DOMINICAN REPUBLIC IN DEFENSE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 2000-2010 (PART ONE)

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FOUNDATION FOR DEVELOPMENT AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIC STUDIES
(FUNDEIMES)
TITLE:
ROLE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC IN
DEFENSE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY
IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
2000-2010
(PART ONE)
AUTHOR:
LIC.VICTOR MERCEDES B. CRUZ FABIÁN
MASTER IN DEFENSE AND NATIONAL SECURITY
SANTO DOMINGO, DN
YEAR 2014

TITLE
ROLE OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC IN DEFENSE OF THE
DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE
CARIBBEAN 2000-2010

CLARIFICATION
"The views expressed in this research report are the
sole responsibility of the author and the institution will
not necessarily reflect the opinions issued."

CONTENTS
Introduction i
Problem ii
General Purpose vii
Specific Objectives vii
Ideas to defend viii
Methodological framework of the research ix
CHAPTER I - BACKGROUND OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN
AMERICA CARIBBEAN YEL.
1.1. Origin of democracy 1
1.2 -. History of the Democratic Security in Latin America and
The Caribbean 3
1.3.-Chronology of Democratic Different State Governments
In Latin America and the Caribbean 7
1.4 -. Evolution of Democracy in the Dominican Republic 29
1.5 -. Principal approaches of democratic security and validity in
Latin America and the Caribbean 35
1.6 -. Organic concept of democracy and security 37
1.7 -. Democracy and Political Institutions in Latin America and the
Caribbean 42
1.8 -. Political Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean 44
1.9 -. Acceptance level of democracy in Latin America and
The Caribbean 46
CHAPTER II -. DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE
CARIBBEAN.
2.1 -. Geopolitics and Security in Latin America and the Caribbean 49
2.2 -. Geopolitical Analysis of Latin America and the Caribbean 51
2.3 -. Organization of American States (OAS) in safety
democratic in Latin America and the Caribbean 54
2.4 -. Economics and Globalization in Latin America and the Caribbean 58
2.5 -. Features of the situation of globalization in Latin America and
The Caribbean 60
2.6 -. Democratic Security and Human Rights 63
2.6.1 The relationship between democracy and human rights 64
CHAPTER III -. INCIDENCE IN DEFENSE OF THE DEMOCRATIC
SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN BY DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
3.1 -. Overview of public policy for Security
Democratic 67
3.2 -. Incidence of security and defense in the democratic security
Latin America and the Caribbean 69
3.3 -. Role of regional bodies for safety
Democratic 70
3.4 -. Democratic security in Latin America and the Caribbean 72
3.5 -. Perspective of Public Safety in the Republic

Dominican 76
3.6 -. Contributions from Dominican Republic to defend safety
democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean 80
3.6.1 -. Conventions and treaties democratic security 84
CONCLUSION 89
RECOMMENDATIONS 93
GLOSSARY OF TERMS 95
REFERENCES 98

INTRODUCTION

Introduction
This research is based on the role of the Dominican Republic in defense of
democratic security in Latin America and the Caribbean, with reference to the
events that have marked the freedom of the peoples fighting for a better future, in
which underpinned by the fundamental rights recognized peaceful coexistence and
the rule of law.
Elements in the Dominican Republic, assuming its role in the defense of
democratic security is drawn, the political evolution of each state in Latin America
and the Caribbean. A number of important events in the political life of the region is
analyzed. Geopolitics in the hemisphere is Latin America as a key element for the
existence of a climate of harmony and good diplomatic relations between states,
which have concluded agreements and meetings with very beneficial results for
democracy in the region is also described.
The prospect that the Dominican Republic has over other governments in
the region in political, trade and security issues, world order posed by globalization,
the effects produced by different social changes that persist in the world is
observed.
PROBLEM
In the present research is intended to describe or study of the role of the
Dominican Republic in defense of democratic security in Latin America and the
Caribbean. He considers democracy as a new political system, which over time
has been gaining notoriety, yet notes that is quite young, this feature makes the
democratic system vulnerable to maintain their status in states that already have
such a system.
With these considerations the problem indicated that the region faces major
challenges which must be overcome and maintain a climate of peace, solidarity
and social coexistence arises. Have emerged crisis both internal political and
external, and this has had the intervention of international organizations that are
part of democratic states to AL and the Caribbean, particularly the Organization of
American States (OAS), even creating peace agreements , and other in order to
maintain political stability in the area.

Conflicts have continued to occur, still remain in some places in the southern
hemisphere, and yet prevails rapprochement between the parties through dialogue
and negotiations of political and diplomatic nature. This pan can distinguish the role
played by democratic states, those who have different political ideas or guidelines.
With the creation of the Organization of American States (OAS) on April 30,
1948, comes a climate towards democratization of Latin American and Caribbean
included the influence of the United States of America (USA) for materialize this
current, which led coups, foreign interventions, internal conflicts, holding free and
democratic elections in most of the region.
Democratic security is made or born as the means by which the rule of law
is guaranteed response gives possible solutions to conflicts affecting the region,
taking into account its causes, consequences and positive results in the near
future.
The problem lies not only in the democratic system, its institutions are still
weak, but dragging phenomena identified as populism, corruption, extreme
poverty, social exclusion, social inequality, abuse of power, lack of population, low
levels of education, lack of opportunity, unemployment, crime, violence, organized
crime, terrorism, drug trafficking and human trafficking, and illegal immigration, etc
values.
This situation has motivated the Latin American and Caribbean countries
have to implement measures or public security policies with the sole aim of
reducing risks to new threats described above, entered politics, social stability at
stake, and economic .
Data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), in its 2008
report reveals that in recent years, Latin America and the Caribbean have
experienced high rates of economic growth and yet, the region faces a concern
that affects daily life of citizens: the need to substantially improve safety. That is
why in this paper seeks to define the factors that affect the democratic security and
what more appropriate strategic proposals may be used to maintain security and
democratic defense are from the different scenarios presented to us geopolitics in
the region.
Problem Description

Democratic security is vital for good governance in the States and the
Dominican Republic is no exception component with respect to the subject whose
agenda is still unfinished. This seems to be a widespread symptom in the region, to
the extent that the processes of relative consolidation of democracy are still
accompanied by social inequality, low levels of human development, increased
social scourge of violence and crime, which end up harming the potential for
economic and social development of the countries of the area.
For the Dominican Republic to assume the defense of democratic security in
Latin America and the Caribbean, is to face systematic violations of human rights
as a serious matter that has political costs to governments and erodes the
legitimacy of its policies aimed at ensuring their safety.
Latin America and the Caribbean are full of political events that are
contradictory to the achievements on display today, to have had authoritarian
governments and democratic pass, but still have a large social debt. To which must
make the commitment of all States to organize a regional integration able to
maintain political stability in response to social needs demanded by the people
when choosing their leaders by direct vote.

CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN.

CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND IN DEMOCRATIC SECURITY
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN.
1.1 -. Origin of democracy
Democracy may have its origins in ancient Greece, the Athenians practiced
this type of government primitive form, were small municipalities or cities organized
under this system. In the ninth century BC, the first Greek polis appear. Even at
that time there was the term democracy was the way that gave character, referring
to equal political rights and was used interchangeably with the term
"democracy." The meaning of democracy is given of the Greek philosophers
Aristotle and Plato in his "Republic". Democracy was the result of the will of the
majority, governed to serve the people and for the people and for the people,
phrase coined by Abraham Lincoln who was president of the United States. 1
When referring Roman Empire, who applied a democratic idea in shaping
his reign comprising its Senate. Also arise in medieval monarchies, and then with
the first modern democratic nation-states, which are located in a relatively short
period between the mid-seventeenth and early nineteenth appear.
Another origin of democracy is the referent of the independence revolution
of the States of the Union, today the United States who have shown to be able to
realize a state of democratic politics with impeccable stay. By contrast, the French
Revolution of 1789, is a major historical event that followed the independence of
the United States, but could not keep those liberal ideas, returning to what it was
after the Napoleonic Empire, which had its influence in the struggle for
independence some Latin American and the Caribbean.
Contemporary democracy had its origins in the English Revolution and
driven by the ideals of scholar Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his Social Contract,
which again proposed to democracy as an indispensable political project also
influenced the French Revolution of 1789 .
According to many writers there are several types of
democracy. Directa, when the force of the popular will of the people directly affects
the government, without the need to elect a president, has exercised sovereignty
and direct mode Representative, is that through which the sovereign elects its
leaders who represent them, through free elections and the independent
relationship exists between the branches of government.

