2. 美国教师岗位聘任改革 美国学校吸纳明星教师 新加坡评价教师能力
一、美国学校教师岗位聘任改革
1. Teacher Tenure Reform
Almost all professions today lack the job protections that tenure provides for the civil
service and higher education. As in K–12 education, employee quality largely determines
the quality of the civil service and higher education. To support strong organization
performance, these sectors must attract good people despite relatively lower pay. Tenure
thus provides a key benefit, lowering risk and thereby helping to attract high-quality
candidates who could work elsewhere.
In both, “tenure” or its functional equivalent is not a one-dimensional policy. Instead, the
systems comprise several design elements that affect who receives tenure and what
protections it affords, including:
Time to tenure: the length of time required to become eligible for tenure
Criteria to earn tenure: the standards an employee must meet to receive tenure
Process for conferring tenure: the process by which eligible candidates are
evaluated
Tenure protections: the job security that tenure affords.
Other career and reward opportunities: the other inducements that institutions use
to encourage recruitment, retention, and high performance of top employees.
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3. 二、美国中小学教师岗位聘任所涉及的主要资历条件
2. Key Design Elements of Tenure in k-12
Since tenure policies differ across states, one cannot generalize fully about the design
elements. In addition, many states are reviewing their tenure policies as this report goes to
press. Still, the following description provides a high-level view of how tenure generally
works in K–12 education.
Time to tenure. （聘期资历）All 50 states mandate probationary periods before
聘期资历）
teachers are eligible to receive tenure (the District of Columbia does not). Thirty-four states
mandate periods of three years; most other states range from one year to five. Only Indiana
and Missouri require five-year probationary periods; Ohio requires seven. In Hawaii and
Mississippi, teachers may receive tenure after only one year.
Criteria to earn tenure. （获得聘期的标准）States and districts typically do not follow
获得聘期的标准）
formal processes for making tenure decisions beyond mandating probationary periods
before teachers become eligible. In most districts, continued service during the probationary
period is the primary criterion for earning lifetime job protections. In 2007, for example, 98.7
percent of New York City teachers eligible to receive tenure did receive it. Three states
(Colorado, Delaware, and Rhode Island) and the District of Columbia now make evidence of
student learning the preponderant criterion in tenure decisions. Process for conferring
tenure. During each year of their probationary period, most teachers receive one or two
formal evaluations by principals or other building-level administrators. The evaluations are
not typically part of a formal tenure-granting process, however; after a teacher finishes her
probationary period, tenure is the default. At most, school leaders consider whether
teachers should be deemed ineligible for tenure.
Tenure protections. （聘期内安全保护）Tenure protects teachers against arbitrary or
聘期内安全保护）
unfair dismissal, which includes the processes required to attempt and complete a dismissal.
State laws or collective bargaining agreements typically include three requirements:
teachers’ right to “notice” of the reasons for dismissal, a hearing, and rights to appeal.37
Most states specify “incompetence” or “inadequate performance” as grounds for dismissal,
although these terms are typically not defined and lead to widely different interpretations
during the dismissal process.
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4. 三、美国学校留住高素质教师的重要策略
3. Key Strategies for Retaining High Performers
Pay with Purpose 按照目标支付薪水
按照目标支付薪水
目标
Give High Performers Mountains to Climb 给高素质教师指明努力方向
Design Flexible and Challenging Work Roles 给教师安排灵活且具挑战性的工作
Build Lasting Teams 创建能持久的教师团队
Pay with Purpose
1. Differentiate pay based on performance
How it works. When employees’ performance is not tied to compensation, high and low
performers both tend to quit more frequently than their average performing peers.
2. Provide competitive compensation and timely raises
How it works. Competitive compensation and timely raises act as “carrots” to
attract and retain high performers.
3. Customize compensation
How it works. Tailoring compensation packages to individual needs and desires
increases an organization’s ability to meet diverse preferences among its top employees,
lowering the likelihood of voluntary departure.
Customizing compensation packages may help organizations find winning combinations
that encourage more high performers to stay.
