GEOGRAPHY A2 13.2 People and the Environment: Hazards; Conflicts over the use of a resource. Interactions between people and their environments at different scales, focusing on relevant human and physical systems and processes, their outcomes, changes through time and consequent issues, responses and strategies. Burglary - Disease - Storms - Volcanoes - Earthquakes - Multiple Hazard - Conflict over the use of a resource.

DEFINE THE TERM HAZARD Hazards A Hazard is a situation which poses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment. Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm, however, once a hazard becomes 'active', it can create an emergency situation.

DEFINE THE TERM HAZARD

Hazards Burglary - Disease - Storms - Volcanoes - Earthquakes - Multiple Hazard TROPICAL STORMS A tropical cyclone is a meteorological term for a storm system characterised by a low pressure system centre and thunderstorms that produces strong wind and flooding rain. A tropical cyclone feeds on the heat released when moist air rises and the water vapour it contains condenses. They are fuelled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms such as nor'easters, European windstorms, and polar lows, leading to their classification as "warm core" storm systems.

Burglary - Disease - Storms - Volcanoes - Earthquakes - Multiple Hazard

TROPICAL STORMS

A tropical cyclone is a meteorological term for a storm system characterised by a low pressure system centre and thunderstorms that produces strong wind and flooding rain. A tropical cyclone feeds on the heat released when moist air rises and the water vapour it contains condenses. They are fuelled by a different heat mechanism than other cyclonic windstorms such as nor'easters, European windstorms, and polar lows, leading to their classification as "warm core" storm systems.

Hazards – Tropical Storms What are the most frequently used local names for tropical storms? "Hurricane" and "Typhoon"

Syllabus - part 1 Concept of 'hazard'. Definition — rotating tropical storm with wind speeds over 118 kph. Transition tropical depression to storm to hurricane. 'Hurricane season'. Global distribution linked to regional names. Factors influencing distribution.

Concept of 'hazard'. Definition — rotating tropical storm with wind speeds over 118 kph. Transition tropical depression to storm to hurricane. 'Hurricane season'. Global distribution linked to regional names. Factors influencing distribution.

Hazards – Tropical Storms Tracks of hurricanes and typhoons

The origin , geographical distribution , frequency of occurrence and scale of the hazard. Hazards – Tropical Storms

The origin , geographical distribution , frequency of occurrence and scale of the hazard.

All tropical cyclones are areas of low atmospheric pressure near the Earth's surface. The pressures recorded at the centres of tropical cyclones are among the lowest that occur on Earth's surface at sea level. Hazards – Tropical Storms

All tropical cyclones are areas of low atmospheric pressure near the Earth's surface. The pressures recorded at the centres of tropical cyclones are among the lowest that occur on Earth's surface at sea level.

Tropical cyclones are characterised and driven by the release of large amounts of latent heat of condensation, which occurs when moist air is carried upwards and its water vapour condenses. This heat is distributed vertically around the centre of the storm. Thus, at any given altitude (except close to the surface, where water temperature dictates air temperature) the environment inside the cyclone is warmer than its outer surroundings Hazards – Tropical Storms

Tropical cyclones are characterised and driven by the release of large amounts of latent heat of condensation, which occurs when moist air is carried upwards and its water vapour condenses. This heat is distributed vertically around the centre of the storm. Thus, at any given altitude (except close to the surface, where water temperature dictates air temperature) the environment inside the cyclone is warmer than its outer surroundings

A tropical cyclone's primary energy source is the release of the heat of condensation from water vapor condensing at high altitudes, with solar heating being the initial source for evaporation. Therefore, a tropical cyclone can be visualized as a giant vertical heat engine supported by mechanics driven by physical forces such as the rotation and gravity of the Earth. Hazards – Tropical Storms

A tropical cyclone's primary energy source is the release of the heat of condensation from water vapor condensing at high altitudes, with solar heating being the initial source for evaporation. Therefore, a tropical cyclone can be visualized as a giant vertical heat engine supported by mechanics driven by physical forces such as the rotation and gravity of the Earth.