These take presidential and parliamentary governments. This type of
government is the most widespread and currently dominates operation acquires
the three branches of government. Executive, Legislative and Judicial 2
System of government argues that democracy has not had a full residence,
has suffered various interruptions characterized by coups, and the imposition of
dictatorial regimes that prevailed for many years.
1.2 -. History of the Democratic Security in Latin America and the
Caribbean
Democracy in the modern world began with the end of dictatorships in the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries, at the time the United Nation were in an era of
change in the political order characterized by the First and Second World
War. Although the world was living in a new order that influenced political systems:
Communism or socialism, fascism and others. Democracy made the difference by
the ratio of the branches of government that allows a balance of understanding of
the vital forces that dominate the world.
Among the main characters considered most relevant in the modern world
dictators can mention: Adolf Hitler, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Benito Amilcare
Andrea Mussolini, Mao Tse-Tung, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina, Fulgencio
Batista y Zaldivar, Anastasio Somoza Garcia and Joseph Stalin, who
represented different political currents that were considered contrary to
democracy. The end of each regimen influenced the rise of the opening towards
democratization driven by states world leaders, citing a new geopolitical wave
characterized by the Cold War.
The writer Samuel P. Huntington in his ”Third Wave” divides
democratization since 1828 and culminates with the 3rd wave in 1974. This writer
points out the division of the factions began in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries and mentioned conservatives moderate and Marxist competing with each
other. This is a sign that a political current starts a process in a state of security
needs in the permanence of its institutions as a result of the very free decisions of
citizens in maintaining a political system that favors him as in the case of
democracy.
In the world's first democratic institutions appear, what Samuel P. Huntington
called democratic wave. Quote:. ¨ A wave of democratization is a set of transitions of a non-
democratic regime to a democratic, occurring in a given period of time and that significantly outnumber
transitions in the opposite direction over the same period ¨ mean that in many cases United took a
step towards democracy, and after a time, the process was interrupted by military

and civilian groups that seized power in a de facto. In his work entitled THE THIRD
WAVE, p. 26 Huntington describes changing dates with the following schemes:
First-extensive-wave of
democratization
1828-1926
Against wave 1922-1942
Second wave of
democratization
1943 - 1962
Against wave 1958 - 1975
Third wave of democratization 1974 to
today
Source: The Third Wave by Samuel P. Huntington
Democracy is a system of government that supports the people and their
leaders are elected by the citizens.
Democracy is also given of the separation of powers of the state, no one can
be above the other all are subject to the normative order governing the
state.Whether Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de
Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, in his written works they referred
to the freedom of men, politics, separation of powers, the political ideas of
liberalism and the role of the state as representative of society. These ideas are
born by the very existence of governments sustained by the rule of law so that they
can stay.
Democracy seeks to maintain a people and subject to government rules and
principles citizens, and limited to those who hold power, without this balance
democracy is threatened and there is no stability.
Democracy is guaranteed when rights are promoted and preserved
constitutionally. Political patronages, administrative corruption, lack of institutional
and politicking are actions that weaken the system, but not disabled. 3
In constitutional terms the Latin American and Caribbean countries were
shaken by coups, which precluded the popular will, decide who should govern,
they were prevented by the intervention of the military force, have the power of the
weapons and perhaps understand that those who ruled, although they were freely
elected government's policies were oriented towards another target that could put
international relations between the State and another responding in a line of ultra-
right danger.

In these cases it is clearly evident at the time of the Cold War, the military
obeyed right and others obeyed left, wanted the conservative state call it
democracy be maintained, and thus respond to the interests of the group of states
right contributing to the indicated stage were established many military
dictators.Once the Berlin Wall disappeared in Latin America and the Caribbean the
vast majority remained elsistema democratic security as a key element to ensure
the interests of national security nacionalesy.
Although democracy is characterized by a constitutional government, the
existence of the powers of the state, the citizen the opportunity to gain power
through institutions called political parties, electoral democracy is vital for the
formation of democratic security.
Political parties are democratic institutions, influencing the formation of
governments through political and electoral participation in any state elections.
Therefore democratic security is considered as an essential tool to maintain
a political system capable of realizing all conditions enjoyed by a liberal state
(security, rule of law, cooperation and development).
Democracy is identified as participatory and representative, both terms are
used in different states or governments, the existence of bodies representing the
people in decision making and also the participation of citizens collectivizes to
democratic security even if some variation . When speaking of social democracy
participation is essential, observed by one or more groups that are in the position
are asked representatives accountable by the community.
The community uses the mechanisms of electing political leaders who often
change the constitutional rules to stay in power by appealing to the political
strength, amount of followers to his claims of popularly perpetuated in power.
Electoral processes considered failures have brought new democratic
regimes, many of them have had to resign, others have been overthrown, giving to
understand the existence of an exhaustion of viable alternative systems in the
symbolism of the economic and political then translated win of democracy.
1.3.-Democratic Chronology of Different Governments of the
Latin American and Caribbean
The chronology of the different democratic governments in Latin American
and the Caribbean had different colored by events that gave rise to various causes
and effects in the political life of these countries, with the succession of
governments which had similar conditions.

The political history of Latin America and the Caribbean experienced
changes, such as Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Uruguay, Dominican
Republic, Venezuela, Brazil and Argentina, and representing countries with more
years in democracy. Although the social forces and the serious economic
challenges have affected the prospects for consolidation in the region. During the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries often had several coups, characterized by
military and civilians which were formed in dictatorships that slyly hinted to the
world that their regimes were ideological, nationalistic reasons and to prevent other
streams leftist policies contrary could rule the rest of the region.
In Latin America and the Caribbean, as in the rest of the world, to realize
these liberal ideals has been a lifelong aspiration, but often has faced challenges
such as political conflicts, civil wars, abuses human rights, dictatorships and the
interventionist policies that brought the Cold War.
In the early twentieth century, most countries in Latin America and the
Caribbean had been able to establish at least several governments in
democracies; ie regimes in which presidents were derived from an open political
competition, which had the support of limited constituencies, as established
constitutional provisions. However, as in Europe, the advent of the worldwide
depression of the 1930s unleashed forces stopped the advance of representative
government.
After the Second World War, however, a brief turn toward democratization
experienced, that the late forties and early fifties had already disappeared. In turn,
the most profound shift towards democracy that lived in the late fifties faced the
resurgence of military regimes in many countries during the 1960s and 1970s.
Military's withdrawal from direct government control late seventies and throughout
the eighties marked the entrance to the Latin American decade of the nineties with
a historic number of democratic governments.
While during the middle twentieth century between the thirties and the
eighties most of the nations of Central and South America remained well behind
construction of democratic countries such as Chile, Costa Rica, Uruguay,
Colombia and Venezuela experienced periods lengthy of democratic governance.
Democracies in Latin America and the Caribbean have undergone a
change, leaving behind the usual coups that created democratic political instability
or insecurity. Progress has created confidence in civilian governments elected by
the people as a means to the popular wishes are being honored with the

