)
• Hill tribes make up about 1 million people
• Most have no formal education & live in
extreme poverty
37. What was done?
• Goal of “Education for All”
• Formal and informal education programmes
• Volunteer teachers came from more
developed regions to live & teach hill
community
• Community learning centre built in each
village
• Learn sustainable farming methods,
Mathematics, etc.
38. Success Limitations
Agricultural production Difficult to reach masses
increased as geographical location
of hill tribe communities
Able to find employment not easily accessible.
in cities
Communication barriers
Gain income Better between hill tribes &
living conditions volunteers &
government
organisations.
39. Case study 6: Singapore
The Little Red Dot
Strategies:
• Economic development
Demographic development
• Social development
40. 1. Economic Strategies
• Industrial Development in Singapore
– Economic Development Board (EDB) set up
in 1961
– Attract foreign investors, human & financial
capital
– Set up branches in major cities of Asia,
Europe, USA
41. • EDB set up technological
institutions with governments of
Jap, Germany, France
• Skills Development Fund
• R&D facilities & incentives
More skilled labor • Overseas ventures e.g.
needed>> increase in Singapore-Suzhou Industrial Park
vocational institutions in China
to provide training • FTAs
1960s 1970s & 1980s 1990s
• Labor- • capital-intensive • knowledge-
intensive industries based industries
industries • electrical & electronic • IT,
• Garment & industries, semi- pharmaceutical &
textile, toy conductors & integrated life sciences
manufacturing chips
43. Improving
Improving Healthcare
education standards services
2. Demographic
& 3. Social
Development
Strategies
Population Housing
Growth
44. 2. Demographic Development
Strategy
• Population growth
– ‘Stop at Two’ campaign in 1966
– Liberalised abortion in both public & private
clinics
– Voluntary sterilisation
– Incentives to encourage small family size. E.g.
priority in school admissions, reimbursement
of delivery fees
– Disincentives to big families. E.g. increase
delivery fees
45. 1960s:
Fertility 1975:
rate: 2.5% Fertility Rate:
2.1%
Foreign Talent
Policy
“Stop At
Two” Policy Three of more if
you can afford it
1966 1982 Year
46. 3. Social Development Strategies
• Education
– 1960s, bilingual education policy introduced
– English as compulsory subject and used as medium
for instruction for all subjects
– Benefits:
• Common language for communication between different
races
• Attracted international trade and commerce
– Subsidized education to raised literacy rate
– Increase government spending on improving
education standards
47. • Healthcare services
– Government-built public hospitals & clinics to
provide affordable healthcare
– Well-being of workforce affects productivity
– Insurance plans and medical savings
schemes (Medishield, Medisave) linked to
compulsory savings scheme for all working
adults, Central Provident Fund (CPF).
48. • Housing
– Late 1960s and early 1970s: Public housing
Programme
– Aimed to replace slums with affordable
housing complete with basic amenities to
ensure basic living conditions are met
– New towns planned are self-contained and
well-linked to rest of the island by roads and
expressways