In another way, tropical cyclones could be viewed as a special type of mesoscale convective complex, which continues to develop over a vast source of relative warmth and moisture. Condensation leads to higher wind speeds, as a tiny fraction of the released energy is converted into mechanical energy; the faster winds and lower pressure associated with them in turn cause increased surface evaporation and thus even more condensation. Hazards – Tropical Storms

In another way, tropical cyclones could be viewed as a special type of mesoscale convective complex, which continues to develop over a vast source of relative warmth and moisture. Condensation leads to higher wind speeds, as a tiny fraction of the released energy is converted into mechanical energy; the faster winds and lower pressure associated with them in turn cause increased surface evaporation and thus even more condensation.

Scientists at the National Centre for Atmospheric Research estimate that a tropical cyclone releases heat energy at the rate of 50 to 200 trillion joules per day. For comparison, this rate of energy release is equivalent to 200 times the world-wide electrical generating capacity, or to exploding a 10-megaton nuclear bomb every 20 minutes!!! Hazards – Tropical Storms

Scientists at the National Centre for Atmospheric Research estimate that a tropical cyclone releases heat energy at the rate of 50 to 200 trillion joules per day. For comparison, this rate of energy release is equivalent to 200 times the world-wide electrical generating capacity, or to exploding a 10-megaton nuclear bomb every 20 minutes!!!

Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active Hazards – Tropical Storms

Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active

Hazards – Tropical Storms In the Northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct hurricane season occurs from June 1 to November 30, sharply peaking from late August through September. The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is September 10.

Hazards – Tropical Storms The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar time frame to the Atlantic. The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November.

Hazards – Tropical Storms In the Southern Hemisphere, tropical cyclone activity begins in late October and ends in May. Southern Hemisphere activity peaks in mid-February to early March

Causal Factors In most situations, water temperatures of at least 26.5 °C (80 °F) are needed down to a depth of at least 50 m (150 feet) Low amounts of wind shear are needed, as high shear is disruptive to the storm's circulation. Tropical cyclones generally need to form more than 500 km (310 miles) or 5 degrees of latitude away from the equator, allowing the Coriolis effect to deflect winds blowing towards the low pressure centre and creating a circulation Hazards – Tropical Storms

Causal Factors

In most situations, water temperatures of at least 26.5 °C (80 °F) are needed down to a depth of at least 50 m (150 feet)

Low amounts of wind shear are needed, as high shear is disruptive to the storm's circulation.

Tropical cyclones generally need to form more than 500 km (310 miles) or 5 degrees of latitude away from the equator, allowing the Coriolis effect to deflect winds blowing towards the low pressure centre and creating a circulation

Tropical cyclones originate on the eastern side of oceans, but move west, intensifying as they move. Most of these systems form between 10 and 30 degrees away of the equator, and 87% form no farther away than 20 degrees of latitude, north or south. Because the Coriolis effect initiates and maintains tropical cyclone rotation, tropical cyclones rarely form or move within about 5 degrees of the equator, where the Coriolis effect is weakest. Hazards – Tropical Storms

Tropical cyclones originate on the eastern side of oceans, but move west, intensifying as they move. Most of these systems form between 10 and 30 degrees away of the equator, and 87% form no farther away than 20 degrees of latitude, north or south. Because the Coriolis effect initiates and maintains tropical cyclone rotation, tropical cyclones rarely form or move within about 5 degrees of the equator, where the Coriolis effect is weakest.

Most strong storms lose their strength very rapidly after landfall and become disorganized areas of low pressure within a day or two, or evolve into extratropical cyclones A tropical cyclone can dissipate when it moves over waters significantly below 26.5 °C Hazards – Tropical Storms

Most strong storms lose their strength very rapidly after landfall and become disorganized areas of low pressure within a day or two, or evolve into extratropical cyclones

A tropical cyclone can dissipate when it moves over waters significantly below 26.5 °C

In the 1960s and 1970s, the United States government attempted to weaken hurricanes through Project Stormfury by seeding selected storms with silver iodide. It was thought that the seeding would cause super cooled water in the outer rain bands to freeze, causing the inner eye wall to collapse and thus reducing the winds. Hazards – Tropical Storms

In the 1960s and 1970s, the United States government attempted to weaken hurricanes through Project Stormfury by seeding selected storms with silver iodide. It was thought that the seeding would cause super cooled water in the outer rain bands to freeze, causing the inner eye wall to collapse and thus reducing the winds.