contribution to democracy constitutionalized as a starting point to new currents
govern.
To explain in detail the evolution of democracy in Latin America and the
Caribbean chronologies governments of each state from the time when the world
was undergoing a geopolitical situation characterized by the Second World War,
which ended in described the 1945.
The creation of the United Nations (O. N. U) which marks the beginning of a
new world order, which sought peace and security of States, influenced the
consolidation of democracy, the political bipolarity still prevailed in the
world. Hemispheric region did not escape this international situation facing the
United States and Russia (former USSR) called the Cold War, ending in 1991 with
the toppling of the Berlin Wall.
Latin America has shown as a vulnerable region, the political and
institutional crises that have occurred due to problems of governance given by a
set of circumstances. Between 1989-2009 there were coups, uprising or military
tension, dismissal / resignation of presidents which are detailed in the following
scheme:4
STATE YEARS REASON
Argentina 1990 and 2001 Coup and Resignation of President.
Bolivia 2003 Coup and impeachment.
Brazil 1992 removal or resignation of the President
Chile 1990.93, and 95 Lifting or military tension
Colombia 1995 Lifting or military tension
Ecuador 2000 Dismissal-resignation of President
El Salvador 1993 Coup
Guatemala 1997 Lifting or military tension
Haiti 1991, 95, and 2001 Military coup and uprising
Honduras 1991, 1997, 2000 Removal and coup
Panama 1989 Coup
Venezuela 1992 and 2002 Military uprising and coup
Honduras 2009 Coup
Data collected by the researcher
This chronology democratic security in the region has been threatened on
several occasions, but could replenish the international political link between the

countries of the region, and involvement in foreign policy led by the United
States; who led a force of international agreements integration increasingly moving
towards the democratization of these nations.
Chronology of democratic Chile
The Republic of Chile is considered one of the state’s most democratic
tradition have much time to enjoy a climate of political tranquility, except the
interruption period Salvador Allende Gossens, who was deposed by dictator
Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, Year 1973, this action is seen as a blow to Chilean
democracy, because it allowed a dictatorship of over 17 years, characterized by
persecution, political prisoners, disappearances, violation of human rights and
other abuses.
In 1980 the military junta drafted a new constitution and held a plebiscite in
October 1988 where the "No" got the win. On this occasion, the public chose to call
elections for 1989 and chile walks on political understanding based on the
alternation of power founded on democracy. In Chile prevailed institutional
socioeconomic balance and changeability of democratic governments.
GOVERNMENT PERIOD CONDITION
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1952-1958 Democratic
Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez 1958 1964
Eduardo Frei Montalva 1964-1970
Salvador Allende Gossens 1970-1973 Democratic
Military Junta 11/10/1973 De facto interim
Augusto Pinochet Ugarte 1973 -1990 Dictatorship
Patricio Aylwin Azocar 1990-1994 Democratic
Eduardo Frei Ruiz Tagle 1994 - 2000 Democratic
Ricardo Lagos Escobar 2000 - 2006 Democratic
Michelle Bachelet 2006 - 2010 Democratic
Data compiled by the author
Chronology of democratic Argentina
Democracy in Argentina going since 1951 until 2007, was tempered nine
interruptions considered democratic governments, and four resignations, which
identify a power struggle featuring the different political and military intervention
groups. The leadership of the various parties affected in the creation of
governments that were characterized in the division of groups of moderate and
conservative tendencies, these political forces significantly impacted security in
democratic Argentina.
Argentina has overcome major political crisis, heavy fighting between the
government and the opposition, leaving the political integrity as the basis of several

streams of both the right and the left, but the socio-economic phenomenon led
some governments to resign, and affected democratic security, overcome these
crises, Argentina today enjoys political stability. 5
GOVERNMENTS PERIODS AND CONDITIONS
Roberto Viola E. 1981 - 1981 Deposed
Leopoldo F. Galtieri 1981 - 1982 Disclaimer
Reynaldo B. Bignone 1982 - 1983 Normalizer
Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín 1983 - 1989 Disclaimer
Carlos Saul Menem 1989 - 1995 - 1999 Concludes two periods
Fernando de la Rua 1999 - 2001 Disclaimer
Ramón Puerta 2001 - 2001 Concludes
Nestor KIRCHNER 2003 - 2007 Concludes
Source www.sitios Argentina. com.ar / 2 / presidents. htm 18-2 day-2013.Hr 8:30 pm
Timeline Democratic Republic of Colombia
Colombia in its democratic chronology shows one short break between the
years of 1930 to 2010, which proves that this country has had a lasting democracy
and their governments are determined to maintain it. Public lapolítica Colombia's
democratic security is one of the best known in the region, involving aspect of
defense and security and combating crime. Democracy is affected by guerrilla or
revolutionary groups such as the (FARC) arising in 1964 and 1968, until the day or
so of today is considered a threat to the political stability of the country.
Democratic security of Colombia has three elements: first the protection of
the rights of all citizens, and second the protection of values, pluralism and
democratic institutions; and third solidarity and cooperation of all citizens in
defense of democratic values. According to (The Politics of Democratic Security
and Defense), launched by the government of Alvaro Uribe Velez June 16,
2003, "The real security depends not only on the ability of the security forces to exercise the coercive power of the state
but also on the ability of the judiciary to ensure prompt and effective administration of justice, the Government to comply with
the constitutional responsibilities of state and Congress to legislate safety in mind as the quintessential common good of
all society. " Although democratic security has been threatened by internal conflict with
the Colombian guerrillas (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and
National Liberation Army (ELN), and the incidence of drug cartels as violence, the
state of law prevails in this country.
GOVERNMENT PERIOD CONDITION

Ernesto Samper Pizano 1994-1998 Democratic
Andrés Pastrana Arango 1998-2002 Democratic
Álvaro Uribe Vélez 2002 - 2010 Democratic
Data collected by the researcher
Democratic Chronology of the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela
Venezuela's democratic history is full of changes in the political, economic
and social order, which influenced the democratic security. To get an insight into
the generality of democracies in Latin America, Venezuela had for various
scenarios colored by free elections and coups intervals, as a way to identify which
government from democracy remained unhindered except some sporadic
events. After the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958., This state has
maintained a long democratic period, but the wear of governments and political
parties created in the population dislikes. The emergence of a military leader
Lt..Colonel Hugo Chavez caused by others to try a coup, was rather a military
uprising was not successful at that time.
In 1999 political change occurs, is elected Hugo Chavez who wins elections
by democratic means, beginning a new era of democracy in Latin America, lasting
until today. It is a socialist movement with popular support with social welfare
policy. It is a democracy of the people represented by their political leaders working
on behalf of those who have limited financial resources, these resources are
intended to tackle illiteracy, extreme poverty, social inequality and hunger is seen
as the real revolution.
In this government there was a change in external relations between
Venezuela and the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean, foreign policy and
economic order, as a show of solidarity with the region Petrocaribe is created as a
way to keep the union of Latin America and the Caribbean in support of
democracy.
GOVERNMENTS PERIODS
Rafael Caldera (1969-1974) democratic
Carlos Andrés Pérez (1974-1979) democratic
Luis Herrera Campins (1979-1984) democratic
Jaime Lusinchi (1984-1989) democratic
Carlos Andrés Pérez (1989-1993) democratic