Give High Performers Mountains to Climb
Achievement, recognition, advancement, and growth have long been regarded as keys
to building and sustaining employee motivation. All employees are more likely to stay
where they have opportunities to advance. High performers care more about advancement
opportunities than low performers.
Design Flexible and Challenging Work Roles
High-performing employees who are challenged by their work are more likely to remain
with an organization.
challenging
1. Offer challenging work
High performers stay where they have opportunities to shine . . .
individual-
2. Tailor jobs to individual-specific needs
“Sculpting” jobs can retain high performers.
Customizing work assignments can also increase retention among high performers by
aligning jobs with their interests, personalities, and passions.
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5. Build Lasting Teams
Once new employees are on board, researchers have found that high performers want
to work with other high performers. Organizations that assign work in ways that maximize
that interaction, therefore, are more likely to retain their top talent.
1. Increase retention through smart hiring
Organizations can increase retention by hiring candidates who are more likely to stay.
Managing applicants’ expectations can lower turnover rates. Research suggests that
retention can have a direct relationship to the employer’s communication during the
hiring process about the organization and the job.
2. Group high performers together
Grouping high performers together improves retention and performance. Stars perform
better and are more likely to stay with their organization when they are surrounded by
other high performers.
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6. 四、新加坡教师教书育人的核心能力
新加坡教师教书育人的核心能力
、
4、Singapore’s Teaching Competency Clusters
Cultivate Knowledge 培养知识的能力
Working with Others 与别人一道工作的能力
Knowing Self and Others 认识自我和他人的能力
Winning Hearts and Minds 赢得心智的能力
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7. 五、英语语音和读写训练、智能化评价单元学习
英语语音和读写训练、智能化评价单元学习
5. The World's Best Beginning Spelling Program!
ClickN SPELL is a research based spelling program for PreK through 5th grade that teaches the
800 most commonly used words in the English language. The program may also be used as an
intervention curriculum for struggling spellers regardless of age or grade level.
http://www.clicknkids.com/Creative/SampleLesson15.php
http://www.clicknkids.com/Creative/SampleLesson78.php
"OUTSTANDING! I am a stay at home mom and have a Masters Degree in
Elementary Education. My son has been using the program for only four months and
he has had an incredible amount of improvement in his reading ability! The lessons
are engaging, research based, and can benefit all types of readers!"
Cayla Maraist, M.Ed
Gainesville, FL
http://www.clicknkids.com/SampleLessonCNS10.php
http://www.clicknkids.com/SampleLessonCNS75.php
英语语音训练课程（词汇结构：辅音+短元音+辅音）
英语语音训练课程
http://msateaches.com/1011/typing/keyboard.html
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8. 六、国际英语外语教师协会 YLSIG 提供的 10 个英语学习网站
6. Top 10 Websites recommended by IATEFL Young learners SlG
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5f1cdbc60100kf1m.html
（1）Language Guide （趣味视觉工具支持的词汇学习网站）
（2）Writing Fun （教师必备的网站，激发学生提高他们英语的写作技能。）
（3）Listen and Write （提高英语新闻听力的网站，自动生成英语意群段落听写训练。）
（4）English Central （有效的语言学习所需要的流行视频素材，学生喜欢反思自己的
错误发音，学生可以通过各种视频素材接触到各种不同的发音。）
（5）Lyrics training （听喜爱的歌曲学习英语，青少年非常喜欢这个网站。）
（6）Breaking news （通过该网站的教案和播客及时了解和学习当日突发事件的新闻，
捕捉有趣的新闻提高学生的听力、阅读、写作和口语能力。）
（7）How to teach Phrasal verbs （通过短语动词的学习激发学生的学习兴趣。）
（8）10 days in Manchester （与旅行同步学习英语，学生能学会如何入住酒店、询问
方位、与酒店老板电话联系、注册参加会议等。）
（9）Vocabulary exercise and word order （该网站提供词汇训练和组词成句练习。）
（10）Nonstop English （该网站提供语言训练以及互动语法和词汇的测试积累词汇，每
周更新练习题。）
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