Rafael Caldera (1994-1999) democratic
Hugo Chavez (1999-2012) democratic
Source: www.todomarketingpolitico.com/ enciclopedia.us
Timeline Democratic Republic of Nicaragua
Prior to the establishment of democracy in Nicaragua have happened
several acts of political nature, tinged by the first U.S. intervention in 1910 to 1925
and from 1926 to 1933, which marks a new era in the political history of this nation.
In 1933, the intervening force the United States finally withdrew from that
country, given the resistance of Augusto César Sandino, who fought for 6
consecutive years. Before leaving the country, however, leave Americans
constituted the National Guard, that armed force under the command of Anastasio
Somoza García, would be responsible for putting to death Sandino (1934) and to
lead a long dictatorship of the Somoza family.
During this period the political situation was in Nicaragua was made up of
the following organizations: The Nationalist Liberal Party, composed of supporters
of Somoza, the Conservative Party, which was the only legal political opposition
organization that allowed the regime, the Democratic Union Liberation (UDEL)
composed of various political parties and trade unions who aspired to democracy
and the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), an organization that brought
together socialists, Communists, Christian Democrats, Catholics and non-political
coalition fought for democracy, are encouraging armed rebellion against tyranny.
The Sandinistas identified themselves as democratic socialists, and sought
the overthrow of Somoza and free elections; the dissolution of the National
Guard; nationalization of private banks; rapid land reform and expropriation of
companies of Somoza. 6
In 1979 ended the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza
Debayle, who ruled the country for several years alternating with a puppet while in
power from the head of the Guard National.
Resurfaces constitutional history of democracy in Nicaragua the July 19,
1979 with the triumph of the Sandinista Popular Revolution and on July 20 of that
year the Fundamental Statute of Government of National Reconstruction was
enacted. With this condition the democratic security policy consolidated until today,
favored free elections and transitions without any trauma.
Governments Condition
Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1979
end of the dictatorship

Daniel Ortega Saavedra 1985-1990 democratic
Violeta Barrios de Chamorro 1990-1997
democratic
Arnoldo Alemán 1997 - 2002 democratic
Enrique Bolaños Gayer 2002 - 2007
democratic
Daniel Ortega Saavedra 2007 - 2012 democratic
Source www. Nicaragua -actual.info / presidents . html 18/02/2013
Timeline Democratic Republic of Honduras
During the period 1978-1980 Honduras was ruled by a military junta, this
phenomenon manifested itself several times in the region, at the height of the Cold
War, democratic security was unchanged by geopolitical conditions. After this
dictatorship, led by the military, decided to restore the civil power with a new
constitution, calling elections, always with the safety of military bodies, Honduras
had over thirty years of democracy, but with extremely worn governments by the
lack of economic and social attention to the people by their rulers.
Then Manuel Zelaya Rosales directed the government from 2006-2009, but
was dismissed and expelled from the country on 28 June 2009, the Dominican
Republic hosted political asylum, and condemned the coup, but was later present
at the swearing in ceremony of President elect Porfirio Lobo, a fact that was
criticized by the public. When interrupted the constitutional order, the international
community did not recognize the de facto government of Honduras. Later free
elections were held on November 29, 2009, which was elected Porfirio Lobo Sosa,
current president of Honduras.
GOVERNMENTS PERIODS
Military junta 1978-1980 dictatorship
Roberto Suazo 1981-1986 democratic
José Azcona Hoyo, 1986-1990 democratic
Rafael Leonardo Callejas 1990-1994 democratic
Carlos Roberto Reina, 1994-1998 democratic
Carlos Roberto Flores 1998-2002 democratic
Ricardo Maduro Joest 2002-2006 democratic
Manuel Zelaya Rosales 2006-2009 interrupted democratic

Roberto Micheletti Bainen Government de facto
Porfirio Lobo Sosa 2010 current democratic
Data compiled by the author.
Chronology of the democratic Republic of Ecuador
Democracy in Ecuador takes a turn since 1979, the contrast with the
preceding nine years of dictatorship favored a climate of political peace, a new
democracy was born of a complete legal restructuring. Ecuador still not showing
although economic dynamism and warning signs of crisis in the world
economy.Their governments adopted the neoliberal economic model with an
extensive program of privatization of state enterprises, the social explosion was
immediate and a number of social organizations took to the streets in a massive
demonstration to express their rejection of the economic measures taken.
After the members of the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of
Ecuador (CONAIE) took to the streets of Quito and advance to the National
Congress, supported by the Armed Forces happened several coups where there
was a lack in democratic guarantees, the State did not know in the hands of who
was, so there were political events that marked the path of democracy with free
elections where the people proceeded to define the political future of the nation.
The January 15, 2007 assumes the presidency Rafael Correa Delgado,
during his second year in office a fact of international character was highlighted as
the international crisis with the Colombian State. It began in March 2008 when a
surprise attack by Colombian armed forces destroyed a FARC camp and killed
Raul Reyes, second head of the guerrilla organization, allegedly in Ecuador. Then
both governments gave peace summit of heads of
states held in Dominican Republic, where the country plays a starring role as a
contribution to democratic security in Latin America.
GOVERNMENTS PERIODS SITUATION
Jaime Aguilera Roldós 1979-1981 Democratic
Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea 1981-1984 Take the power
León Febres Cordero Ribadeneyra 1984-1988 Democratic
Rodrigo Borja 1988-1992 Democratic
Sixto Duran Ballen 1992-1996 Democratic
Abdala Bucaram Ortiz 1996 -1997 Ousted
Fabián Alarcón 1997-1998 Take the power
Jamil Mahuad 1998 - 2000 Take the power

Gustavo Noboa 2000 - 2003 Take the power
Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa 2003 - 2005 Take the power
Alfredo Palacio 2005-2007 Take the power
Rafael Correa Delgado 2007 Democratic
Data collected by the researcher Bibliografía.http :/ / www.explored.com.ec / Ecuador / prescons.htm
Chronology of Democratic Republic of Peru
Democracy in the Peruvian State to our understanding has been weak and
lacking in legal institutions characterized by the lack of office expressing the
country's constitution; other element is that the population has not given the
necessary support for maintenance, is from the year 1980 democratic stability
returning to Peru. This weakness allows for several years arose revolutionary cells,
or so-called terrorist groups that threatened the democratic security of that country.
With thirty years of constitutionally elected governments shows the division
between the political parties that have shared the government, party weakness,
wear them, led to the election of a candidate hitherto unknown; Alberto Fujimori
(1990-2000) who on April 5, 1992 caused a coup, shutting Congress and declaring
reorganizing the judiciary. His second term was marked by corruption and
authoritarianism. It is the third time choosing fraudulently, thus inaugurating the
third period July 28, 2000, which will be short, because after several scandals and
calls for general elections fail his trip to Japan to flee the country, giving up the
presidency of the Republic. This event made a difference in the Peru's democratic
security. 7
GOVERNMENTS PERIODS SYSTEM
Manuel Prado Ugarte che 1956-1962 Democratic
military junta 1962-1963 De facto
Fernando Belaunde Terry 1963 - 1968 Democratic
Juan Velasco Alvarado 1968-1975 De facto
Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti 1975-1980 De facto
Fernando Belaunde Terry. 1980-1985 Democratic
Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez 1985-1990 Democratic
Alberto Fujimori Fujimori (1990-2000). Democratic
Valentín Paniagua Corazao 2000-2001 Caretaker government
Alejandro Toledo Manrique 2001-2006) Democratic
Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez 2006-2011 democratic
Data collected by the researcher. www peru routes.com / .htm

Chronology of Democratic Federative Republic of Brazil
The Brazilian government systems were traditionally undemocratic as many
countries in the region. Prevailed for long dictatorships. Top Rated governments of
Brazil was Getúlio Dorneles Vargas, considered a leader in its periods exercised a
democracy with some involvement of the people ruled until 1945 when there were
elections, after several transitions emerged coups military, in that meaning Brazil
has 21 years of military dictatorship.
Just spent a long dictatorial way and twenty five years of democracy include
the economic and social transformation of the democratic government of Luis
Inacio Lula da Silva that from 2003 government pursues a policy of sustained
development and institutional strengthening the state, as their predecessors did not
give answers to the needs of the Brazilian people, democracy is consolidated in
the scheme that makes a difference in the fight against poverty and an aggressive
policy of social investment.
As Timothy Garton Ash 1 JUL 2007 opinion that " Brazil is, along with India and
the United States, one of the largest democracies in the world. It is a true democracy for less than
20 years ago, and has already stood the test of peaceful transfer of power between rival parties and
presidents. This young democracy has survived economic crisis, a creaky federal system
complexity and repeated corruption scandals. It has a free, vibrant and combative press. The army,
which previously controlled the country, now remains in the background. In many ways it is a
hopeful experiment. But the question that remains is how long can a liberal democracy is
maintained with such degrees of inequality, poverty, social exclusion, crime, drugs and anarchy ". 8
GOVERNMENTS PERIODS SYSTEMS
João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo 1979-1985 end of dictatorships
José Sarney 1985-1990 democratic
Fernando Collor de Mello 1990-1992 Democratic resignation
Itamar Franco 1992-1995 democratic
Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1995-2003 Democratic
Luís Inácio Lula da Silva 2003 Democratic
Data compiled by the author www.observatoriomercosur.org.uy/
Timeline Democratic Republic of Guatemala
The transition from authoritarianism to democracy resulted in Guatemalan
citizenship, as in others, great expectations. Not only was it possible to live in
peace but for the first time in recent history, democracy would be the management
model to follow. To view the democratic life of this State Central transition their

early highlights. Directly influenced U.S. foreign policy in Guatemala in the 1950s,
for reasons that the dictator put into play the business interests of the U.S. (United
Fruit Company) when they tried to modify the existing agreement with the
company. These statements are taken from the book of Demetrio Boersner
" International Relations in Latin America. Brief history . Page 192 . writer goes on to say that in early
1954 the Guatemalan agrarian reform law several distributed land to the peasants
and this influenced the relations of Guatemala and the United States, and urged to
give strong support to the counter-revolutionaries to overthrow constitutional
government. These decisions marked historically democratic life in Guatemala.
From the March 15, 1951 Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, was president of
Guatemala who later was the victim of a coup in 1954 by Colonel Carlos Castillo
Armas was supported by the United States and Guatemala ended operation in
accordance with the spirit of the age by economic and political interests.
The government of Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo (14 January 1986-1990) is
recognized by the management to seek peace in Central America at the height of
the Esquipulas II. Also sought the establishment of the Central American
Parliament, which is currently running and current. He suffered a couple of coup
attempts.
And finally the government of Alfonso Antonio Portillo Cabrera (2000-2004)
signs a governability pact with the opposition, he could fulfill his executive plan,
framing itself to commitments made in peace agreements.
I should add that this country was rocked for a long time with intense fighting
with the guerrillas, leaving a liability of victims and political persecution, can say
that the transition to democracy in Guatemala has been a critical transition. 9
Colonel Enrique Peralta Azurdia 1963 -1966 De facto
Mr. Julio César Méndez Montenegro 1966 -1970 Democratic
General Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio 1970-1974 Democratic
Kiell Gen. Eugenio García Laugerud 1974-1978 Democratic
Gen. Fernando Lucas Garcia 1978-1982 Deposed Democratic
EfrainRios Montt 1982 - 1983 De facto
Mr. Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo 1986 - 1990 Democratic
Engineer Jorge Serrano Elías 1991 - 1993 Take the power
Ramiro de León Carpio 1993 - 1996 Take the power

Alvaro Arzu Irigoyen 1996 - 2000 Democratic
Alfonso Antonio Portillo Cabrera 2000-2004 Democratic
Data compiled by the author www.oas.org / children / members / presidentes_de .
Chronology of democratic Costa Rica
Governments that Costa Rica has had since independence (1821) have
excelled to achieve maximum progress and development for its people. Notably
the period 1950-2006, characterized by maintaining a democratic security has set
an example for other states in the region.
A Costa Rica is considered to have succeeded in maintaining a stable
political system, identified with democratic principles; include some policy decisions
on the security and defense of the nation, with the abolition of the army. Each
government took decisions of a political, economic, and social issues among which
stands out in the period of President Mario Echandi Jiménez (1958-1962) the
government broke diplomatic relations with Cuba, the Castro regime subsequently
restored diplomatic relations with Cuba.
Besides described, Costa Rica has been a symbol of peace to go ahead in
the region in finding peaceful solutions to armed and political conflicts, ie has
served as the international balance in the regional political order as a promoter of
the defense of human rights. 10
GOVERNMENTS PERIODS
Otilio Ulate White (1949-1953) have all been democratic
Mario Jimenez Echandi (1958-1962)
Francisco José OrlichBolmarcich (1962-1966)
José Joaquín Trejos Fernández (1966-1970)
Daniel Oduber Quiros (1974-1978)
Rodrigo Carazo Odio (1978-1982)
Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez (1982-1986)
Óscar Arias Sánchez (1986-1990)
Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier (1990-1994)
José Figueres Olsen (1994-1998)
Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría (1998-2002)
Abel Pacheco de la Espriella (2002-2006)
Laura Chinchilla Miranda 2010-Present

Chronology of democratic El Salvador
Includes various periods from 1931-2009, characterized by governments
artifacts, temporary, civil-military coups, revolutionary junta and democratic
governments with the same characteristic of the rest of the countries of Central
America. In the case of Salvador's democratic transition had to cover certain
agreements with revolutionary or guerrilla groups, as were the peace accords to
end the armed conflict in 1992, from this agreement democratic security remains
stable.
Peace agreements came to be the main factor of change; in other South
American countries, the military acquiesced the possibility of change with the
holding of elections.
To give these changes were necessary given that the internal and external
conditions, such as ending the armed conflict and other agreements of a political
nature characterized by diplomatic efforts to achieve peace and democracy in
Central America.
Tte. cor. Julio Adalberto Rivera 1962-1967 Democratic
General Fidel Sánchez Hernández 1967-1972 Democratic
Colonel Arturo Armando Molina 1972-1977 democratic
General Carlos Humberto Romero 1977-1979 Ousted
1 2.3, Gob revolutionary joints. 1979-1980 De facto
Dr. Alvaro Magana Borja 1982-1984 Take the power
Jose Napoleon Duarte 1984-1989 Democratic
Mr. Alfredo Félix Cristiani 1989-1994 Democratic
Dr. Armando Calderón Sol 1994-1999 Democratic
Francisco Flores 1999-2004 Democratic
Elías Antonio Saca González 2004-2009 Democratic
Data compiled by the author 11
Chronology democratic Paraguay
The democratic transition of Paraguay is qualified by military and civilian
governments, which took into account several coups, which were given sometimes
staying was up to one year and less. Democratic security was affected by the
revolutions that occurred in almost all countries in Latin America; local politics felt

the influence of totalitarian "fashion" aimed right. That was one of the many causes
that led to political, economic and social instability in Paraguay.
General Alfredo Stroessner 1954-1989 Dictatorship
General Andrés Rodríguez Pedotti 1989-1993 Take the power
Juan Carlos Monti Wasmosy 1993-1998
Raul Cubas Grau 1998-1999 Take the power
Luis Angel Gonzalez Macchi 1999-2003 Constitutional
Nicanor Duarte Frutos 2003-2008 Constitutional
Fernando Lugo Méndez 2008 - 2012 Constitutional deposed
Data compiled by the author Source www.softcha.com/ history . htm
Chronology of democratic Uruguay
The governments of Uruguay were immersed by economic crises, the
incursion of the Tupamaros guerrilla group, the permanence of a military
dictatorship for twelve years, but with the passing of the years democracy is
established to give a respite to hopeful people. Democracy in this country has been
characterized as one of the most stable in Latin America. The Uruguayan
presidential system is based on maintaining a consensus between two parties.
Uruguay holds a solid democracy since 1990, because I did not resist the
wave of military dictatorships of the 1970s. Recovered that stretch from 1996 to
2010 where changes that modify the traditional political scenario allowing Uruguay
install help understand the Presidential stability. 12
Tte. General Gregorio Alvarez 1981 -1985 De facto
Dr. Rafael Addiego 1985 -1985 De facto
Dr. Julio Sanguinetti Ma 1985 -1990 Constitutional
Dr. Luis A. Lacalle 1990 - 1995 Constitutional
Dr. Julio Sanguinetti Ma 1995 - 2000 Constitutional
Dr. Jorge Batlle Ibáñez 2000 Constitutional
Collector Data Source author www.escueladigital.com.uy/ history / presidents / presidents.
Chronology of Democratic Republic of Haiti
The Republic of Haiti is considered by many critics as a revolutionary state,
achieved its independence on January 1, 1804, with the abolition of slavery, the

legacy of the French. The democratic history has not been very lucky, has gone
through a long period of the existence of very strong dictatorships that have ridden
the Haitian people the scariest political, economic and social crisis.
Migration is seen as a topic of conflict, in the order of external
relations. Different governments have failed to give a response to the needs of the
poorest nation in Latin America and the Caribbean and elsewhere. So far Haiti is
experiencing a situation of democratic instability and insecurity, and that needs to
remain Mission Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), which was established
on June 1, 2004, for lack of a national army. 13
It should highlight the role played by the Organization of American States
(OAS) in the various political crisis in Haiti, which support the democratic security
of the Caribbean state, the conflicts after the dictatorship of Jean-Claude Duvalier
in the year 1986 have forced to have to intervene in the processes of political
stability in that country, because there have been internal struggles for power
without proper application of the Haitian constitution.
In the early nineties almost all Latin American countries have democratic
regimes and efforts of the OAS in Haiti has focused on helping to ensure that
governments are elected through free elections and to try to combat coup
attempts. In fact responds to these concerns the content of Resolution 1080
applied in the democratic election of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in 1991, to be
overthrown, a trade embargo on the coup and did not recognize that government,
that had the support of all States in the region, including Dominican Republic. 14
Jean-Claude Duvalier 1971-1986 Dictatorship
Henri Namphy 1986 - 1988 De facto
Leslie Manigat 1988 Constitutional
Henri Namphy 1988 de facto
Prosper Avril 1988 -1990 de facto
Herard Abraham 1990 Provisional
Pascal-Trouillot ertha 1990 Provisional
Jean-Bertrand Aristide 1991 Constitutional
Raoul Cedras 1991 De facto
Joseph Nérette 1991-1992 Provisional
Marc Bazin 1992-1993 provisional

Jean-Bertrand Aristide 1993-1994 Constitutional
Émile Jonassaint: 1994 Provisional
René Préval 1996-2001 Constitutional
Boniface Alexandre 2004-2006 Provisional
René Préval 2006-2011 Constitutional
SOURCE www.applet-magic.com/ haiti sp.htm
1.4 -. Evolution of Democracy in the Dominican Republic.
The Dominican State since independence rests with the democratic bases
February 27, 1844, but subsequently would ignore such political. The transition to
democracy has gone through four stages according to our criteria:
First stage: Pre-Trujillo, this comes after the first U.S. military occupation
(1916-1924), who organized a National Guard leaves and a constitutional
president Horacio Vásquez . assumes the government July 12, 1924 was initiated
in the middle of full of difficulties and economic situation of borrowing funds made
by the American military government had been exhausted and therefore public
works were semi-paralyzed, the government again had to resort to borrowing for
about 25,000.000 million and signed a new convention with the United States.
The government of President Horacio Vásquez was affected by a domestic
political crisis, which began with the modification of the constitution of 1924, and
the appointment of General Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina as chief of the Army,
who later sworn in as president of the republic on August 16, 1930. Centre an
economic crisis prevailing in the country, the government assumes the protective
shadow of the United States, and remains for thirty years under a harsh
dictatorship.
Second stage : post-Trujillo, begins with the death of dictator Rafael
Leonidas Trujillo Molinael May 30, 1961 Missing the dictator, elections are held in
1962, and is elected Professor Juan Emilio Bosch Gavino, who remains for seven
months. office, and again the second democratic constitutional interrupt occurs
with the 1963 coup that prevents Bosch govern the period during which he was
elected. In this government the Constitution of the Republic was changed and
there were other political and social changes.

This prevents the democratic process to continue developing and brings a
revolutionary response enshrining the April 24, 1965. Revolution April divides the
armed forces, leading to a second American intervention.
In September 1963, an interim governing board consists of senior officers of
the Armed Forces, chaired by the de facto government that then delivers the
Triumvirate on September 26, 1963.
April 25, 1965. (10:30 am to 8:00 pm). Military Revolutionary Command (Led
by the military; Vinicio Pérez Fernández, Giovanni Gutierrez Ramirez, Francisco
Caamano Deno, Eladio Ramírez Sánchez and Pedro Bartolomé Benoit)
From 25 to 27 April 1965 José Rafael Molina Ureña.
May 1 to May 7, 1965. Military junta led by Bartolomé Benoit (FAD). Santana Olgo
Carrasco (G. M.) and Henry A. Casado Saladin (EN).
May 4 to September 3, 1965, Francisco Caamano Deno A.
May 7, 1965 at 30 August 1965. "Government of National Reconstruction" (Chaired
by Antonio Imbert Barreras. Grisolía Poloney Carlos Alejandro Zeller Cocco, D.
Bartolomé Benoit and Julio Postigo).
September 3, 1965, Héctor García Godoy, provisional President. At this stage of
the democratic revolution of April wanted to maintain security but again external
relations with the United States influenced the policy Dominican governments.
Third stage : covers the twelve years of the Dr. Joaquín Balaguer
Ricardo , assumed the presidency of the Republic on July 1, 1966, winning the
election that year, and was re-elected twice, four-year periods 1970 and 1974. In
1978 opted for reelection again but lost it by the Dominican Revolutionary Party
(PRD) with its presidential candidate Antonio Guzmán Fernández who died before
finishing his term.
During the twelve years of President Balaguer, the country experienced an
economic and social development, which amended the conditions to open a new
phase of political and democratic transition, although this period was characterized
by maintaining a political crisis that faced hard opposition which was persecuted for
political arrests and sometimes several deaths of journalists, politicians, and
students. 15
Fourth stage -. begins with the constitutional election of Antonio Guzmán
Fernández in 1978 until today and will finally step process once a new political and
democratic transition in the Dominican Republic consolidating democratic
security. Guzman died before completing his tenure, and assumes the presidency

for 45 days Majluta Vice President Jacobo, who delivered Salvador Jorge
Blanco , who had won the elections of that year, the period covered (1982-1986).
Dr. Joaquín Balaguer Ricardo is back Constitutional President of Republic
for two consecutive terms (1986 -1990. 1990-1994). In the elections of 1994 there
was a post-electoral crisis by signing the " Pact for Democracy ", a national
agreement between the opposition leaders, modifying the Constitution of the
Republic, which cuts the two-year mandate prohibits reelection and sends new
elections for the year 1996, the separation of the presidential elections-municipal
congressional two years apart, the double round if no candidate received more
than 50 percent of the vote, reform the judicial system, a positive impact of these
reforms was to create the feeling that the Dominican democracy progressed, and
that reforms adopted would make the political system more democratic.
Rosario Espinal Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for
Latin American Studies at Temple University in Philadelphia, discusses this
term with the following :
"The electoral triumph of Balaguer and his return to power in 1986, political insecurities generated
given the precedent of the previous government 12 years. The key questions were whether
Balaguer guarantee public freedoms won during the governments of the PRD, and if remain
competitive electoral rules established from 1978. At first, the Balaguer government maintained the
gains. In the second, there was a significant decline between 1986 and 1994 - both the general
elections of 1990 and 1994 were the disputed "
After overcoming the political crisis of 1994, Leonel Fernández Reyna, assumes
the presidency of the republic during the constitutional terms (1996-2000 and
2004-2008 -2012) in his last constitution was amended in 2002 with the signing of
the " Covenant the Blue Tie ", this new constitution concretized modern
democracy, and prohibits consecutive reelection.
Hipólito Mejía. Constitutional President ( 2000 - 2004) during this period the
constitution of 1994, which re-election again but for two consecutive periods and
never ever allowed was modified.
In the Dominican Republic democratic security space without any traumas
you live, even if it occurred several agreements between political parties: Social
Christian Reformist Party (PRSC) , Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) and the
National Liberation Party ( PLD) that played a historic role in the democratic life of
the country.
The Political Culture of Democracy in the Dominican Republic has made an
impact on governance as it is well positioned in the ranking of democracy as the

best form of government, according to a study of the Americas Barometer 2008
about 75% of interviewees expressed their agreement with this system in Latin
America. This result has been a constant in surveys in the country in the last
decade. Since democratic security is at an average of 45.9 and the highest in the
region.
The Dominican Republic, his role in the defense of democratic security in
Latin America and the Caribbean has been rather an example for the entire region
because from the year 1978 to 2012 are 34 years of uninterrupted democracy has
been rated as a strength social, economic and political stability. His influence in the
region has been short in other democracies, it is worth mentioning the case of
Honduras and President Zelaya as the country gave him asylum after he suffered a
coup.
In the case of Haiti, the country has been a steady body for that country to
be maintained with a stable democracy, such as humanitarian aid following the
earthquake of January 12, 2010 with the plan "Helping Hand" the armed forces
intervened as a humanitarian force under the direction of the Government.
International relations mark the contribution to other democratic states in the
area, with the conclusion of economic nature, security and others, with Petrocaribe
Venezuela, according to the Free Trade Agreement with Central America, the
Central American Integration System ( SICA) and the Central American Parliament
(Parlacen) is an example of the degree of cooperation between the Dominican
Republic and other countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
1.5 -. Principal approaches to security and democratic force in
Latin America and the Caribbean
There is a general and ambiguous criteria on democracy and democratic
security, you need to understand now that the first is a form of political ordering of
society and system of government, the democratic order is defined by the various
political leaders from their party structures in agreement with the people expressed
at the polls.
According to the treaty framework of democratic security quote " Security is not
understands primarily as the security of the State , nor as citizen security
without the help of the state, but as the protection of citizens and democracy by the
State with the partnership and commitment of the entire society. " Democratic
Security is well founded on three pillars:
1. N or the protection of the rights of all citizens.

2. The protection or n values, pluralism and democratic institutions atic.
3. Solidarity and cooperation of all or n í citizenship to defend
democratic values to Ticos.
You need to understand now that democracy is participatory and
representative, is the sum of two terms, and corresponding to each level of
interaction of society. For example, in the community and municipal levels, the
expression of democracy is participation. While levels involving legislation
corresponds to an elected voting citizen who represents the region to be delegated
to the responsibility of representing their interests. 16
Representative democracy seejerce with popular sovereignty, the people
expressed interest free enelecciones. Overall impression either directly to the
people associating with the government. The huge arrangement favors state
media, on the other hand, a policy of remuneration.
The representation is a typically normative concept. Its own effect is that the
acts of the representative force the represented although this is not directly
involved in the decisions. In modern representative democracy it is characteristic
that represented important part of the rule can attend regularly on those who
govern.
Criticism is certainly right, if facts pointing representative democracy is done,
in both procedure does not ensure results. In this sense it is completely
neutral.First, no group or party ensures that rule. Then, no rule says how or what
the chosen people will decide, at least within certain limits.
His force in Latin America has been transformative for the reason that many
states have gone through economic crises that erode the stability of democracy
and shown positive or negative as the perception of government economic
performance. In the region leaders that have permeated the population a different
way of doing democracy have emerged because all their efforts in public
administration have been directed through social policies framed in reducing
poverty, social inequality and democratic security.
Include Dasilva presidents Lula in Brazil, Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael
Correa in Ecuador, Hugo Chavez in Venezuela, José Mujica in Uruguay, Daniel
Ortega in Nicaragua and Alvaro Uribe in Colombia. All the rest of the region has
been infected with this democratic current that gives better perception of
government performance, contributing to the support of democratic security.

Whenever the State acquires the system status legislation prevails over time
and space, if we analyze how democracy has been received and adopted in Latin
America and the Caribbean, due to its geopolitical condition and holding their
homeland ties or strong ties with the West, and that with the passage of time have
not taken a step back, opposite the air integration are the best example in the
region is accustomed to having a system that responds to maintain a social,
economic and political balance in the new world order led by those countries of a
powerful group represented in the Security Council of United Nations (UN).
1.6 -. Organic concept of democracy and security
Security is a basic need of the person and of human groups and inalienable
right of man, society and the State. This concept denotes a state of trust, security,
tranquility, prevention, protection, provision, preservation, defense, control and
stability, both of the person, and the institutions and the state against threats,
pressures or adverse events that threaten their existence, their integrity, their
property, their tranquility and the free exercise of their rights. 17
Democracy as a political element is key to maintaining sustainable
development, wealth creation promotes more significant aspiration of peoples for
achieving levels of economic growth, democratic system to be placed on the
viability of national interests.
The characteristic of organic concepts of democracy is that they offer a
homogeneous idea of political community, especially its aims or goals. This idea of
mass democracy evokes: the group-be it people or nation is presented as a unit of
absolutely equal parts together, dense, expansive and a few simple oriented
purposes.
The State, in this conception of democracy, is the instrument of action of
social group, their active political arm, it's like having a support base, without the
state the group or people can not plan, identify, make agreements, decide who will
direct, is a concept of the nation state that is maintained by the national power.
Democracy instrumentalized bodies that compose the constitution evokes or
send to exercise the function of each organ of power, there is a balance between
these powers with one's purpose is to control others. This is the separation of state
powers, constitutionally setting.
Between rulers and ruled there are no distances or differences. Those who
govern are the soul of the people. Along with denying any difference between the
state and society, in an organic democracy leaders are symbols of collective
power. This concept of democracy is by nature any limitations to political power.

Rulers are the political decision-making body and in them lies political
responsibility. Although the power comes from below, the idea of representation
makes clear that those bodies of second grade, the administration and Congress
are acting. Thus, the elections also fulfill function control and determines who will
or who exercise power, to distribute among different political bodies. The organic
democracy finds great difficulty in the lack of consistent legal forms a complex
society. Eventually, the bureaucratization of power and personal freedom so
become functional requirements to prevent the dough is activated.
Representative democracy is associated with other institutions guaranteeing
the rule of law and recognition of constitutional guarantees. Democracy is a
process to select who governs and when processes are not clear we invade those
who hold power through chaos and force is what produces de facto governments.
This modern concept of politics goes back to Thomas Hobbes in his work
entitled (Leviathan), a manual on human nature and how society is organized.
People who have different beliefs and interests together undergo a common
government, whose pledge to obey rules, not because they are necessarily true or
correct, but because they come from the authority. Hence, the basic content of the
covenant is clearly attributive: " I authorize this man or this group of men to rule me and I transfer
them the right to do so, provided that the other transfer their own right and authorize all his actions . " 18
While the government does not abide by means accepting the concept of
truth of those who govern, it contributes to the concept distanced from politics that
characterize representative democracy. This is a typically modern phenomenon:
modernity is largely give up the comfort of a society in which everyone has his
place beforehand. But diversity were born other virtues that make bearable the
need to decide.
This also applies to the rules established democratic procedures: elections
do not guarantee that the ideal ruler is elected; rather let you select who the rulers,
creating conditions for its management is finally subject to public control. So, in a
representative democracy the popular vote does not relieve the rulers of the
political responsibility for their decisions. 19
Democratic security, is a modern terminology because it comes with itself,
its evolution is not so long, is based on an abstract and perception, there are those
who seek democratic security as a way of balancing political and social state with
equity, where fundamental rights are guaranteed. Being as objective democratic
security is related to the social, economic and political, for which is

guaranteed. Others establish the relationship of the absence of new threats to the
enjoyment of rights.
Colombia has established a policy of democratic security quote: " which aims
to strengthen and ensure the rule of law throughout the country, by strengthening
democratic authority: the free exercise of the authority of institutions, the rule of Law and
active participation of citizens in matters of common interest "
This project implemented in 2002 focused on strengthening state
institutions, justice, military, police, finance and intelligence to deal with the threats
outlined also involves the community in decision-making.
This vision of democratic security is not enough to maintain political and
democratic stability, but combines several factors needed for civil peace, no
democracy without it so the term (democratic security) corresponds to that studied
in the research.
But there is a very different concept that relates to public safety democratic
security. So, are used, among others, the concepts of national security, internal
security, public order or public safety, to refer to the same field of imputed state
functions. The key idea that is common to all these concepts is the goal
interventions against crime and violence is none other than the security of the
State, which is achieved by generating the conditions for the maintenance of
certain political, legal economic or social. In other words, since the crime and
interpersonal violence that disrupt "public order," the state apparatus must have
the operational capacity to suppress these changes, for the sake of what is
considered best interests delmismo State.
However, in the last two decades, the development of democratic security
doctrines, especially in Latin America since the restoration of the rule of law
overcome the years of authoritarian rule and military dictatorship, allowed the
contents of the concept will be generated public safety. In this direction, the
doctrine holds that specialized public safety concept achieves a focused approach
in building higher levels of democratic citizenship, with the individual as a central
policy objective, as opposed to state security or particular political order. In
democratic regimes, the concept of security against the threat of crime or violence,
is associated with public safety and is used in reference to the primary safety of
individuals and social groups . 20
The term democratic security refers not only to the safety of people living in
urban areas or have requirements to hold political citizenship, but the idea of
democratic citizenship, conceived as the ability to be the subject of rights.

In that direction, and opposite paradigms supported the idea of maintaining
the legal order and state authority above all things, the new model developed from
the concept of citizen security, aims to " preserve rights and freedoms while it provides a public
service to citizens, and whose main mission would be to protect the safety of citizens, all in pursuit of a better
quality of life " . 21
1.7 -. Democracy and Political Institutions in Latin America and
the Caribbean.
Political leaders have historically been responsible for the political future of
Latin America and the Caribbean, although many exceptions did not contribute to
this development and have used the power ruthlessly to personal benefits.
In the last decades of the twentieth century, Latin America and the
Caribbean experienced an unprecedented wave of democratization in terms of its
breadth, geographical extent and durability. Indicators of an independent body
called FREEDOM HOUSE- point: the evolution of democracy worldwide, the
percentage of countries classified as "free" rose from 20% in 1978 to 38% in 1982
In the late seventies. and eighties, governments led or supervised by the military
relinquished control to civilian rule, and today almost all countries in Latin America
and the Caribbean have democratic governments. 22
Has increased the protection of civil liberties, and greater decentralization of
government authority has greatly increased the power of decision of the citizens
action which corresponds to democratic security. Democracy is still consolidating in
this region.
The impact of political institutions has to be really effective in democratic
systems both as presidential representative, this combines the social and
economic balance, in response to the expectations of society. Institutions in this
case play a role and his governments, public policies related to effective
democratic security.
Political institutions have to be renewed when the democratic system has
had significant changes in the political scene. That's what happened in Latin
America with the systematic wave of politics, have spent a considerable number of
authoritarian governments purely democratic governments seeking to renew
political leaders classics.
The Armed Forces are subordinate to political power, and its mission aimed
at the military defense of the nation and face other threats, democratic left security
in the hands of the civil power and institutions. Security forces and defense are
monolithically pawned to provide answers to the needs of security through

international cooperation, global integration to confront together the new threats in
the region such as: illegal migration, drug trafficking, organized crime , arms
trafficking, smuggling and trafficking in human beings and terrorism.
Democratic governance is the ability of modern societies to guide their
institutions towards better civil coexistence, designed to strengthen the
development of their citizens the full exercise of all the powers of rights that offer
more and better opportunities to bring kind of life they value, including them in
decisions that affect them.
1.8 -. Political Institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean
The instituciones politicas must reflect the balance of forces for self-
preservation. The main political institutions in the region include: Government,
Congress, government ministries, Armed Forces, Public Security, Political Parties,
Electoral Body and Justice, etc.. Therefore you may not meet all the expectations
that people have of them, but it is important to observe your subject to laws that
govern initiatives.
In institutional terms such organizations require a policy of social cohesion,
as they must equally, because the region observed great social inequality that
impedes human development. Democratic governments must not only support the
retention policy, but rather to combat poverty, lack of education, health,
employment, justice, violence, and crime, that is achieved by strengthening all
institutions.
What forms can take the various governments in Latin America? Keep
balanced positions of power in order to bring the democratic security, based on the
strength of its institutions. With that many governance problems are avoided. It
should be emphasized in the fight against poverty, as they are doing the
governments of Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador and Bolivia, putting into service all the
resources available to States to its residents.
What is the political patronage? It is a form used by politicians to attract
followers to his candidacy or parties that have sought to achieve power. To achieve
these purposes seeks any form or deliver economic privileges, valuables, offer
government posts, with the purchase of conscience or vote as well as the purchase
of bonds. This phenomenon drags many difficulties in the race, which the political
prostitutes. That's why in the Dominican Republic there is the initiative of a draft
law on the law of parties that govern the political agenda and prevent this kind of
abuse of power.

What governments maintain relationships with their
institutions? Generally in the region's traditional governments centralize
everything, even in democratic systems, but we are facing a determination of
autonomous bodies, which have their own rules, control, and functionality, so there
is no intervention of powers. Therefore there must be institutional harmony States.
How are structured local institutions and political elites for the supply
of public policy and the exercise of democracy? They are framed in
constitutions, and organic laws outlining your roles, responsibilities and how to
manage their policies according to the rules. The degree of political autonomy and
administrative capacity for the supply of public policies. 23
1.9 -. Acceptance level of democracy in Latin America and
the Caribbean
The expansion of democratic freedoms and the regular use of competitive
elections has been considerable progress in terms of democratic security and
responsiveness of governments to citizens. So the establishment of a
comprehensive and stable democratic political system requires time.
Acceptance levels to democracy indicate the underlying legitimacy of these
new democratic institutions. Survey data to try to get an idea of whether people
perceive that democratic institutions are able to represent and reconcile diverse
interests and to implement policies that demand citizenship. What is apparent, and
what is stated in other studies, is a general support for the concept of democracy,
but markedly less support for democracy in the way it is practiced today. 24
The level of support for democracy can also be assessed by examining the
degree of public confidence in political institutions. Latino Barometer reports what
degree of confidence the Congress has in different countries of Latin America.
Seven states have more than 40%, and nineteen have more than 20%
acceptance 25
Opinion polls consistently show that citizens are not entirely satisfied with
the performance models governments whose data are presented by Latin
barometer of the Americas in 2010. From this point of democratic values remain
unchanged, this dissatisfaction is the result of high levels of unemployment in the
region of around 9% in recent years, the prevailing extreme poverty, lack of
opportunity and growth or development of peoples, there is a large social debt that
weakens the current political system. The emergence of a socialist-democratic
popular and nationalist currents gives respite support governments with degaste

preferably by corruption and neoliberalism, turn now to a more popular form
characterized by populism in response to the points made above.
The level of acceptance by citizens in Latin America is estimated that the
proportion of people who hold orientations towards democracy, is 43.0, 30.5
ambivalent, not Democrats 26.5, according to figures published by the United
Nations Program for Development (UNDP), in its report: Democracy in Latin
America , Towards a Citizens' Democracy, yet even these estimates reflect a
close difference between Democrats and ambivalent created by levels of
governance and economic factors underlying the acceptance or rejection of a
system of government. The government has to be functional, able to meet the
needs of the people, in a prospective framework to achieve the scope of
development in the short term, medium and long
term. Source:www2.ohchr.org/spanish/issues/democracy/.../PNUD-seminario.pdf

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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC IN DEFENSE OF THE DEMOCRATIC SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 2000-2010 (PART ONE)